高原慢性低氧对土生牦牛与迁饲黄牛肾功能影响的比较

目的：探讨长期慢性高原暴露对高原土生牦牛（yak）、高山迁饲黄牛（migratedcattle）和低海拔黄牛（lowland cattle）肾功能的影响,探究牦牛和高山迁饲黄牛适应和习服高原的不同特征及差异。方法：采集青海不同地区的牦牛血样,按海拔高度分为3 000 m,3 500 m,4 000 m和4 300 m四个组（n=84）,同时采集高山迁饲黄牛（n=22）及低海拔黄牛（n=39）血液,利用全自动血液生化分析仪测定尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮/肌酐（BUN/Cr）、尿酸（UA）、二氧化碳结合率（CO₂cp）、葡萄糖（GLU）水平,分析不同海拔高度的牦牛之间及牦牛、高山迁饲黄牛和低海拔黄牛之间的差异。结果：随着海拔的升高,土生牦牛UA、CO₂cp两项升高较显著,与黄牛相比,BUN、BUN/Cr显著高于高山迁饲黄牛和低海拔黄牛, CO₂cp、GLU显著低于低海拔黄牛。低海拔黄牛和高山迁饲黄牛相比,BUN、BUN/Cr显著低于高山迁饲黄牛,UA、CO₂cp显著高于高山迁饲黄牛。结论：土生牦牛对于高原低氧环境有很强的适应能力;高山迁饲黄牛表现出对低氧的不适应性,处于对低氧的应激状态。     

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell type diversity of human prostate

Extensive studies have been performed to describe the phenotypic changes occurring during malignant transformation of the prostate. However, the cell types and associated changes that contribute to the development of prostate diseases and cancer remain elusive, largely due to the heterogeneous composition of prostatic tissues. Here, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of four human prostate tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze their cellular compositions. We identify 18 clusters of cell types, each with distinct gene expression profiles and unique features; of these, one cluster of epithelial cells (Ep) is found to be associated with immune function. In addition, we characterize a special cluster of fibroblasts and aberrant signaling changes associated with prostate cancer (PCa). Moreover, we provide insights into the epithelial changes that occur during the cellular senescence and aging. These results expand our understanding of the unique functional associations between the diverse prostatic cell types and the contributions of specific cell clusters to the malignant transformation of prostate tissues and PCa development.     

Single-cell transcriptomic and spatial landscapes of the developing human pancreas

1. Download : Download high-res image (307KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Cross-sectional study of electrocardiographic pattern in healthy children resident at high altitude

Electrocardiographic studies have reported persistent right ventricle predominance in high altitude children as an adaptive response. No information was provided on ethnicity and environmental factors in those studies. We assessed the electrocardiographic characteristics in healthy high altitude children with mixed ancestry and relatively high mobility to lower altitudes. A cross-sectional study of 321 children aged 2 months through 19 years old and living at high altitude (Tintaya, Peru, 4,100 m) was conducted. Standard 12-lead electrocardiography was performed. Information was obtained on ethnicity, medical history, place and altitude of pregnancy and birth, mobility of children and their parents and grandparents to lower altitudes, and housing conditions. A medical examination, echocardiography, hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, and anthropometric measurements were performed. Means between sexes were compared through Mann-Whitney test for independent samples not normally distributed. Potentially influential variables on electrocardiographic values were controlled through a general linear model. Electrocardiographic parameters including QRS axis, RV1, RSV1, RV1SV5, RSV5, RSV6, and SV1RV5 did not show a right predominance pattern at any age. Values were within sea level norms. None of the genetic or environmental factors controlled showed a consistent influence on the electrocardiographic variables. Our study showed an electrocardiographic pattern similar to that of sea level in high altitude children with some degree of high-altitude ancestry, comparatively well-nourished and with relatively high mobility to low altitudes.     

长白山地区不同海拔紫椴枝叶解剖构造比较分析

利用常规石蜡切片法,光学显微镜观察,对长白山地区不同海拔紫椴枝叶解剖构造进行观察并比较分析。结果表明：从600～1100 m范围内紫椴的生长情况良好;紫椴一、二年生枝条和叶片的解剖构造都随海拔的升高呈现一定变化规律;海拔的变化对枝叶不同解剖构造影响不同;综合观察,700～900 m之间应为紫椴在长白山地区的最适宜生长的海拔高度。     

复合营养素制剂对高原青年营养状况与耐低氧能力的干预作用

目的：观察复合营养素干预对机体营养状况与低氧耐力的影响。方法：选择进驻海拔3700m半年以上的健康男性青年40名,随机分成2组（n=20）：对照组和干预组。膳食调查采用称重法。对照组和干预组分别服用炒面制剂和高原维康制剂20d后,急进5100m高原。实验前、后分别测量心率（HR）和血氧饱和度（SaO2）;同时采血测定血中一些维生素和矿物质浓度。结果：膳食调查结果表明三大产能营养素供能比例不够均衡;矿物元素中Ca摄入不足,维生素中VA、VB2摄入量均未达到推荐摄入量（RNI）要求。血清测定结果表明干预前受试者矿物元素Ca、Mg和VA浓度低于正常参考值,V殴浓度也在正常范围的较低水平。高原维康制剂干预后,血清Ca、Mg、Zn浓度和VA、VB2水平显著升高或接近正常,说明营养状况得到改善。由3700m进入5100m后,干预组与对照组比较HR升高幅度明显减慢,SaO2的下降幅度显著减少。结论：复合营养素制剂能明显改善机体的营养状况以及对低氧环境的适应能力。     

