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1.
Summary We compared ammonium and nitrate nutrition in Eriophorum scheuchzeri and E. vaginatum, two Alaskan sedges that are native to high- and low-fertility sites, respectively. When grown in solution culture, the two species were similar in their kinetics of NH inf4 sup+ NO inf3 sup- absorption: at nitrogen concentrations below 50 M, net NH inf4 sup+ and NO inf3 sup- were absorbed at similar rates, but at higher concentrations, net uptake of NO inf3 sup- was significantly faster than that of NH inf4 sup+ . The two species also showed similar abilities to assimilate NO inf3 sup- . Growth of E. vaginatum under NO inf3 sup- nutrition was only slightly less than that under NH inf4 sup+ . The observed similarities between these species from contrasting edaphic habitats indicate that factors other than tissue-specific rates of nitrogen acquisition and assimilation may underlie local adaptation to soil N fertility. Moreover, the capacity of these species to exploit NO inf3 sup- as a N source supports the view that NO inf3 sup- availability may be significant even in wet, acidic, arctic soils.  相似文献   

2.
Diurnal variation in hydrological variables and dissolved inorganic nutrients such as PO inf4 sup3– -P, N O inf2 sup– -N, NO inf3 sup– -N and NH inf4 sup+ -N were studied in three interconnected biotopes including freshwater, marine and mangrove brackish water of the Kakinada coastal zone, Andhra Pradesh. Samples were collected at intervals of 3 hours, for a period of 24 hours. In the marine environment salinity varied from 26 to 32 whereas in the mangrove waters it fluctuated from 12 to 20 and in both biotopes salinity showed bimodal type of oscillation. Dissolved oxygen content was high in the mangrove waters during day time but decreased rapidly during the night hours. In the marine environment POf4 p3–-P concentration varied from 0.345 to 1.195 g at l–1, NO inf3 sup– -N from 1.03 to 6.62 g at l–1 and NO inf2 sup– -N from 0.086 to 0.506 g at l–1. The highest and the lowest concentrations of PO inf4 sup3– -P, NO inf3 sup– -N, NO inf2 sup– -N recorded in the mangrove waters were 0.790 and 0.325 g at l–1, 7.10 and 1.60 g at l–1 and 0.278 and 0.060 g at l–1, respectively. The concentration of PO inf4 sup3– -P, NO inf3 sup– -N and NO inf2 sup– -N were high in the freshwater canal, the maximum and minimum values being 1.110 and 0.730 g at l–1, 26.40 and 9.98 g at l–1 and 0.520 and 0.252 g at l–1 respectively. The concentration of ammonia was relatively high in the mangrove water. Gross and net primary production in the mangrove water was 4 times higher than in the marine biotope. There was no export of dissolved nutrients from the mangrove environment to the adjacent marine waters.  相似文献   

3.
Summary The effects of short- and long-term exposure to a range in concentration of sea salts on the kinetics of NH inf4 sup+ uptake by Spartina alterniflora were examined in a laboratory culture experiment. Long-term exposure to increasing salinity up to 50 g/L resulted in a progressive increase in the apparent Km but did not significantly affect Vmax (mean Vmax=4.23±1.97 mole·g–1·h–1). The apparent Km increased in a nonlinear fashion from a mean of 2.66±1.10 mole/L at a salinity of 5 g/L to a mean of 17.56±4.10 mole/L at a salinity of 50 g/L. These results suggest that the long-term effect of exposure to total salt concentrations within the range 5–50 g/L was a competitive inhibition of NH inf4 sup+ uptake in S. alterniflora. No significant NH inf4 sup+ uptake was observed in S. alterniflora exposed to 65 g/L sea salts. Short-term exposure to rapid changes in salinity significantly affected both Vmax and Km. Reduction of solution salinity from 35 to 5 g/L did not change Vmax but reduced Km by 71%. However, exposing plants grown at 5 g/L salinity to 35 resulted in an decrease in Vmax of approximately 50%. Exposure of plants grown at 35 g/L to a total sea salt concentration of 50 g/L for 48h completely inhibited uptake of NH inf4 sup+ . For both experiments, increasing salinity led to an increase in the apparent Km similar to that found in response to long-term exposure. Our data are consistent with a conceptual model of changes in the productivity of S. alterniflora in the salt marsh as a function of environmental modification of NH inf4 sup+ uptake kinetics.  相似文献   

