Dissipative functions of processes of electromagnetic radiation interaction with biological objects

Entropy generation rate inside the biological systems due to internal irreversible processes of the interaction with electromagnetic radiation is calculated for the processes of chemical free-energy increase. The irreversibility of several processes (photosynthesis in plants, eyesight of man, bioresonance effects of high frequencies of microwaves) is estimated under concrete experimental conditions. It is shown that the irreversible of five biological processes differs very much (by 10(8) times).     

Mutant Medaka fish having a deficiency in otolith-vestibular system and their behavior in microgravity

Vestibular and visual senses are two major factors fish use for controlling their posture under 1 G conditions. From various studies in the past (parabolic flights and some ground-laboratory experiments), I came to have a hypothesis that "heavily eye-dependent" fish are tolerant to microgravity (micro-G). Theoretically, for "heavily eye-dependent" fish, the following three types may exist. (a) Fish having good eyesight, and having an ordinary sensitivity to gravity, (b) Fish having an ordinary eyesight, and having less sensitivity to gravity, (c) Fish having good eyesight, and having less sensitivity to gravity. In Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), these three types have successfully been obtained. In this paper, the behavior of such different types of Medaka fish under micro-G will be studied by use of parabolic flights of an airplane. The ground-laboratory experiments are also reported, which focus on the contribution of both vestibular and visual senses to the posture control for each of three types of Medaka fish.     

大熊猫视力的定量化

有大量的研究提出,大熊猫具有发达的嗅觉和听觉系统但是视力很差。 虽然有些关于大熊猫视力和色觉方面的研究,但是至今我们对大熊猫的具体视力值方面的内容知之甚少。为了定量化大熊猫的视力值,我们观察并记录了8只圈养大熊猫（雌:雄=4:4）对于移动不同水平黑白相间条纹宽度的纸片的行为反应。我们发现,在测量距离为50 cm的情况下,大熊猫能够区分大约为0.46mm宽的黑白相间条纹。这个研究结果为大熊猫视网膜结构的解剖学研究提供了行为学支持,也为今后研究大熊猫的通讯和认知提供一定的参考。     

Reconstruction of the entire upper eyelid area with a subcutaneous pedicle flap based on the orbicularis oculi muscle

Lagophthalmos caused by trauma or inflammation may damage the cornea and, if not adequately treated, may result in loss of eyesight. Hence surgical intervention is required at the earliest possible stage. We have developed a subcutaneous pedicle flap elevated from the temporozygomatic area and rotated 180 degrees around a small pedicle base that contains the orbicularis oculi muscle. With this flap, the entire upper eyelid can be reconstructed as an aesthetic unit in one stage so that the result is satisfactory not only functionally, but also cosmetically. The operative procedure is presented along with case reports.     

介入室X线电视系统下眶内及眶周金属异物摘出术的临床观察

目的:探讨在介入室X线电视系统下摘出眶内及眶周金属异物的临床效果。方法:选择2002年7月至2012年7月我院收治的金属异物患者86例86只眼,在介入室X线电视系统直视引导下,根据影像学特点制定个体化手术方法,经皮肤或结膜进路摘出眶内及眶周金属异物。结果:86例均成功取出异物,其中一次手术取出83例(96.5%),二次手术取出3例(3.5%)。随访2~18(9.2±5.3)月。末次随访时视力达术前水平62例(72.1%),视力提高21例(24.4%)。术前及术后末次随访时眼球运动障碍分别为34例(39.5%)和16例(18.6%),术前及术后末次随访时外伤性上睑下垂分别为5例(5.8%)和3例(3.5%)。结论:在介入室X线电视系统下摘出眶内及眶周金属异物对眶内及眶周组织损伤小,手术时间短,疗效满意,便于操作,值得推广。     

Brain structure and neurobiology of Alvarezsaurians (Dinosauria), exemplified by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceratonykus oculatus</Emphasis> (Parvicursoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia

A natural braincase cast of the Late Cretaceous dinosaur Ceratonykus oculatus (Parvicursoridae, Alvarezsauria) is described. The brain of this species is constructed based on the reptilian archetype without dorsoventral curvatures. In the midbrain, the optic lobes are displaced ventrolaterally and the acoustic lobes are very large and adjoin rostrally the telencephalon. The cerebellum is bifid and transversely expanded. The complex of the metencephalon and myelencephalon narrows laterally. Some of the characters listed are not typical of the majority of extant and extinct sauropsids. It is concluded that alvarezsaurians had good eyesight and keen hearing and their ancestors were characterized by elements of an arboreal mode of life.     

