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1.
Makoto Takahashi Akihiro Sakaguchi Kanji Matsukawa Hidehiko Komine Kotaro Kawaguchi Kiyoshi Onari 《Journal of applied physiology》2004,97(6):2077-2082
The purpose of the present study was 1) to investigate whether an increase in heart rate (HR) at the onset of voluntary static arm exercise in tetraplegic subjects was similar to that of normal subjects and 2) to identify how the cardiovascular adaptation during static exercise was disturbed by sympathetic decentralization. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were noninvasively recorded during static arm exercise at 35% of maximal voluntary contraction in six tetraplegic subjects who had complete cervical spinal cord injury (C(6)-C(7)). Stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were estimated by using a Modelflow method simulating aortic input impedance from arterial blood pressure waveform. In tetraplegic subjects, the increase in HR at the onset of static exercise was blunted compared with age-matched control subjects, whereas the peak increase in HR at the end of exercise was similar between the two groups. CO increased during exercise with no or slight decrease in SV. MAP increased approximately one-third above the control pressor response but TPR did not rise at all throughout static exercise, indicating that the slight pressor response is determined by the increase in CO. We conclude that the cardiovascular adaptation during voluntary static arm exercise in tetraplegic subjects is mainly accomplished by increasing cardiac pump output according to the tachycardia, which is controlled by cardiac vagal outflow, and that sympathetic decentralization causes both absent peripheral vasoconstriction and a decreased capacity to increase HR, especially at the onset of exercise. 相似文献
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Ian B Stewart Darren E R Warburton Alastair N H Hodges Donald M Lyster Donald C McKenzie 《Journal of applied physiology》2003,94(4):1619-1626
To investigate splenic erythrocyte volume after exercise and the effect on hematocrit- and hemoglobin-based plasma volume equations, nine men cycled at an intensity of 60% maximal O(2) uptake for 5-, 10-, or 15-min duration, followed by an incremental ride to exhaustion. The reduction in spleen volume, calculated using (99m)Tc-labeled erythrocytes, was not significantly different among the three submaximal rides (5 min = 28%, 10 min = 30%, 15 min = 36%; P = 0.26). The incremental ride to exhaustion resulted in a 56% reduction in spleen volume, which recovered to baseline levels within 20 min. Plasma catecholamines were inversely related to spleen volume after exercise (r = 0.70-0.84; P < 0.0001). There were no differences in red cell or total blood volume pre- to postexercise; however, a significant reduction in plasma volume was observed (18.9%; P < 0.01). There was no difference between the iodinated albumin and the hematocrit and hemoglobin methods of assessing plasma volume changes. These results suggest that the spleen regulates its volume in response to an intensity-dependent signal, and plasma catecholamines appear partially responsible. Splenic release of erythrocytes has no effect on indirect measures of plasma volume. 相似文献
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Stebbins CL Walser B Jafarzadeh M 《American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology》2002,283(3):R568-R575
Previous studies suggest that the blood pressure response to static contraction is greater than that caused by dynamic exercise. In anesthetized cats, however, pressor responses to electrically induced static and dynamic contraction of the same muscle group are similar during equivalent workloads and peak tension development [i.e., similar tension-time index (TTI)]. To determine if the same relationship exists in humans, where contraction is voluntary and central command is present, dynamic (180 s; 1/s) and static (90 s) contractions at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were performed. Dynamic contraction also was repeated at the same TTI for 90 s at 60% MVC. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), MAP during postexercise arterial occlusion (an index of the metaboreceptor-induced activation of the exercise pressor reflex), and relative perceived exertion (RPE) (an index of central command) were assessed. No differences in these variables were found between static and dynamic contraction at a tension of 30% MVC. During dynamic contraction at 60% MVC, changes in MAP (16 +/- 3 vs. 19 +/- 4 mmHg) and absolute HR (92 +/- 6 vs. 69 +/- 5 beats/min), CO (7.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.3 +/- 0.3 l/min), RPE (16 +/- 1 vs. 13 +/- 1), and MAP during postexercise arterial occlusion (115 +/- 3 vs. 100 +/- 4 mmHg) were greater than during static contraction (P < 0.05). Thus increases in MAP and HR, activation of central command, and muscle metabolite-induced stimulation of the exercise pressor reflex during static and dynamic contraction in humans seem to be similar when peak tension and TTI are equal. Augmented responses to dynamic contraction at 60% MVC are likely related to greater activation of these two mechanisms. 相似文献
