凹叶厚朴细弱枝与粗壮枝导管分子的比较研究

对凹叶厚朴粗壮枝和细弱枝的次生木质部进行离析研究,发现其导管穿孔板有两种类型,即单穿孔板和梯状穿孔板。在细弱枝中,具不同类型穿孔板的导管分子有八种类型,即一端为单穿孔板的导管分子,另一端为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;只有一端为单穿孔板的导管分子;只有一端为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;两端均为单穿孔板的导管分子;两端均为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;具三个单穿孔板的导管分子;两端具单穿孔板的导管分子,中间具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子;具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子。粗壮枝除了无具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子外,其它细弱枝的导管分子的类型都具有。细弱枝的导管分子宽而长,粗壮枝导管分子窄而短。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴的抗逆性

本文根据西安夏季高温干旱、冬季严寒的气候特点,采用田间栽培、抗逆生理特性测定和抗旱形态特征比较等方法,对引种的国家三级保护植物厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)和凹叶厚朴(M.officinalis subsp.biloba(Rehd.et Wils.)Cheng et Law)的抗逆性进行了探讨,并用已适应西安气候多年的辛夷(M.liliflora Desr.)作对照。结果表明:两种植物均能在西安越冬,但只有在供水充足和适当遮荫条件下才能顺利越夏。凹叶厚朴的抗逆性强于厚朴,但它们的抗旱抗热性均较辛夷弱。     

凹叶厚朴树干有效成分研究（简报）

凹叶厚朴(Magnolia biloba)属木兰科植物,乔木,高达20m,原产中国,分布于南部各省。凹叶厚朴根皮药用叫“根朴”,已有人研究其有效成分。这个种的树皮药用叫“筒朴”,还没有人研究其有效成分。     

凹叶厚朴内生真菌研究初报

从凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalissubsp.biloba)根、茎、叶中分离获得内生真菌共计28株,经形态观察,鉴定出13个属。研究表明凹叶厚朴不同部位内生真菌的数量、分布、种群及其组成存在差异。     

凹叶厚朴愈伤组织的超低温保存

采用单因子比较和均匀设计法。研究凹叶厚朴愈伤组织超低温的影响因素。结果表明：超低温保存的适宜材料是４周龄的愈伤组织。经４－６℃低温下预培养１２天的愈伤组织抗冻能力最强。     

女贞和白蜡树的树皮结构及次生韧皮部发育的季节变化

女贞（ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍｂｕｃｉｄｕｍＡｉｔ）和白蜡树（ＦｒａｘｉｎｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＲｏｘｂ）是白蜡虫的两种主要寄主树。树皮由外向内为周皮,皮层,初生韧皮部的纤维束和次生韧皮部．它们的筛管分子具复筛板或单筛板,具Ｐ－蛋白质和筛管淀粉。伴胞为与筛管分等长的一列或单个细胞。筛管寿命在女贞中最长为一年,在白蜡树中则不超过８个月．形成层活动时间在女贞中是３月中下旬到１１月中旬,在白蜡树中是３月中下旬到１１月下旬．两种树木的木质部和韧皮部在３月中旬已开始分化,木质部和韧皮部分化停止的时间在女贞中分别是１１月中旬和１２月下旬;在白蜡树中分别是９月下旬和１１月下旬．两种树木在冬季都有部分分化的筛管分子,白蜡树中的部分分化的筛管分子于秋季形成,翌年３月中旬成熟,同年９—１０月瓦解。女贞枝条冬季平均保留１７０．２μｍ的具功能韧皮部区;而白蜡树在径向仅保留数列细胞宽的具功能韧皮都区越冬．     