4.
The activities and kinetics of the enzymes G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and 6PGDH (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) from the mesophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6307 and the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716 are studied in relation to temperature. In Synechococcus 6307 the apparent K m's are for G6PDH: 80M (substrate) and 20M (NADP+); for 6PGDH: 90M (substrate) and 25M (NADP+). In Synechococcus 6716 the apparent K m's are for G6PDH: 550M (substrate) and 30M (NADP+); for 6PGDH: 40M (substrate) and 10M (NADP+). None of the K m's is influenced by the growth temperature and only the K m's of G6PDH for G6P are influenced by the assay temperature in both organisms. The idea that, in general, thermophilic enzymes possess a lower affinity for their substrates and co-enzymes than mesophilic enzymes is challenged.Although ATP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, NADPH and pH can all influence the activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH to a certain extent (without any difference between the mesophilic and the thermophilic strain), they cannot be responsible for the total deactivation of the enzyme activities observed in the light, thus blocking the pentose phosphate pathway.Abbreviations G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate, dehydrogenase - 6PGDH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - G6P glucose-6-phosphate - 6PG 6-phosphogluconate - RUDP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - Tricine N-Tris (hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine  相似文献   

5.
Summary Effects of fire and forest harvesting on inorganic-N in the soil, on net N-mineralization, and on the leaching of NO inf3 sup- -N and metallic cations were measured in forests of Eucalyptus regnans following a severe wildfire in 1983. E. regnans regenerates profusely by seed after fire, and this study compared unburnt forest with forests burnt at varying intensities (surface fire and crown fire), and with logged and burnt forest (slash fire). Total inorganic-N in soil (0–5 cm) increased with increasing fire intensity to a maximum of 158 g g-1 in the slash fire plot (compared with 51 g g-1 in the unburnt forest) over the first 205 days after fire. Total inorganic-N returned to a concentration equal to that in the unburnt forest after 485 days at the slash fire plot, and after only 205 days at the surface fire plot. Studies of net mineralization in situ and of NO inf3 sup- -N in soil solution support the hypothesis that inorganic-N was immobilized in all of the burnt forests; microbial immobilization after fire is identified as a key process in N-conservation, limiting the substrate available for nitrification and thereby limiting the loss of N from the system by leaching. The concentrations of NO inf3 sup- -N and metallic cations in soil solution increased with increasing fire intensity. For the first 318 days after the fire, [NO inf3 sup- -N] in soil solution at 10 cm averaged 0.6 g ml-1 in the unburnt forest, 9.7 mg l-1 in the surface fire plot, 26 mg l-1 in the crown fire plot, and 70 mg l-1 in the slash fire plot. The concentration of metallic cations in soil solution was significantly correlated with [NO inf3 sup- -N], the observed order of mobility being Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+. Processes which limit the production and persistence of NO inf3 sup- -N in soil solution following disturbance will significantly reduce nutrient losses or redistribution.  相似文献   

