长豇豆花药和花粉的发育

长豇豆花药壁的发育为基本型。绒毡层周原质团型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂粗线期至末期Ⅱ,相邻小孢子母细胞间存在胞质通道。四分体多为四面体型,少数为左右对称型。生殖细胞刚形成时,壁呈ＰＡＳ负反应,以后为ＰＡＳ正反应。生殖细胞游离在营养细胞质内后,壁消失。成熟花粉为２细胞型。在小孢子早期,首次观察到在周原质团型绒毡层细胞外切向壁的外方,有很多直径约２－４μｍ,含不溶性多糖、蛋白质和抗乙酰解物质的球形颗粒,以后这些颗粒沿绒毡层细胞的径向壁进入药室,同时在小孢子壁和原生质体之间也出现了同样的颗粒。小孢子外壁增厚的同时,颗粒消失。关于这些颗粒的作用,有待进一步深入探讨。     

长豇豆花药的花粉的发育

长豇豆花药壁的发育为基本型。绒毡层周原质团型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂粗线期至末期Ⅱ,相邻小孢子母细胞间存在胞质通道。四分体多为四面体型,少数为左右对称型。生殖细胞刚形成时,壁呈ＰＡＳ负反应,以后为ＰＡＳ正反应。生殖细胞游离在营养细胞质内后,壁消失。成熟花粉为２细胞型。在小孢子早期,首次观察到在周原质团型绒毡层细胞外切向壁的外方,有很多直径约２－４μｍ,含不溶性多糖、蛋白质的抗乙酰解物质的球形颗粒,以     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子囊发育的电镜研究

杉木雄性不育属“无花粉型”,败育从无也原细胞押分体时期、中层细胞增生,压迫小孢子母细胞,使之养分更加缺乏并引起减烽分裂异常。其表皮层和药室内壁细胞中具大量蛋白体,影响了绒毡层对小孢子发育的外源蛋白的供应;表皮层具膜状溶酶体,引起淀粉粒缺乏和酶系统代谢异常;绒毡层发育后期,缺少包被小泡,乌氏体及绒毡层膜,内质网少,短而光滑,严重影响了绒毡层对小孢子母细胞或小孢子养分和合成细胞壁物质的供给;     

水蕨孢子囊早期发育的超微结构

利用透射电镜对模式植物水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)孢子囊的早期发育进行研究.结果表明:水蕨的孢子囊是由叶片表皮的原始细胞发育而来,经过横向和纵向分裂形成外套层原始细胞和内部细胞,此过程中各个细胞内线粒体和叶绿体逐渐变大,变发达;之后外套层原始细胞继续纵分裂形成孢子囊壁细胞,内部细胞分裂形成内外两层绒毡层和孢子母细胞,此过程中电子密集物在分裂最为旺盛的细胞内体积最大,数量最多;最后孢子母细胞减数分裂形成四分孢子,此时可见孢子之间以及孢子与原生质团之间均存在着表面膜.内层绒毡层为周原质团绒毡层,外层绒毡层为腺质型绒毡层.水蕨孢子囊的早期发育属于薄囊蕨型发育.     

毛钩藤的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察了毛钩藤(Uncaria hirsuta Havil.)的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程.结果表明,毛钩藤花两性,具5枚雄蕊,花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成,花药开裂时,药室内壁高度纤维化带状加厚.花药壁的发育方式属于双子叶型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型.小孢子在四分体时期开始沉积花粉外壁,小孢子大液泡化时期开始沉积花粉内壁.成熟花粉为2-细胞型.毛钩藤的花粉发育特征和茜草科植物基本一致.毛钩藤绒毡层属于分泌型,双重起源,分别起源于次生周缘层和药隔细胞.小孢子发育早期绒毡层开始降解并分泌形成大量乌氏体,花药开裂时绒毡层完全消失,剩下少量乌氏体.小孢子早期内壁加厚突出形成,小孢子细胞核分裂以后内壁加厚开始脱落,花药开裂时,只剩下少量的内壁加厚突出.初步推测,内壁加厚突出与乌氏体共同作用为雄配子体的发育提供营养物质.     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子囊发育的电镜研究