濒危植物凹叶厚朴种实特性

凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba)为中国二级保护植物。本文对该树种不同分布群体的种实性状进行了研究。结果表明:凹叶厚朴结实数量较少,平均结实3.19个;种实特征在不同种群间差异显著,其变异主要来源于单株间及单株内,其中果实性状的方差分量要大于种子性状,表明果实的性状较易受环境的影响;果实性状与郁闭度及土壤养分含量存在显著或极显著的相关性,种子宽与种子质量与海拔呈显著负相关,种子厚度与海拔呈极显著负相关,而与生境及土壤条件相关性并不明显。凹叶厚朴在野生状态下单株结实率低,单果出种率低是其濒危的重要原因之一。     

凹叶厚朴抑制α-糖苷酶与抗氧化活性研究

首次采用96微孔板法检测贵州和河南产凹叶厚朴抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性;并采用DPPH、ABTS和FRAP三种方法测定其抗氧化活性.贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯(IC50 =7.22 μg,/mL)和正丁醇提取部位(IC50=36.59 μg/mL),河南产凹叶厚朴石油醚(IC50=107.04 μg/mL)和乙酸乙酯提取部位(IC50=17.17μg/mL),它们的活性都远高于于阳性对照Acarhose( IC50=1081.27 μg/mL).贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位清除ABTS自由基的能力最强(IC50=8.81 μg/mL),强于阳性对照BHT(IC50=11.94 μg/mL);其次为河南产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位(IC50=12.73 μg/mL).研究结果表明,贵州产凹叶厚朴乙酸乙酯提取部位抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和抗氧化活性最好.     

三种厚朴叶绿体基因组的比较研究

为了深入发掘日本厚朴、厚朴、凹叶厚朴叶绿体基因组差异,筛选厚朴优良性状候选基因,开展三种厚朴的分子遗传研究,该文利用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序平台首次对日本厚朴叶绿体进行测序、组装,并与已有的厚朴、凹叶厚朴叶绿体基因组共同注释,获得三个物种叶绿体基因图谱,筛选出三个基因组中的差异基因,又与同科中11个亲缘物种进行叶绿体基因组比对,构建NJ遗传树。结果表明：(1)日本厚朴叶绿体基因组的Clean Reads为19 791 019,Q30为91.33%,组装后基因组全长160 051 bp, GC含量为39.2%,含tRNA 37个,rRNA 8个。(2)比对分析发现三种厚朴具有相似的IR、LSC和SSC结构,以及GC含量和tRNA数量,但编码基因种类和数量、内含子和外显子的数量和结构等存在差异。(3)日本厚朴的功能基因数目较厚朴、凹叶厚朴分别多6个和4个,主要分布于LSC区和IR区,涉及核糖体大亚基、核糖体小亚基和未知功能基因类群。(4)系统发育分析结果进一步显示日本厚朴与凹叶厚朴亲缘关系较近,其次是厚朴。该研究表明日本厚朴具有更丰富的叶绿体基因组结构、组成和变异特征,是其适...     

凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的研究

凹叶厚朴花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为左右对称型．成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。四分体和小孢子在发生时有不规则变形。子房单心皮,心皮腹面壁上着生2个胚珠,胚珠倒生型,厚珠心,双珠被;孢原细胞一个,并且自表皮下第2层细胞处分化。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。凹叶厚朴的胚胎学特征与木兰科其它植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,属于较原始的被子植物胚胎类型。在凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程中存在部分败育现象。本文初步探讨了凹叶厚朴濒危的生殖生物学原因。     

濒危植物凹叶厚朴的花部综合特征和繁育系统

为了解凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba)濒危的生殖生物学原因,通过野外观测,运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、花粉活力和柱头可授性观测、人工授粉和套袋实验等方法,对凹叶厚朴种群的开花生物学、繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:凹叶厚朴单花花期一般为4～5d,单花花期根据形态和散粉时间可分为4个时期:蕾期、初开期、盛开期和凋零期;种群于4—5月开花,一般开花历时30d左右,但不同地点、年份间有所差异;种群无开花高峰,单株平均开花数量为171.4～188.8朵,平均开花振幅为5～6朵·株-1·d-1;凹叶厚朴杂交指数为4,花粉胚珠比为5728.86,结合人工套袋和授粉实验结果可确定,繁育系统为异交,传粉过程需要传粉者;花粉活力较高(94%),且花粉活力可维持至散粉后的第6天。散粉后,柱头可授性显著下降,花粉高活力期与柱头可授期有5～6h的重叠;自然状况下结果率和单果出种百分率低,异株异花授粉可明显提高结果率和单果出种百分率,二者相对自然状况分别提高14.25%和43.66%。表明自然状态下传粉效率低、柱头最佳可授期短、同株自花授粉败育严重是其濒危的主要生殖生物学原因。     

Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests

Conifers are long-lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to reach the nutrient-rich phloem. A major breach of the bark can lead to tree death, as evidenced by the millions of trees killed every year by specialized bark-invading insects. Different defense strategies have arisen in conifer lineages, but the general strategy is one of overlapping constitutive mechanical and chemical defenses overlaid with the capacity to up-regulate additional defenses. The defense strategy incorporates a graded response from 'repel', through 'defend' and 'kill', to 'compartmentalize', depending upon the advance of the invading organism. Using a combination of toxic and polymer chemistry, anatomical structures and their placement, and inducible defenses, conifers have evolved bark defense mechanisms that work against a variety of pests. However, these can be overcome by strategies including aggregation pheromones of bark beetles and introduction of virulent phytopathogens. The defense structures and chemicals in conifer bark are reviewed and questions about their coevolution with bark beetles are discussed.     

木兰属叶片的比较解剖学研究

对木兰属（Magnolia)12种、1亚种植物的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明：（1）Nootboom系统的云南木兰（M.yunnanensis)和乐东木兰（M.lotungensis)的叶肉中含有大量的单宁,与木兰属其他植物叶片的解剖结构有较大区别,支持刘玉壶系统^[2]拟单性木兰属（Parakmeria)的建立;（2）凹叶厚朴（M.officinalis ssp.biloba)为厚朴（M.officinalis)的亚种,二者下表皮均被表皮毛,但表皮毛的细胞个数明显不同,因而很易区分;（3）木兰属植物的叶片在叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度的比例、表皮毛、油细胞大小及其分布密度密度等方面在种间具有一定差别。     

Specialized phloem parenchyma cells in Norway spruce (Pinaceae) bark are an important site of defense reactions

The bark anatomy of Norway spruce clones that were resistant or susceptible to Ceratocystis polonica, a bark-beetle-vectored fungal pathogen, was compared. The major difference concerned the axial parenchyma cells, called polyphenolic parenchyma (PP cells) because of their vacuolar deposits. The phenolic nature of the deposits was indicated by autofluorescence under blue light, and immunocytochemical studies demonstrating PP cells are enriched in phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), a key enzyme in phenolic synthesis. Susceptible-clone PP cells occurred as single rows filled with dense deposits. The resistant clone had 40% more PP cells, which occurred in rows two cells thick plus as individual cells scattered among the sieve cells and had lighter deposits. Trees inoculated with fungus were analyzed but a distinct fungal response could not be separated from the general wound response. In the resistant clone, phenolic bodies were reduced in size and density or disappeared completely 12 d after wounding, and PP cell size increased. The susceptible-clone phenolics and cell size changed only slightly. These data show that PP cells are active in synthesis, storage, and modification of phenolics in response to wounding, providing an important site of constitutive and inducible defenses.     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Vessel Elements of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia

This paper deals mainly with comparative studies on elements of secondary xylem in 39 species of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia. The former plants present longer and slender vessels. Most of them have simple perforation and only a few scalariform perforation plates. In contrast, most of the Michelia species possess scalariform perforation plates and only one with simple perforation. The scalariform perforation plates of Magnolia species, if present, exhibit more bars than that of Michelia With few exceptions, there is no spiral thickening on the vessel wall in Magnolia, whereas in Michelia it is lust the opposite. In addition, some other differences in vessel elements between these two genera are also discussed.