6.
Ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) and ferric hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (FeHEDTA) were evaluated as Fe sources for hydroponic growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cv. Mesilla), either dependent on N2 fixation or supplied with NO3. The hydroponic medium was maintained at pH 7.5 by addition of CaCO3. Nitrogen-fixing cultures were inoculated with Rhizobium meliloti 102 F51 and grown in medium without added nitrogen. After five to seven weeks of growth under greenhouse conditions, plants were harvested. Nitrogen fixation was measured by the acetylene reduction method.When FeEDDHA was supplied, growth of alfalfa, whether dependent on N2 fixation or supplied with NO3, was severely limited at concentrations typically used in hydroponic medium (10 or 20 M). Maximum yield of NO3-supplied alfalfa was obtained at 100 M while maximum yield of N2-fixing alfalfa was obtained in the range of 33 to 200 M FeEDDHA. Nodule fresh weights and N2 fixation rates increased with FeEDDHA concentration up to 33 M and remained essentially constant up to 200 M. With FeHEDTA, maximum yields of both NO3-grown and N2-fixing alfalfa were obtained at 10 M. Growth of NO3-supplied plants was inhibited at 200 M FeHEDTA while growth of N2-fixing plants was inhibited at 100 M FeHEDTA. The numbers of nodules per plant increased between 3.3 and 10 M FeHEDTA; however, inhibition of nodule formation occurred at a concentration of 33 M or higher. Nodule weights per plant and N2 fixation rates were depressed at 3.3 M as well as at 100 M FeHEDTA. The results suggest that alfalfa dependent on N2 fixation is more sensitive to limited Fe availability than alfalfa supplied with NO3.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Ammonium (NH 4 + ) transport was investigated in Nostoc muscorum ISU (wild type) and spontaneous mutants resistant to cyanophage N-1 (Nm/N-1), streptomycin (Nm/Sm) and methylamine (Nm/MA). N2-fixing wild-type cells transported NH 4 + via two transport systems: the high-affinity (K m 11 M) and low-affinity (K m 66 M), which formed 10 and 50-fold concentration gradients, respectively. The high-affinity system of Nm/MA (K m 11 M) was similar to the wild type but the low-affinity system had reduced affinity for NH 4 + (K m 125 M), while Nm/N-1 and Nm/Sm mutants had only a high-affinity transport system (K m 20 and 28 M, respectively). The growth of mutant Nm/N-1 was more sensitive to 1 mM NH 4 + or methylamine than other strains, and also glutamine-synthetase activity was most reduced in NH 4 + -grown cells. l-methionine-d, l-sulfoximine (20 M) treatment of N2-grown Nm/N-1 cells resulted in a higher rate of NH 4 + efflux. The apparent alterations in kinetic constants of NH 4 + transport in mutants and glutamine synthetase activity suggested that NH 4 + in N. muscorum is transported by specific carrier(s) and the transport is genetically controlled.  相似文献   

8.
Transitions in growth irradiance level from 92 to 7 Em-2 s-1 and vice versa caused changes in the pigment contents and photosynthesis of Oscillatoria agardhii. The changes in chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin contents during the transition from high to low irradiance (HL) were reflected in photosynthetic parameters. In the LH transition light utilization efficiencies of the cells changed faster than pigment contents. This appeared to be related to the lowering of light utilization efficiencies of photosynthesis. As a possible explanation it was hypothesized that excess photosynthate production led to feed back inhibition of photosynthesis. Time-scales of changes in the maximal rate of O2 evolution were discussed as changes in the number of reaction centers of photosystem II in relation to photosynthetic electron transport. Parameters that were subject to change during irradiance transitions obeyed first order kinetics, but hysteresis occurred when comparing HL with LH transients. Interpretation of first order kinetic analysis was discussed in terms of adaptive response vs changes in growth rate.Non-standard abbreviations Chla chlorophyll a - CPC C-phycocyanin - PS II photosystem II - PS I photosystem I - RC II reaction center of photosystem II - P photosynthetic O2-evolution - I irradiance, Em-2 s-1 - light utilization efficiency of cells, mmol O2·mg dry wt-1·h-1/Em-2 s-1 - light utilization efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus, mol O2·mol Chla -1·h-1/Em-2 s-1 - Pmax maximal rate of O2 evolution by cells, mol O2·mg dry wt-1·h-1 - Pmax maximal rate of O2 evolution by photosynthetic apparatus, mol O2·mol·Chla -1·h-1 - LL low light, E m-2 s-1 - HL high light, E m-2 s-1 - LH low to high light transition - HL high to low light transition - k specific rate of adaptation, h-1 - specific growth rate, h-1 - Q pool size of cell constituent, mol·mg dry wt-1 - q net synthesis rate of cell constituent, mol·mg dry wt-1·h-1  相似文献   