杉木雄性不育属“无花粉型”,败育从无孢原细胞到四分体时期,中层细胞增生,压迫小孢子母细胞,使之养分更加缺乏并引起减数分裂异常。其表皮层和药室内壁细胞中具大量蛋白体,影响了绒毡层对小孢子发育的外源蛋白的供应;表皮层具膜状溶酶体,引起淀粉粒缺乏和酶系统代谢异常;绒毡层发育后期,缺少包被小泡、乌氏体及绒毡层膜,内质同少、短而光滑,严重影响了绒毡层对小孢子母细胞或小孢子养分和合成细胞壁物质的供给;线粒体发育异常,能量代谢减弱,导致小孢子母细胞或小孢子一系列生理活动紊乱及其原生质体解体。     

一品红雄配子体发育研究

一品红花药来源于雄蕊原基,花药由表皮(1层)、药室内壁(1层)、中层(1层)、绒毡层(1层)及造胞细胞组成,花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型。小孢子发生和雄配子体发育是经由小孢子母细胞减数分裂形成四分体,该四分体胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列为四面体型,小孢子再经有丝分裂形成2-核花粉。花药壁层的变化是表皮在花药成熟期消失,中层在四分体时消失,药室内壁在花药成熟期形成柱状纤维层。绒毡层在单核小孢子期径向伸长,有双核或多核,另外有的绒毡层细胞形成横隔或类胎座;进入2-核花粉期,绒毡层细胞分泌颗粒物进入药室,为非典型腺质绒毡层;进入成熟期绒毡层消失。同时观察到花药发育异常现象。     

凤仙花花药发育特征

凤仙花花药发育比较特殊: 在造孢细胞时期,花药横切面中央是体积较大、细胞内含物较多的细胞团、包括造孢细胞和绒毡层细胞。花药药壁细胞的细胞质较稀少,与中部细胞界限明晰。花粉母细胞时期的花药药壁由约6层细胞组成,但细胞的界限不明显;绒毡层细胞显示变形流入药室中。到四分体时期,绒毡层细胞进一步退化。开花时,成熟花药的药壁细胞由一层表皮细胞、两层药室内壁细胞和一层中层细胞组成。对凤仙花花药绒毡层的特殊性质进行了讨论。     

湖北双蝴蝶小孢子发生及雄配子体发育(英文)

首次报道了湖北双蝴蝶小孢子发生和雄配子体发育。主要结果如下:花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层异型起源,属腺质型绒毡层,药隔处的绒毡层细胞形成类胎座,其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为一层细胞;花药成熟时,药室内壁纤维状加厚且柱状伸长,表皮细胞减缩退化,纤维状加厚不明显。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式主要为四面体形,少数为十字交叉形;成熟花粉多为2-细胞型,偶见3-细胞型,具三萌发孔。     

文冠果可孕花与不孕花发育过程的比较研究简

利用半薄切片和透射电镜技术对文冠果可孕花和不孕花的发育过程进行观察和比较。结果显示：(1)小孢子发育初期,两种类型花花药形态无明显差别;小孢子发育双核期,可孕花花药内壁纤维层细胞壁带状加厚,无唇细胞形成。而不孕花花药同侧两个花粉囊之间唇细胞正在分化;小孢子发育成熟期,不孕花花药唇细胞完全形成;散粉期,不孕花花药开裂呈双心形,而可孕花花药则不能开裂散粉。(2)可孕花雌蕊子房内有两室,柱头细胞排列紧密,柱头逐渐发育成圆球形,周围密布乳突细胞,具中空花柱道;不孕花雌蕊柱头停止发育,无中空花柱道,子房室变小,胚囊发育退化。(3)不孕花花药绒毡层中含大量蛋白体,小泡以及乌氏体等细胞器,发育后期绒毡层解体。而可孕花花药绒毡层中细胞器和营养物质积累均较少,发育后期绒毡层解体不完全。(4)可孕花花药内花粉粒细胞壁连续无萌发孔,细胞内含物较少。不孕花花药内花粉出现3个向内凹陷的萌发孔,且花粉内含有大量造粉质体和脂类物质。     

洋葱花药发育过程中的细胞化学研究(简报)

高等植物花药结构复杂,其发育更是一个迅速、多变的过程,如小孢子母细胞减数分裂期间的细胞质改组、胼胝质壁的形成与降解、大液泡的形成与消失、花粉内外壁的形成、绒毡层细胞的降解、营养物质的积累与转化等。除了上述花药组成细胞的形态和结构发生明显变化外。花药发育的另一个显著特点是以花粉为中心的营养物质单向运输和转化,尤其是小孢子有丝分裂形成二胞花粉后开始积累大量的营养储存物以供成熟花粉萌发时利用。     