女贞子化学成分、药理作用及药动学研究进展

女贞子系木犀科(Oleaceae)女贞属植物女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)的干燥果实,为我国传统中药,具有滋补肝肾、明目乌发的功效。女贞子含三萜类、环烯醚萜类、苯乙醇苷类及黄酮类等多种化学成分。许多药理作用研究表明女贞子具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎镇痛、保肝、抗骨质疏松、免疫调节、降血糖降血脂、抗菌抗病毒等活性。对女贞子的化学成分、药理作用及药代动力学研究进行综述,以期为我国女贞子资源的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

Use of carnosine as a natural anti-senescence drug for human beings

Carnosine is an endogenous free-radical scavenger. The latest research has indicated that apart from the function of protecting cells from oxidation-induced stress damage, carnosine appears to be able to extend the lifespan of cultured cells, rejuvenate senescent cells, inhibit the toxic effects of amyloid peptide (A beta), malondialdehyde, and hypochlorite to cells, inhibit glycosylation of proteins and protein-DNA and protein-protein cross-linking, and maintain cellular homeostasis. Also, carnosine seems to delay the impairment of eyesight with aging, effectively preventing and treating senile cataract and other age-related diseases. Therefore, carnosine may be applied to human being as a drug against aging.     

A causal analysis of intra-abdominal hemorrhage after reduced-size liver transplantation in rat

In this study, we analyzed causes of abdominal hemorrhage after reduced-size liver transplantation in rat. Healthy SD rats (weight range of 260–280 g) underwent liver transplantation, the donors were female and the recipients were male rats. The recipients were, on average, by <10 g heavier than the donors. All operations on donor rats were performed by the same person using unaided eyesight. Operations on recipient rats were performed by two persons using unaided eyesight. About 270 rats received reduced-size liver transplantation of which 44 died because of intra-abdominal hemorrhages. The distribution of abdominal hemorrhage sites was as follows: 28 cases with anastomotic hemorrhages of the inferior vena cava of the superior liver, 9 cases with subcapsular hemorrhage, 9 cases with tied hemorrhages from the left lateral lobe, 7 cases with hemorrhages from the papillary lobe, 7 hemorrhages from the triangular lobe, 5 hemorrhages of the right suprarenal vein and lumbar veins, 4 hemorrhages caused by mechanical injury, 4 cuff hemorrhages of the portal vein and the inferior vein cava of the inferior liver, 8 anastomotic hemorrhages of the inferior vena cava of the superior liver and the tied hemorrhage of the left outboard lobe, and 5 hemorrhages of the two tied points of the reduced-size liver. Ten hemorrhages were stopped by suture or/and ligature, and 6 were stopped by washing with or soaking in hot water. Results of this study will be helpful to raise success rates of reduced-size liver transplantation.     

产藏红花素栀子愈伤组织的诱导和筛选

为解决藏红花资源问题,研究了栀子愈伤组织的诱导,并首次应用目视法和HPLC 方法对产藏红花素细胞系进行了筛选。结果表明栀子叶子愈伤组织优化的诱导条件为: 在添加1mg/L 2,4-D和 0.25 mg/L 6-BA的MS 培养基上, 25±1℃和31.74 mmol/m2s光照强度下每天光照16小时,培养15d后可获得100%的诱导率。种子愈伤组织也易诱导,在添加0.5mg/L 2,4-D 和 0.25 mg/L 6-BA的MS培养基上,25±1℃全时暗培养15d后可获得100%的诱导率。首次应用建立的目视法和HPLC 方法, 从90株细胞系中筛选出细胞系seed4,其藏红花素1 的含量是0.348mg/g,生长较快、不易褐化,兼顾了此次生代谢产物的含量和细胞的生长速度,为采用植物细胞工程法解决藏红花素资源短缺问题提供了种质资源。     

离子导入疗法对防治糖尿病视网膜病变及改善症状的临床研究

目的：探讨离子导入疗法对糖尿病视网膜病变患者进行护理的临床效果。方法：选取88例（122眼）糖尿病视网膜病变患者,随机分为照组和实验组,其中对照组44例（58眼）,给予常规护理治疗;实验组44例（64眼）,在对照组基础上采用离子导入疗法进行护理。观察患者视网膜改变、视力的改善及自觉症状改善情况。结果：实验组实施干预后,视网膜改变、视力的改善、自觉症状的改善显效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：离子导入疗法有助于改善糖尿病视网膜病变患者眼底血液循环。促进出血点吸收、改善临床症状,操作简单易行,患者易于接受。     