不同海拔高度大血藤群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析及其与环境因子的相关性

利用 RAPD技术分析了分布于浙江省天台山 3个不同海拔高度的天然大血藤群体的遗传多样性、遗传分化以及与环境因子的相关性。 13种随机引物在 3 6株个体中共检测到 88个可重复的位点 ,其中多态位点 74个 ,总多态位点百分率为84.0 9% ,大血藤具有丰富的遗传多样性。 Shannon信息指数显示的遗传多样性以海拔 950 m的群体为最高 ,其次是海拔 73 0 m的群体 ,最低的是海拔 52 0 m的群体 ;群体内的遗传多样性占总遗传多样性的 43 .68% ,群体间的遗传多样性占 56.3 2 %。 Nei指数估计大血藤群体间的遗传分化系数为 0 .540 6,大血藤群体间的基因流很低。大血藤海拔 73 0 m群体与海拔 52 0 m群体的遗传相似度较高 ,海拔 950 m群体与其它两群体的遗传相似度较低。大血藤群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总氮呈极显著的正相关。     

Hematological differences during growth among Tibetans and Han Chinese born and raised at high altitude in Qinghai,China

This study describes the hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (HCT) of over 1,000 Tibetan and Han children, adolescents, and young adults who were born and raised at 3,200 m, 3,800 m, or 4,300 m in Qinghai Province, western China. At 3,200 m, no altitude effect is evident in the hematological characteristics of either group. At 3,800 m and 4,300 m, both groups show [Hb] and HCT values that are above low-altitude norms. At both altitudes, Tibetan and Han children show no differences in the pattern of hematological response up to age 13. Among adolescents and young adults, however, the [Hb] and HCT of Han males and females are elevated compared to Tibetans. This indicates that the adolescent period may involve a divergence in the responses to hypoxia made by some individuals in these two groups. Also, many other adolescents and young adults in both groups show similar hematological characteristics, indicating that many Tibetans and Han share similar hematological responses to hypoxia.     

海拔高度对青藏高原放牧牦牛肠道菌群多样性的影响

[背景]肠道菌群与宿主健康及环境适应性密切相关,牦牛为青藏高原特有的草食性反刍动物,不同海拔高度如何影响牦牛肠道菌群组成及肠道菌群在牦牛适应高海拔生境中的作用尚不清楚.[目的]探究青藏高原放牧牦牛肠道菌群多样性及其与海拔高度间的关系.[方法]采集青海省玛沁县(海拔4220 m)和乐都县(2745 m)2个海拔高度放牧牦...     

高海拔地区不同海拔对菊花植株生长与品质的影响

通过田间测定引种栽培于四川省宝兴县不同海拔高度菊花植株的株高、地径、分枝数等营养生长指标及花数量、花重量、花直径、花厚度等生殖生长指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定菊花样品的绿原酸含量、木犀草苷含量、异绿原酸A含量等主要品质指标,并对测得数据进行方差分析和相关性分析,研究比较了高海拔地区不同海拔高度对菊花植株生长与品质的影响。结果表明:海拔梯度对菊花株高、花数、花重量、花直径、花厚度、木犀草苷含量和异绿原酸A含量均有显著影响(P0.05),对地径、分枝数和绿原酸含量无显著影响(P0.05),其中株高、花数和花直径与海拔梯度相关性显著(P0.05)。除分枝数和地径外,高海拔地区不同海拔高度对菊花植株的生长影响较大,在一定海拔范围内(2051~2 405m),海拔高度对菊花品质形成的影响较小,据2010版《药典净对菊花有效成分最低限量标准,海拔2051~2598 m所产的菊花均符合药用条件,以海拔2 329 m左右所产的菊花品质较佳。研究结果可为高海拔地区引种栽培菊花提供理论依据。     