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Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise, with special reference to hand-grip exercise, were reviewed. Blood flow through the forearm (FBF) during muscular contraction is dependent on relative strength to MVC (maximum voluntary contraction), duration of exercise, and hand temperature. FBF could attain steady state during exercise with intensities less than 15% MVC. Heart rate (HR) starts to increase with a latency as short as 0.4 to 0.6 sec in conscious animals and men in response to voluntary as well as electrically induced isometric exercise. This response is vagally transmitted. The sympathetic nerves mediated HR response with a longer delay is also found. Cardiac contractility is augmented via sympathetic beta-receptors during isometric exercise. With aging, HR response tends to be intensified, whereas, stroke volume response tends to be depressed. Thus increased cardiac output is resulted in elevated arterial blood pressure. Total vascular resistance is reported to be unaltered, or to increase, despite of consistent increase in muscle sympathetic activities during the isometric exercise. Ventilation is augmented during exercise, but the pattern of its response is not in full agreement among investigators. The underlying mechanisms to elicit those responses are discussed. 相似文献
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R W Stremel E M Bernauer L W Harter R A Schultz R F Walters 《Computer programs in biomedicine》1975,4(4):246-252
A human performance model has been developed and described [9] which portrays the human circulatory, thermo regulatory and energy-exchange systems as an intercoupled set. In this model, steady state or static relationships are used to describe oxygen consumption and blood flow. For example, heart rate (HTRT) is calculated as a function of the oxygen and the thermo-regulatory requirements of each body compartment, using the steady state work values of cardiac output (CO, sum of all compartment blood flows) and stroke volume (SV, assumed maximal after 40% maximal oxygen consumption): HTRT=CO/SV. The steady state model has proven to be an acceptable first approximation, but the inclusion of transient characteristics are essential in describing the overall systems' adjustment to exercise stress. In the present study, the dynamic transient characteristics of heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were obtained from experiments utilizing step and sinusoidal forcing of work. The gain and phase relationships reveal a probable first order system with a six minute time constant, and are utilized to model the transient characteristics of these parameters. This approach leads to a more complex model but a more accurate representation of the physiology involved. The instrumentation and programming essential to these experiments are described. 相似文献
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Previous studies of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during static exercise have employed predominantly the arms. These studies have revealed striking increases in arm and leg MSNA during static handgrip (SHG) and postexercise circulatory arrest (PECA). The purpose of this study was to examine MSNA during static leg exercise (SLE) at intensities and duration commonly used during SHG followed by PECA. During 2 min of SLE (static knee extension) at 10% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC; n = 18) in the sitting position, mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased significantly. Surprisingly, MSNA in the contralateral leg did not increase above control levels during SLE but rather decreased (23 +/- 5%; P < 0.05) during the 1st min of SLE at 10% MVC. We compared MSNA responses to SHG and SLE (n = 8) at 30% MVC. SHG and SLE elicited comparable increases (P < 0.05) in arterial pressure and heart rate, but SHG elicited significant increases in MSNA, whereas SLE did not. During PECA after SHG and SLE, mean arterial pressure remained significantly above control. However, MSNA was unchanged during PECA after SLE but was significantly greater than control during PECA after SHG. Because previous studies have indicated differences in MSNA responses to the arm and leg, we measured arm and leg MSNA simultaneously in six subjects during SLE at 20% MVC and PECA. During SLE and PECA, MSNA in the contralateral arm and leg did not differ significantly from each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Effects of graded supine dynamic exercise (30, 60, and 80-90% of maximal physical capacity, i.e., work loads of 69, 132, and 188 W) on renal vascular resistance (RVR); renal sympathetic nerve activity [assessed by the renal venous overflow of norepinephrine (NE)]; renal overflows of dopamine (DA), immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY-LI), and renin; as well as plasma concentrations of angiotensin-(1-8)-octapeptide (ANG II) were evaluated in eight healthy male volunteers. Exercise evoked stimulus-dependent and marked elevations of RVR, arterial NE, epinephrine (Epi), and DA. RVR increased by 140% and the renal overflows of NE and DA increased by 1,331 and 179%, respectively, at 188 W. A net removal of NPY-LI at rest turned into a small net renal overflow, which correlated with increases in RVR at 188 W. Increases in renin release (+1,200% at 188 W) correlated with increases in renal NE and DA overflows and with arterial Epi levels. Arterial ANG II levels increased stimulus dependently (by 264% at 188 W) and correlated more closely with increases in RVR than did other variables. Thus dynamic exercise is a potent stimulus for renal nerve activation in humans, and renal sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to increased RVR both directly (NE and, at exhaustive work loads, possibly NPY) and indirectly (via renin-mediated ANG II formation). 相似文献