9.
Summary Two methods were compared for estimating of Gibberella fujikuroi grown with different proportions of glucose and starch. They were, =Ln2 (Vr/Le) on Petri dish (Vr= rate of tip extension and Le= mean hyphal length) and, 2=d (LnX)/dt in stirred fermenter. Values of 1 and 2 were in close agreement with each other.  相似文献   

10.
The magnitude of the proton motive force (p) and its constituents, the electrical () and chemical potential (-ZpH), were established for chemostat cultures of a protease-producing, relaxed (rel ) variant and a not protease-producing, stringent (rel +) variant of an industrial strain ofBacillus licheniformis (respectively referred to as the A- and the B-type). For both types, an inverse relation of p with the specific growth rate was found. The calculated intracellular pH (pHin) was not constant but inversely related to . This change in pHin might be related to regulatory functions of metabolism but a regulatory role for pHin itself could not be envisaged. Measurement of the adenylate energy charge (EC) showed a direct relation with for glucose-limited chemostat cultures; in nitrogen-limited chemostat cultures, the EC showed an approximately constant value at low and an increased value at higher . For both limitations, the ATP/ADP ratio was directly related to .The phosphorylation potential (G'p) was invariant with . From the values for G'p and p, a variable H+/ATP-stoichiometry was inferred: H+/ATP=1.83+0.52µ, so that at a given H+/O-ratio of four (4), the apparent P/O-ratio (inferred from regression analysis) showed a decline of 2.16 to 1.87 for =0 to max (we discuss how more than half of this decline will be independent of any change in internal cell-volume). We propose that the constancy of G'p and the decrease in the efficiency of energy-conservation (P/O-value) with increasing are a way in which the cells try to cope with an apparent less than perfect coordination between anabolism and catabolism to keep up the highest possible with a minimum loss of growth-efficiency. Protease production in nitrogen-limited cultures as compared to glucose-limited cultures, and the difference between the A- and B-type, could not be explained by a different energy-status of the cells.Abbreviations CCCP carbonylcyanide-p-trichloromethoxyphenylhydrazone - DW dry weight of biomass - F Faraday's constant, 96.6 J/(mV × mol) - Fo chemostat outflow-rate (ml/h) - FCCP carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone - G'p phosphorylation potential, the Gibbs energy change for ATP-synthesis from ADP and Pi - G'0p standard Gibbs energy change at specified conditions - H+/ATP number of protons translocated through - ATP synthase in synthesis of one ATP - H+/O protons translocated during transfer of 2 electrons from substrate to oxygen - specific growth rate (1/h) - H+ transmembrane electrochemical proton potential, J/mol - Mb molar weight (147.6 g/mol) of bacteria with general cell formula C6.0H10.8O3.0N1.2 - pHout,in extracellular, intracellular pH - Pi (intracellular) inorganic phosphate - p proton motive force, mV - pH transmembrane pH-difference - transmembrane electrical potential, mV - P/O number of ADP phosphorylated to ATP upon reduction of one O2– to H2O by two electrons transferred through the electron transfer chain - P/O (H+/O) × (H+/ATP)–1 - P/OF, P/ON P/O with the two electrons donated by resp. (NADH + H+) and FADH - q specific rate of consumption or production (mol/g DW × h) - rel +,rel stringent, relaxed genotype - R universal gas constant, 8.36 J/(mol × degree) - T absolute temperature - TPMP+ triphenylmethylphosphonium ion - TPP+ tetraphenyl phosphonium ion - Y growth yield, g DW/mol - Z conversion constant=61.8 mV for 310 K (37 °C) - ZpH transmembrane proton potential or chemical potential, mV  相似文献   