枸杞花药发育过程中脂滴和淀粉粒的分布特征

宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarurn L．)花药发育过程中,淀粉粒和脂滴两种营养物质的积累和分布具有一定的特点：在造孢细胞时期,药隔薄壁细胞,表皮和药室内壁细胞中开始积累淀粉粒,而造孢细胞、绒毡层细胞和中层细胞中则没有淀粉粒。在四分体时期,绒毡层细胞开始积累脂滴并且数量逐渐增加。到小孢子晚期,绒毡层细胞降解,内含脂滴流入药室中。在小孢子发育过程中既没有淀粉粒也没有脂滴积累,直到二胞花粉的大液泡消失后花粉粒中才开始积累脂滴,然后又开始出现淀粉粒。枸杞成熟花粉中的营养储存物是脂滴和淀粉粒。     

Some histochemical features of anther wall of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucojum aestivum</Emphasis> (Amaryllidaceae) during pollen development

In this study, polysaccharide and RNA contents of anthers were investigated on different phases of sporogenesis by using light microscopy techniques from histological and cytological point of view in Leucojum aestivum. Paraffin and semi-thin sections of anthers were stained with toluidine blue and PAS. Anthers were tetrasporangiate. The wall of the anther consists of an epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and glandular tapetum. During one nucleated microspore and mature pollen phase microspores and tapetum cells began to degenerate and they were become very rich of RNA in L. aestivum. And also RNA content was increased in endothecium and middle layer cells except the epidermis cells of anther wall. An increase in RNA content indicates cell activation. Polysaccharides were not seen in young anther wall but they were seen in older ones. They were generally condensed in the cell walls and especially in the cell walls of vascular bundles of connective tissue. This could be thought that insoluble polysaccharides were used in metabolic events in early developmental stages. Appearance of polysaccharides in late phases was indicated that polysaccharides were used in the formation of cuticule and differentiation of endothelium cell walls.     

垂花悬铃花雌雄配子体发育研究

对垂花悬铃花雄配子体发育观察表明,其花药由表皮(1层)、药室内层(1层)、中层(2层)、绒毡层(1层)及造孢细胞组成,花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型。雄配子体发育经由花粉母细胞减数分裂形成四分体,该四分体胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型,十字交叉型及左右对称型;小孢子再经有丝分裂形成营养核和生殖核,生殖核再经有丝分裂形成3-核花粉。花药壁层的变化,在单核小孢子期,表皮细胞解体,仅留下痕迹;中层在花粉母细胞期逐渐消失;药室内壁在单核小孢子期开始纤维化;绒毡层在单核小孢子期消失,属变形绒毡层。雌配子体发育观察表明,其子房上位,5室,每室1个胚珠,胚珠弯生,中轴胎座,大多数胚珠发育停留在珠心形成阶段,极少数珠心形成一群孢原细胞及单核、双核胚囊。     

橡胶树花药和小孢子发生与发育过程的观察

应用石蜡切片法,观察橡胶树的实生树和RRIM600、CT-1品系的花药壁以及小孢子的发生和发育过程,得到如下结果:1.实生树的花药壁通常由四层细胞组成,发育形式为双子叶型。药室内壁细胞在发育后期进行径向条纹加厚,至花药开裂时仍保留着原生质体。中层由一层或不规则的两层细胞组成,在小孢子单核期消失。绒毡层细胞具单核或双核,属分泌型,至花粉发育到三细胞时消失。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型。成熟花粉粒具三个细胞。精细胞椭圆形,在光镜下不能区分出细胞质鞘和核仁。所观察的实生树雄花,多数发育正常,很少有空秕的花粉。2·RRIM600品系的花药和小孢子发生与发育和实生树相似,但至后期只有少数花粉发育正常,多数成为大小不等的败育花粉;此外也有一些败有的雄花。3.GT-1的花药在小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,绒毡层细胞的体积开始异常增大并液泡化,小孢子在四分体内解体或分离后成为空秕花粉。     

SOME MORPHOLOGIC AND KINETIC STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPING ERYTHROID CELLS OF THE COMMON GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS

Developing erythroid cells of the goldfish Carassius auratus were obtained from kidney prints and from smears of the peripheral blood. All preparations were stained with the May-Grunwald Giemsa technique. Developing cells were divided into six different stages. The criteria used to stage the cells were degree of chromatin condensation, degree of basophilia, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, and cell shape. The morphology of the maturation sequence for erythroid cells in this organism was similar to that found by other workers in other non-mammalian vertebrates. Fish received intraperitoneal injections of tritiated thymidine, tritiated uridine or tritiated leucine so that the stages involved in DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis could be determined by means of autoradiography. For the tritiated thymidine studies the per cent labeled cells per stage from four different series receiving 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 or 6.0 μCi/g body weight were pooled, since subjecting the average per cent labeled cells per stage at the lowest and at the highest dosages to Student's t-test showed no significant differences. In all four series the fish were killed 2 hr, 12 hr and daily, 1–8 days post-injection. The ³H-TdR studies showed that stages I-IV were engaged in DNA synthesis; they also showed that about 5 days were required for the stage V cell to become a mature erythrocyte (stage VI cell). Tritiated uridine was injected at a dosage of 5.0 μCi/g body weight and animals were killed 1/2, 1, 3 and 6 hr post-injection. Grain counts showed that stages I-IV are engaged in RNA synthesis and that the rate of this synthesis decreased as maturation proceeded. Tritiated leucine was administered at a dosage of 5.0 μCi/g body weight, and fish were killed 45 min and 3 hr post-injection. Grain counts indicate that stages I-V are engaged in the synthesis of protein (assumed to be globin). The fact that DNA and RNA synthesis ceased with stage IV cells while protein synthesis continued into stage V cells indicated that the mechanism responsible for protein synthesis in stage V cells was produced at an earlier stage and was self-sustained for about 5 days.     

Sindbis病毒的蛋白质合成与细胞骨架的关系

我们以Sindbis病毒感染BHK-21细胞为模式,研究了病毒的感染与细胞骨架的关系。结果显示:在病毒感染早期,细胞的蛋白质合成迅速被抑制,细胞的多聚核糖体(polysome)和mRNA从骨架上脱落,而病毒的RNA结合到骨架上。我们的结果还进一步表明,病毒的RNA是通过其3′-尾端与骨架结合的。另一方面在对Sindbis病毒非结构蛋白在体内与体外合成与加工的比较中,我们发现病毒蛋白在体外翻译加工的速度远低于体内,并且出现很多未成熟蛋白(premature protein),这种区别可能在某种程度上反应细胞骨架在蛋白质合成与加工中的作用。此外,在用秋水仙素和细胞松驰素B破坏微管和微丝后,病毒非结构蛋白的合成与加工没有明显变化,而结构蛋白的合成则受到明显的抑制。这表明病毒的两类蛋白的合成所依赖的细胞骨架成分可能有所不同,在结构蛋白合成过程中,微丝和微管起了重要作用,在非结构蛋白合成过程中,中间丝很可能起了重要作用。     

八角莲小孢子发生和雄配子形成

首次报道了八角莲(Dysosma versipell is (Hance)M.cheng)小孢子发生和雄配子体形成的过程。主要结果如下:花药四室, 药壁发育方式为双子叶型;药室内壁有带状加厚现象;二层绒毡层细胞, 多具双核, 腺质;多孢原, 发生于表皮下;小孢子母细胞减数分裂时的胞质分裂为同时型, 少数小孢子母细胞减数分裂Ⅰ 完成后, 在两子核间形成一异型沟, 使其具类似二分体的结构;四分孢子多为四面体形, 少数为左右对称形、十字交叉形、直线形及"T"形;成熟花粉粒为二细胞, 呈圆形, 具三孔沟。     

低温预处理影响水稻花药培养效率的机理初探

低温预处理延缓药壁中层和绒毡层的降解,促进表皮层和药室内壁层的发育,延缓花药过氧化物酶同工酶活性的增强。处理期间花药可溶性蛋白质、淀粉酶同工酶潜带发生明显变化。处理期间花药的~3H-TdR渗入和花粉的发育、分裂,表明花粉存在合成和充实活动。绒毡层和花粉间存在囊泡,表皮层和药室内壁层之间存在多泡体的穿壁运动,说明低温处理中药壁向花粉输送雄核发育所需的物质。在进入正常培养初期,经过低温处理的花药药壁仍有表皮层和药室内壁层的发育,多细胞花粉出现提早、数量增加,花粉退化延缓。而未经处理的花药药壁各层均迅速降解,花粉大量退化。