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J B Boone T Sherraden K Pierzchala R Berger G R Van Loon 《Journal of applied physiology》1992,73(1):388-392
Native and cryptic Met-enkephalin and catecholamines are coreleased in response to stress. However, it is not known whether Met-enkephalin and catecholamines exhibit concurrent temporal relationships in response to exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the corelease of catecholamines and Met-enkephalin in endurance-trained (n = 6) and untrained (n = 6) male subjects during a 6-min bout of exercise: 4 min at 70% of maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) followed by 2 min at 120% VO2max. Peak catecholamine levels were found at 1 min of recovery. In trained subjects, native Met-enkephalin peaked during exercise at 70% VO2max, declined during exercise at 120% VO2max, and returned to basal levels by 1 min of recovery. In the untrained subjects, native Met-enkephalin peaked at 120% VO2max (6 min) and returned to baseline by 5 min of recovery. In both groups, cryptic Met-enkephalin peaked at 70% VO2max and returned to basal levels during exercise at 120% VO2max. These data demonstrate that during exercise there is a temporal dissociation in plasma levels of Met-enkephalin and catecholamines. 相似文献
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Makoto Takahashi Kanji Matsukawa Tomoko Nakamoto Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi Akihiro Sakaguchi Kotaro Kawaguchi Kiyoshi Onari 《Journal of applied physiology》2007,103(5):1669-1677
Heart rate (HR) is controlled solely by via cardiac parasympathetic outflow in tetraplegic individuals, who lack supraspinal control of sympathetic outflows and circulating catecholamines but have intact vagal pathways. A high-frequency component (HF; at 0.15-0.40 Hz) of the power spectrum of HR variability and its relative value against total power (HF/Total) were assessed using a wavelet transform to identify cardiac parasympathetic outflow. The relative contribution of cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows to controlling HR was estimated by comparing the HF/Total-HR relationship between age-matched tetraplegic and normal men. Six tetraplegic men with complete cervical spinal cord injury performed static arm exercise at 35% of the maximal voluntary contraction until exhaustion. Although resting cardiac output and arterial blood pressure were lower in tetraplegic than normal subjects, HR, HF, and HF/Total were not statistically different between the two groups. When tetraplegic subjects developed the same force during exercise as normal subjects, HF and HF/Total decreased to 67-90% of the preexercise control and gradually recovered 1.5 min after exercise. The amount and time course of the changes in HF/Total during and after exercise coincided well between both groups. In contrast, the increase in HR at the start of exercise was blunted in tetraplegic compared with normal subjects, and the HR recovery following exercise was also delayed. It is likely that, although the withdrawal response of cardiac parasympathetic outflow is preserved in tetraplegic subjects, sympathetic decentralization impairs the rapid acceleration of HR at the onset of exercise and the rapid deceleration following exercise. 相似文献
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J H Chapman P W Elliott 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1988,58(1-2):152-157
The cardiovascular response to static exercise has often been quantified on the basis of a comparison between static handgrip and dynamic cycling exercise. It is then difficult to make precise comparisons because the physical units of work are not compatible. If the data from dynamic exercise can be used to predict the cardiovascular response to zero movement (static exercise) this would suggest that static exercise is not fundamentally different from dynamic exercise. Using leg extension exercise which lasted for 1 min, a set of weights was lifted repeatedly 50 times/min, through three different distances. On each occasion, the heart rate, systolic time intervals (STI) and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored non-invasively. Regression analysis of heart rate (HR) or blood pressure (BP) against the distance moved by the weights was used to predict the heart rate or blood pressure that would be expected for static exercise. In addition the same responses were measured following 1 min of static exercise during which the weights were held up but not moved. Five subjects, trained in leg extension exercise, completed the four exercise sessions in a random order. A constant force was produced in each variant of the protocol and in the static exercise it amounted to 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The forces developed and the distance the weights were lifted were monitored. During this sustained static exercise at relatively low intensity the cardiovascular changes could be predicted from the responses induced by dynamic exercise. It is suggested that other factors are important in determining the cardiovascular response to exercise, not simply the mode. 相似文献