14例茄病镰刀菌所致角膜溃疡临床分析

目的探讨真菌性角膜溃疡的病原学特点、临床表现及抗真菌综合治疗的方法。方法对2004年10月-2006年10月送检的疑似感染的角膜标本进行镜检、培养及菌种鉴定。对其中14例病历资料完整的茄病镰刀菌所致角膜溃疡患者进行临床分析。结果在33例送检标本中分离出茄病镰刀菌24株（72．7％）。上述14例患者中,有3例角膜穿孔合并眼内炎行眼球内容物除去术,3例行结膜瓣或羊膜移植,1例角膜移植,7例经非手术治疗保留较好视力。结论茄病镰刀菌是我国北方真菌性角膜炎的主要致病菌,可导致视力严重受损且治愈困难。早期诊断配合以抗真菌为主的综合治疗可阻止病情进展,明显改善视力。     

中成药质量控制研究进展

中成药是我国医药学宝库的重要组成部分,在推动我国医药产业的发展过程中具有不可替代的作用。但是中成药有效成分复杂,药效物质基础不明确,以及单味药材易受品种、产地、加工方法等因素的影响,使得中成药的质量评价成为阻碍中成药走向现代化与国际化的障碍。所谓中成药的现代化就是指用现代化的分析检测手段去解决中成药的质量问题,而中成药的国际化就是指在我国传统中成药知识产权和法律制度的前提下,用国际化的视野和创造性的思维来促进中成药的科技创新,加强与国际之间的交流与合作,达成共识,创建国际化与标准化的中成药质量控制体系。本文从历代药典对中成药质量控制的变化、中成药质量控制的现状分析及存在问题三方面进行了综述,提出了完善中成药质量控制的策略,从而进一步使中成药走向现代化与国际化。     

中成药质量控制研究进展

中成药是我国医药学宝库的重要组成部分,在推动我国医药产业的发展过程中具有不可替代的作用。但是中成药有效成分复杂,药效物质基础不明确,以及单味药材易受品种、产地、加工方法等因素的影响,使得中成药的质量评价成为阻碍中成药走向现代化与国际化的障碍。所谓中成药的现代化就是指用现代化的分析检测手段去解决中成药的质量问题,而中成药的国际化就是指在我国传统中成药知识产权和法律制度的前提下,用国际化的视野和创造性的思维来促进中成药的科技创新,加强与国际之间的交流与合作,达成共识,创建国际化与标准化的中成药质量控制体系。本文从历代药典对中成药质量控制的变化、中成药质量控制的现状分析及存在问题三方面进行了综述,提出了完善中成药质量控制的策略,从而进一步使中成药走向现代化与国际化。     

黄曲霉致鼻-眼-耳-脑侵袭性曲霉病的抗真菌治疗

报告1例抗真菌治疗有效的重症鼻、眼、耳、脑侵袭性曲霉病。患者男,37岁,因右眼眶肿物11a,右眼视力下降8a,失明伴头痛、头晕进行性加重1a就诊。11a前曾行右上颌窦根治术。临床表现为右眼球突出眼眶,角膜混浊,球结膜充血,眼球内可见白色絮状团块,并有大量透亮稀薄液态分泌物流出。右眼球不能自主活动,完全无光感。右眼眶下方、右上颌窦骨质缺损,塌陷。右侧外耳道骨壁、乳突均受累及。右侧鼻道及外耳道亦见较多透亮稀薄液态分泌物。右眼、右鼻腔、右耳分泌物真菌涂片均见菌丝及孢子,培养结果均为同一黄曲霉。经两性霉素B及伊曲康唑、氟胞嘧啶联合抗真菌治疗6周后,予口服伊曲康唑维持治疗近18个月,目前病变区显著缩小,头痛、头晕症状消失。     

产藏红花素1(crocin)愈伤组织的诱导及其细胞系的筛选

对藏红花(Crocus sativus L.) 愈伤组织的诱导条件进行了优化。结果表明：MS 是藏红花芽愈伤组织的最佳诱导培养基,而B5是叶子和花愈伤组织的最佳培养基。藏红花芽、叶和花愈伤组织的最佳诱导温度分别是18℃、25℃和21℃。光照是叶子愈伤组织诱导的有利因素,但不利于芽和花愈伤组织的诱导。1.5～2.0 mg.L-1 NAA和0.25 mg.L-1 6-BA是愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素组合。通过目视法和HPLC方法, 从229株细胞系中筛选出细胞系Corm1,其藏红花素1 的含量是1 677 mg.g-1,生长较快,且不易褐化。为采用植物细胞工程法解决藏红花素1资源短缺问题打下了基础。     