11.
A 64-kilodalton (kDa) protein, situated in the lumen between the inner and outer envelopes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts (Soll and Bennett 1988, Eur. J. Biochem., 175, 301–307) is shown to undergo reversible phosphorylation in isolated mixed envelope vesicles. It is the most conspicuously labelled protein after incubation of envelopes with 33 nmol·1-1 [-32P]ATP whereas incubation with 50 mol·1-1 [-32P]ATP labels most prominently two outer envelope proteins (86 and 23 kDa). Half-maximum velocity for phosphorylation of the 64-kDa protein occurs with 200 nmol·1-1 ATP, and around 40 mol·1-1 ATP for phosphorylation of the 86- and 23-kDa proteins, indicating the operation of two distinct kinases. GGuanosine-, uridine-, cytidine 5-triphosphate and AMP are poor inhibitors of the labelling of the 64-kDa protein with [-32P]ATP. On the other hand, ADP has a potent influence on the extent of labelling (half-maximal inhibition at 1–5 mol·1-1). The ADP-dependent appearance of 32P in ATP indicates that ADP acts by reversal of kinase activity and not as a competitive inhibitor. However, the most rapid loss of 32P from pre-labelled 64-kDa protein occurs when envelope vesicles are incubated with ATP t1/2=15 s at 20 molsd1-1 ATP). This induced turnover of phosphate appears to be responsible for the rapid phosphoryl turnover seen in situ.Abbreviations LHCP ligh-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein - S0.5 concentration giving half-maximal phosphorylation - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - Tricine N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine  相似文献   

12.
Jia  Yinsuo  Gray  V.M. 《Photosynthetica》2003,41(4):605-610
We determined for Vicia faba L the influence of nitrogen uptake and accumulation on the values of photon saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax), quantum yield efficiency (), intercellular CO2 concentration (C i), and carboxylation efficiency (C e). As leaf nitrogen content (NL) increased, the converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 0.0664±0.0049 mol(CO2) mol(quantum)–1. Also, as NL increased the C i value fell to an asymptotic minimum of 115.80±1.59 mol mol–1, and C e converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 1.645±0.054 mol(CO2) m–2 s–1 Pa–1 and declined to zero at a NL-intercept equal to 0.596±0.096 g(N) m–2. fell to zero for an NL-intercept of 0.660±0.052 g(N) m–2. As NL increased, the value of P Nmax converged onto a maximum asymptotic value of 33.400±2.563 mol(CO2) m–2 s–1. P N fell to zero for an NL-intercept of 0.710±0.035 g(N) m–2. Under variable daily meteorological conditions the values for NL, specific leaf area (L), root mass fraction (Rf), P Nmax, and remained constant for a given N supply. A monotonic decline in the steady-state value of Rf occurred with increasing N supply. L increased with increasing N supply or with increasing NL.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Dynamics of the backbone and some side chains of apo-neocarzinostatin, a 10.7 kDa carrier protein, have been studied from 13C relaxation rates R1, R2 and steady-state 13C-{1H} NOEs, measured at natural abundance. Relaxation data were obtained for 79 nonoverlapping C resonances and for 11 threonine C single resonances. Except for three C relaxation rates, all data were analysed from a simple two-parameter spectral density function using the model-free approach of Lipari and Szabo. The corresponding C–H fragments exhibit fast (e < 40 ps) restricted libration motions (S2=0.73 to 0.95). Global examination of the microdynamical parameters S2 and e along the amino acid sequence gives no immediate correlation with structural elements. However, different trends for the three loops involved in the binding site are revealed. The -ribbon comprising residues 37 to 47 is spatially restricted, with relatively large e values in its hairpin region. The other -ribbon (residues 72 to 87) and the large disordered loop ranging between residues 97–107 experience small-amplitude motions on a much faster (picosecond) time scale. The two N-terminal residues, Ala1 and Ala2, and the C-terminal residue Asn113, exhibit an additional slow motion on a subnanosecond time scale (400–500 ps). Similarly, the relaxation data for eight threonine side-chain C must be interpreted in terms of a three-parameter spectral density function. They exhibit slower motions, on the nanosecond time scale (500–3000 ps). Three threonine (Thr65, Thr68, Thr81) side chains do not display a slow component, but an exchange contribution to the observed transverse relaxation rate R2 could not be excluded at these sites. The microdynamical parameters (S2, e and R2ex) or (S infslow sup2 , S inffast sup2 and slow) were obtained from a straightforward solution of the equations describing the relaxation data. They were calculated assuming an overall isotropic rotational correlation time e for the protein of 5.7 ns, determined using standard procedures from R2/R1 ratios. However, it is shown that the product (1–S2e is nearly independent of e for residues not exhibiting slow motions on the nanosecond time scale. In addition, this parameter very closely follows the heteronuclear NOEs, which therefore could be good indices for local fast motions on the picosecond time scale.  相似文献   