甘南高寒草甸海拔梯度上功能多样性与生态系统多功能的关系

植物群落功能多样性与生态系统多功能的关系是近年来生态学研究的新视角,以往的研究多关注植物群落功能多样性与单一生态系统功能的关系,缺乏对生态系统多功能的理解。本研究以甘南高寒草甸植物群落为对象,选取地上生物量、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤速效氮和土壤速效磷6个功能指标,运用Bartlett球形度检验与多阈值分析法,分析甘南高寒草甸海拔梯度上植物群落功能多样性与生态系统多功能的关系。结果表明:不同海拔植物群落组成差异显著,且海拔3500 m物种丰富度、植物盖度显著高于其他海拔。一元、多元功能多样性随海拔升高总体呈降低趋势,且海拔间差异显著。冗余分析发现,一元、多元功能丰富度、功能均匀度、Rao的二次熵均与土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤容重呈显著正相关,与土壤pH、土壤电导率呈显著负相关。在较大阈值范围(6%～89%)内,功能多样性对生态系统多功能具有显著正效应;基于相关分析、最优回归模型和随机森林模型分析发现,功能多样性中多元功能丰富度指数与生态系统多功能具有显著正线性关系,同时多元功能丰富度也是生态系统多功能的主要驱动因素。总体来看,功能丰富度对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统多功能的影响最为显著。     

Single-cell RNA sequencing of developing maize ears facilitates functional analysis and trait candidate gene discovery

1. Download : Download high-res image (256KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Human red cell glycolysis in high altitude chronic hypoxia

We have found that glycolysis in human red blood cells under the hypoxic conditions found at high altitudes is connected with changes in enzyme activities and levels of various metabolic intermediates. The sensitivity of the four kinases to hypoxia results in 1) glycolytic hyperactivity leading to a higher intracellular energy state, and 2) accumulation of 2–3 DPG, whose role in the adaptation of red blood cell respiration to high altitude has been shown by previous research. PEP, 3PG, and G6P appear to be the main regulating intermediates in glycolysis in this system. The reason for the very large increase in G1-6DP is still not clear.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and origin of Chinese domestic yak

In order to clarify the origin and genetic diversity of yak in China, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (approximately 891 bp) in 52 individuals from four domestic yak (Poephagus grunniens) breeds, as well as from a hybrid between yak and cattle (Pianniu). Twenty-five samples were further selected for partial (420 bp) cytochrome b sequencing based on control region sequence information. Two yak samples shared sequences with Chinese cattle (Bos taurus); the remaining yak mtDNAs converged into two major clades in the phylogenetic analysis. Genetic diversity varied substantially among the breeds, with the hybrid Pianniu yak demonstrating the highest diversity. Our results suggest that the Chinese yak was domesticated from two distinct matrilineal sources or from a heterogeneous pool containing both divergent lineages, with occasional gene introgression from cattle.     

Phosphatidylcholine metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic hearts

The rates of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the isolated hamster hearts under ischemic and hypoxic conditions were examined. Global ischemia was produced by perfusion of the heart with a reduced flow, whereas hypoxia was produced by perfusion with a N₂-saturated buffer. A 51% reduction in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine was observed in the ischemic heart. The reduction was caused by a severe decrease in ATP level which resulted in a diminished conversion of choline into phosphocholine. A 22% reduction in the biosynthetic rate of phosphatidylcholine was also detected in the hypoxic heart. The reduction was caused by a diminished level of CTP which resulted in a decreased conversion of phosphocholine to CDP-choline. No compensatory mechanism was triggered during ischemia, but the CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity was enhanced in the hypoxic heart. Our results demonstrate the possible rate-limiting role of choline kinase and reconfirm the regulatory role of the cytidylyltransferase in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. (Mol Cell Biochem116: 53–58, 1992)     

模拟高原低氧对大鼠脑内神经胶质细胞的影响

目的：观察模拟高原低氧对成年大鼠脑内胶质细胞的影响。方法：大鼠在模拟海拔4000m高原低压舱内连续暴露1、3、7d,胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）与Griffoniasimplicifolia同功凝集素（GSA-IB4）组织细胞化学分别显示星形胶质细胞与小胶质细胞。结果：GFAP与GSA-IB4阳性细胞在低氧后3．7d两个时相显著增多,主要分布于新皮层、海马、纹状体及室管膜下层等区域。结论：模拟高原低氧能引起大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞与小胶质细胞的显著活化。     

高原低氧条件下不同时间大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞粘附分子的表达

目的:观察高海拔低氧条件下不同时间大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞粘附分子的表达变化,探讨NCAM在机体对低氧应激反应中的作用。方法:将平原SD大鼠运至海拔(4100m)地区,在第2、5、9、15天取大鼠海马,常规免疫组化及RT-PCR检测高原环境下NCAM的表达变化。结果:NCAM在高海拔大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞NCAM的表达在第2、5、9天是明显低于正常(P0.05),在第15天达到正常(P0.05)。结论:高原低氧应激反应后NCAM基因表达先降低后升高,提示其在神经损伤修复过程中可能起重要作用。     

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantal Mountain,Zhejiang Province,China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain,Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique.Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced.The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%,indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H.miconioides.The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity(0.1329)and Nei index(0.0925)within populations were relatively low.A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations Of H miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribufion.The average genetic diversity within populations of H.miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity,The genetic differentiation among populations of H.miconioides was 0.6546,as estimated by Nei index.The gene flow estimated from Gsr was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H.miconioides was relatively low.The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H.miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H.miconioides was 0.3412.The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest.The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low.The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.