Isolation and structural characterization of the water-extractable polysaccharides from Cassia obtusifolia seeds

The seed of Cassia obtusifolia is a food or herbal medicine used for improving eyesight, treating constipation and other disorders, and polysaccharides have been implicated in these pharmacological activities. The endosperm of the seeds, Cassia gum, is a commercial thickening or gelling agent, composed mainly of galactomannans. However, the whole seeds of C. obtusifolia, rather than the endosperm, are used in folk medicine or food, which might contain more complex constituents of polysaccharides. In this study, the whole seeds of C. obtusifolia were extracted with boiling water, and from the water extract, three homogeneous fractions were isolated, designated CFAA-1, CFAA-3, and CFBB2, respectively, after treatment with Fehling solution followed by anion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Using chemical and spectroscopic methods, CFAA-1, and CFAA-3 were elucidated to be both branched galactomannans with different molecular weights, consisting of 1,4-linked β-d-mannopyranosyl backbone with single-unit α-d-galactopyranosyl branches attached to O-6 of mannose, while CFBB2 was shown to be a linear (1→4)-α-polygalacturonic acid.     

The Impact of Trachomatous Trichiasis on Quality of Life: A Case Control Study

Background

Trachomatous trichiasis is thought to have a profound effect on quality of life (QoL), however, there is little research in this area. We measured vision and health-related QoL in a case-control study in Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We recruited 1000 adult trichiasis cases and 200 trichiasis-free controls, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age (+/- two years), sex and location. Vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured using the WHO/PBD-VF20 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. Comparisons were made using linear regression adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Trichiasis cases had substantially lower VRQoL than controls on all subscales (overall eyesight, visual symptom, general functioning and psychosocial, p<0.0001), even in the sub-group with normal vision (p<0.0001). Lower VRQoL scores in cases were associated with longer trichiasis duration, central corneal opacity, visual impairment and poor contrast sensitivity. Trichiasis cases had lower HRQoL in all domains (Physical-health, Psychological, Social, Environment, p<0.0001), lower overall QoL (mean, 34.5 v 64.6; p<0.0001) and overall health satisfaction (mean, 38.2 v 71.7; p<0.0001). This association persisted in a sub-group analysis of cases and controls with normal vision. Not having a marriage partner (p<0.0001), visual impairment (p = 0.0068), daily labouring (p<0.0001), presence of other health problems (p = 0.0018) and low self-rated wealth (p<0.0001) were independently associated with lower overall QoL scores in cases. Among cases, trichiasis caused 596 (59%) to feel embarrassed, 913 (91.3%) to worry they may lose their remaining eyesight and 681 (68.1%) to have sleep disturbance.

Conclusions/Significance

Trachomatous trichiasis substantially reduces vision and health related QoL and is disabling, even without visual impairment. Prompt trichiasis intervention is needed both to prevent vision loss and to alleviate physical and psychological suffering, social exclusion and improve overall well-being. Implementation of the full SAFE strategy is needed to prevent the development of trachomatous trichiasis.     

The Intracellular Bacteria Chlamydia Hijack Peroxisomes and Utilize Their Enzymatic Capacity to Produce Bacteria-Specific Phospholipids

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for loss of eyesight through trachoma and for millions of cases annually of sexually transmitted diseases. The bacteria develop within a membrane-bounded inclusion. They lack enzymes for several biosynthetic pathways, including those to make some phospholipids, and exploit their host to compensate. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that small organelles of the host, peroxisomes, are translocated into the Chlamydia inclusion and are found adjacent to the bacteria. In cells deficient for peroxisome biogenesis the bacteria are able to multiply and give rise to infectious progeny, demonstrating that peroxisomes are not essential for bacterial development in vitro. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics reveal the presence in C. trachomatis of plasmalogens, ether phospholipids whose synthesis begins in peroxisomes and have never been described in aerobic bacteria before. Some of the bacterial plasmalogens are novel structures containing bacteria-specific odd-chain fatty acids; they are not made in uninfected cells nor in peroxisome-deficient cells. Their biosynthesis is thus accomplished by the metabolic collaboration of peroxisomes and bacteria.