14.
Callus regeneration was observed from flower buds of Allium senescens var. minor inoculated in BDS, MS or B5 medium supplemented with 4.4 M benzyladenine alone or in combination with 4.5 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-d), with 2,4-d and kinetin (4.5 M/4.6 M) or with 5.3 M naphthaleneacetic acid. Ovules enlarged initially but the embryogenic tissue degenerated as callus development progressed from the nectar regions of the petals. Shoot buds and leaf primordia developed from the meristematic protuberances that originated from the surface of the callus. BDS medium with 4.5 M 2,4-d and 13.3 M BA was most suitable for shoot multiplication. The regenerated shoots were rooted in respective liquid medium without any growth regulators and successfully transferred to soil with 90% survival rate.Abbreviations BA N6-benzyladenine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid  相似文献   

15.
1. Isolated intact spinach chloroplasts respond to changes of the sorbitol concentration of the suspending medium as near-perfect osmometers within a large range of osmotic potentials. Under isotonic conditions (=9–10 bar), their average osmotic volume is 24 m3 and the total volume 36 m3. The osmotic volume can be increased to 63 m3 by lowering the sorbitol concentration until a critical osmotic potential of =4 bar is reached. Below that value chloroplasts rupture. Between 10 bar and 4 bar, volume changes are reversible. 2. Increasing the chloroplast volume above 24 m3 causes inhibition of photosynthesis, with 50% inhibition occurring at an osmotic potential of =5–6 bar. This corresponds to an osmotic volume of 45–55 m3. Depending on the duration of hypotonic treatment, inhibition of photosynthesis is more or less reversible. 3. Between 4 and 10 bar, the chloroplast envelope exhibits a very low permeability for ferricyanide, many metabolites, and soluble stroma proteins. 4. Electron transport is not inhibited by swelling of chloroplasts. Also, the ATP/ADP-ratio remains unchanged. 5. The solute concentration in the chloroplasts appears to be optimal for photosynthesis at 10 bar. Increasing the chloroplast volume causes inhibition of photosynthesis by dilution effects.  相似文献   

16.
G. Röderer  H. -D. Reiss 《Protoplasma》1988,144(2-3):101-109
Summary Pollen tubes ofLilium longiflorum growingin vitro were treated for 1 h with inorganic lead (Pb) and with triethyl lead (TriEL) and studied by light and electron microscopy. Pb was considerably more toxic in relation to inhibition of pollen tube growth (EC50=6 M Pb) than was TriEL (EC50=60 M TriEL). On the other hand, at almost the entire concentration range tested (25-500 M) TriEL caused aberrant tubes and tube swellings. Pb did not cause tube swellings, even at highly growth-impairing concentrations. Pb (60 M) predominantly affected the ultrastructure of the growing cell walls without impairing the distribution of the cell organelles in the tube tips. In contrast, 50 and 100 M TriEL did not visibly influence cell wall ultrastructure but it severely damaged dictyosomes; 100 M TriEL also disturbed the original order of cell organelles in the tube tips. Cortical microtubules were selectively and completely destructed by TriEL at concentrations (50 M) where no effect on polar organization of the tube tips occurred but they remained unimpaired by 60 M Pb, indicating selective and effective interaction of TriEL with these cell organelles.Abbreviations EC50 effective lead concentration causing 50% inhibition of pollen tube growth - MTs microtubules - Pb inorganic lead - TriAL trialkyl lead - TriEL triethyl lead  相似文献   