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Arimoto M Kijima A Muramatsu S 《Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science》2005,24(4):277-283
The purpose of this study is to examine the cardiovascular and metabolic responses between dynamic and static exercise when a leg press exercise is performed. Seven participants (20-21 yrs) were recruited for the experiment. Four modes of dynamic or static leg press exercise were assigned in two combined conditions: a unilateral or a bilateral condition and two exercise intensities with 20% and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (20% MVC, 40% MVC). The duration of the dynamic exercise and the static exercise at 20% MVC was six minutes, and the static exercise at 40% MVC was three minutes. In the dynamic exercise, ventilation (VE), O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) reached the steady-state after 3 min exercise, while in the static leg press, these responses continued to increase at the end of exercise. The alteration in VO2 mostly depended on both exercise intensity and the one- or two-leg condition during the dynamic leg press, whereas no significant difference in VO2 during the static leg press was found in the four modes. The alterations in rate-pressure product (RPP) depended solely on exercise intensity and leg condition. These findings suggest that the static leg press causes a greater rise in HR, SBP, and DBP. In addition, RPP appears particularly sensitive to experimental modes. 相似文献
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Neurohumoral responses during prolonged exercise in humans. 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Lars Nybo Bodil Nielsen Eva Blomstrand Kirsten Moller Niels Secher 《Journal of applied physiology》2003,95(3):1125-1131
This study examined neurohumoral alterations during prolonged exercise with and without hyperthermia. The cerebral oxygen-to-carbohydrate uptake ratio (O2/CHO = arteriovenous oxygen difference divided by arteriovenous glucose difference plus one-half lactate), the cerebral balances of dopamine, and the metabolic precursor of serotonin, tryptophan, were evaluated in eight endurance-trained subjects during exercise randomized to be with or without hyperthermia. The core temperature stabilized at 37.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C (mean +/- SE) in the control trial, whereas it increased to 39.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C in the hyperthermic trial, with a concomitant increase in perceived exertion (P < 0.05). At rest, the brain had a small release of tryptophan (arteriovenous difference of -1.2 +/- 0.3 micromol/l), whereas a net balance was obtained during the two exercise trials. Both the arterial and jugular venous dopamine levels became elevated during the hyperthermic trial, but the net release from the brain was unchanged. During exercise, the O2/CHO was similar across trials, but, during recovery from the hyperthermic trial, the ratio decreased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 (P < 0.05), whereas it returned to the baseline level of approximately 6 within 5 min after the control trial. The lowering of O2/CHO was established by an increased arteriovenous glucose difference (1.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/l during recovery from hyperthermia vs. 0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l in control; P < 0.05). The present findings indicate that the brain has an increased need for carbohydrates during recovery from strenuous exercise, whereas enhanced perception of effort as observed during exercise with hyperthermia was not related to alterations in the cerebral balances of dopamine or tryptophan. 相似文献
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A V Ng H T Dao R G Miller D F Gelinas J A Kent-Braun 《Journal of applied physiology》2000,88(3):871-880
To test the hypothesis that a lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) response during voluntary isometric exercise in multiple sclerosis (MS) is related to a dampened muscle metabolic signal, 9 MS and 11 control subjects performed an isometric dorsiflexor contraction at 30% maximal voluntary contraction until target failure (endurance time). We made continuous and noninvasive measurements of heart rate and MAP (Finapres) and of intramuscular pH and P(i) (phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in a subset of 6 MS and 10 control subjects. Endurance times and change in heart rate were similar in MS and control subjects. The decrease in pH and increase in P(i) were less throughout exercise in MS compared with control subjects, as was the change in MAP response. Differences in muscle strength accounted for some of the difference in MAP response between groups. Cardiovascular responses during Valsalva and cold pressor tests were similar in MS and control subjects, suggesting that the blunted MAP response during exercise in MS was not due to a generalized dysautonomia. The dampened metabolic response in MS subjects was not explained by inadequate central muscle activation. These data suggest that the blunted pressor response to exercise in MS subjects may be largely appropriate to a blunted muscle metabolic response and differences in contracting muscle mass. 相似文献
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Bezucha G. R.; Lenser M. C.; Hanson P. G.; Nagle F. J. 《Journal of applied physiology》1982,53(6):1589-1593