17.
In order to maintain axenic seedstock cultures axenically of thecommercially important red seaweed, Porphyra yezoensis, aprocedure was developed for axenic isolation and culture of conchocelis andmonospores. For axenic isolation of the conchocelis, contaminated microalgaewere most effectively removed by filtering contaminated samples through a100-m mesh after sonication. Removal of bacteria and otheralgaewas accomplished using a mixture of 5 agents (0.02% chitosan, 100 gml–1 GeO2, 10 gml–1 ampicillin, 40 gml–1 kanamycin and 200 gml–1 streptomycin). Axenic single colonies wereisolatedfrom a semi-solid medium prepared from 1% transfer gel. After collectingmonospores from the 40–50% density layer on a percoll-gradient, removalofbacteria and fungi from the monospores was accomplished using a mixture of 5antibiotics (3.5 g ml–1 nystatin, 2 mgml–1 ampicillin, 400 gml–1 kanamycin, 50 gml–1 neomycin and 800 gml–1 streptomycin). Axenic single juvenile blades wereisolated from a semi-solid medium prepared from 0.5% transfer gel.  相似文献   

18.
In washed cells of cadmium-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 17810S oxidizing glutamate, initial Cd2+++ influx via the Mn2+ porter down membrane potential () was fast due to involvement of energy generated by two proton pumps—the respiratory chain and the ATP synthetase complex working in the hydrolytic direction. Such an unusual energy drain for rapid initial Cd2+ influx is suggested to be due to a series of toxic events elicited by Cd2+ accumulation down generated via the redox proton pump: (i) strong inhibition of glutamate oxidation accompanied by a decrease of electrochemical proton gradient ( H +) formation via the respiratory chain, (ii) automatic reversal of ATP synthetase from biosynthetic to hydrolytic mode, which was monitored by a decrease of H +-dependent ATP synthesis, (iii) acceleration of the initial Cd2+ influx down generated the reversed ATP synthetase, the alternative proton pump hydrolyzing endogenous ATP. The primary, cadmium-sensitive targets in strain 17810S seem to be dithiols located in the cytoplasmic glutamate oxidizing system, prior to the membrane-embedded NADH oxidation system. Inhibition by Cd2+ of H +-dependent ATP synthesis and of pH gradient (pH)-linked [14C]glutamate transport is a secondary effect due to cadmium-mediated inhibition of H + generation at the cytoplasmic level. In washed cells of cadmium-resistant S. aureus 17810R oxidizing glutamate, Cd2+ accumulation was prevented due to activity of the plasmid-coded Cd2+ efflux system. Consequently, H +-producing and -requiring processes were not affected by Cd2+.  相似文献   

19.
Scenedesmus protuberans Fritsch was grown in light-limited continuous cultures with a light-dark cycle, at temperatures of 20° and 28° C. At 20° irradiances of 12 and 38 W m–2 were used, at 28° 38 W m–2.The relationships between growth rate and light uptake rate were of diphasic linear character. With the lower growth rates the relationships were defined with the parameters e , i.e. the specific maintenance rate constant, and c, the true efficiency of light energy conversion into biomass. The e -value was dependent on temperature, the c on irradiance.In cultures, incubated in prolonged darkness, decrease rates of biomass were comparable to the derived e -values.Both diphasic linear relationships between growth rate and light uptake rate and the same order of magnitude of e -values could be derived from literature data on other green algae.  相似文献   

20.
Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 g/kg (DON) and 17 g/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 g kg–1 and 120 g kg–1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 g kg–1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 g/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.Abbreviations 3-AcDON 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol - 15-AcDON 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol - DAS diacetoxyscirpenol - DON deoxynivalenol - EIA enzyme immunoassay - T-2 T-2 toxin - ZEA zearalenone  相似文献   

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