MAPK信号通路在辐射应答中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）超家族是介导细胞反应的重要信号系统,主要由MAPK、MAPK激酶（MAPKK）、MAPKK激酶（MAPKKK）等3类保守的蛋白激酶组成,通过级联反应不断磷酸化下游靶蛋白而参与细胞的增殖、分化、衰老、凋亡。辐射损伤使细胞膜受体和其他感应分子激活细胞内的MAPK信号通路,产生一系列应答反应。简要介绍MAPK家族中各条通路在辐射应答中的作用。     

MAPK级联及其在植物抗病防卫反应中的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联信号转导途径参与了生物体生长发育和抗逆胁迫生理。植物MAPK级联途径一般由三个丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶组分构成:包括MAPKKK(MEKK、MAP3K)、MAPKK(MEK)和MAPK。植物在响应外界环境刺激时,MAPKKK首先被自磷酸化激活,依次通过磷酸化激活MAPKK和MAPK,进而将外界信号在细胞内传递从而调控目标基因的表达。MAPK级联途径参与植物激素、生物胁迫、非生物胁迫等过程的信号传递,本文就MAPK级联途径在植物抗病防卫反应中的研究进展进行综述。     

植物体中的MAPK

促细胞分裂剂激活性蛋白激酶（MAPK）是一类存在于各种真核生物体中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶。它被上游激活因子MAPKK磷酸化而激活,并通过将底物蛋白上的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基磷酸化而传递信号。它与其他一些信号分子组成MAPK级联信号通路,接受外界刺激信号,将信号转入细胞内,影响特定基因的表达,它的作用受到不同因子的调节。本文介绍了植物体中的MAPK的结构特点、作用机理、生物功能以及MAPK级联信号通路的调节。     

拟南芥AtMEKK1的结构特征和信号转导功能

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）级联途径是真核生物中高度保守的信号通路。MAPK级联途径由MAPKs、MAPKKs和MAPKKKs组成,通过MAPKKK→MAPKK→MAPK的逐级磷酸化传递细胞信号。AtMEKK1是拟南芥MAPKKK家族中的一员,是目前研究较为详细的MAPKKK。本文就AtMEKK1的结构特征、生理功能、信号转导中的＂交谈＂及其复杂性进行综述,旨在探讨植物MAPKKK的信号转导作用。     

植物MAPK级联途径参与调控ABA信号转导

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联途径信号通路在真核生物细胞信号的转换和放大过程中起重要作用。MAPK级联途径由三个成员组成,分别是MAPK、MAPKK及MAPKKK,此三个信号组分按照MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK的方式依次磷酸化将外源信号级联放大向下传递。大量研究表明,植物MAPK级联途径参与调控脱落酸(ABA)信号转导。因此,该文就ABA和MAPK的生物学功能、ABA信号转导中的磷酸化与去磷酸化以及MAPK级联途径与ABA信号转导之间的关系等方面的研究进展进行综述,以便进一步认识MAPK和ABA信号转导的分子机制。     

蛋白激酶在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精中的作用

脊椎动物卵母细胞的减数分裂和受精过程受到多种蛋白激酶的调节。近年来对于卵母细胞成熟、活化和受精的分子机制研究取得了长足进步 ,发现促成熟因子 (MPF)和促分裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK)是调节卵母细胞细胞周期的关键分子 ,二者的激活和失活导致了减数分裂的恢复、阻滞和完成。许多蛋白激酶通过调节MPF和MAPK活性来影响减数分裂。Polo like激酶活化MPF ,Mos激活MAPK而启动成熟分裂并维持中期阻滞。CaMKII通过泛素途径灭活MPF使卵突破MII期阻滞。另外 ,p90 rsk作为MAPK的下游分子参与减数分裂调节 ,蛋白激酶C(PKC)诱导皮质颗粒排放并抑制MAPK激活 ,酪氨酸蛋白激酶家族成员介导受精诱发的Ca2 释放。这些蛋白激酶的协同作用推动了卵母细胞正常的成熟与受精     

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases,MKPs）是一类丝／苏氨酸和酪氨酸双特异性的磷酸酶。它在细胞分化、增殖和基因表达过程中起着重要的作用。MKPs可以选择性地结合促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）,对MAPK进行去磷酸化,从而调节MAPK信号通路的活性。另一方面,MAPK也可以激活MKPs,它们的相互作用确保了细胞内信号的精确传递,并参与细胞功能的调节。     

蛇毒NGF对PC12细胞MAPK表达的影响

有丝分裂原激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）是磷酸化瀑布中涉及的一类重要蛋白激酶.阐明各种胞外因素对MAPK的调节,以及各种外界信息所经历的具体过程是摆在研究者面前的挑战性任务.用含有长白白眉蝮蛇（A.halys）蛇毒神经生长因子(NGF)的培养基培养PC12细胞, 观察MAPK和MAPK激酶(MAPKK)表达及MAPK的活性.结果表明,A.halys蛇毒NGF使PC12细胞的MAPK和MAPKK的表达及MAPK活性明显增加.当蛇毒NGF浓度在25～100 μg/L时,随浓度的增加,酶的表达和活性呈线性增加.由A.halys蛇毒NGF诱导的MAPK和MAPKK表达的增加依赖于蛋白激酶C(PKC).     

植物MAPK信号转导组分的细胞定位与选择性剪接

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联途径在真核生物中是高度保守的,由MAPKs,MAPKKs,MAPKKKs组成,通过MAPKKK→MAPKK→MAPK逐级磷酸化传递细胞信号.已有大量研究表明,MAPK在植物响应生物与非生物胁迫,以及植物激素和细胞周期的信号转导中起重要作用.在植物响应各种逆境过程中激活的MAPK基因,细胞内的定位发生动态变化.选择性剪接是真核生物中调节基因表达的重要模式,能够影响蛋白的结合特性、胞内定位、酶的活性、蛋白的稳定性和翻译后的修饰.MAPK基因的选择性剪接能产生不同的转录异型并具有不同的亚细胞定位.本文综述这方面的研究进展.     

植物体中的MAPK

促细胞分裂剂激活性蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类存在于各种真核生物体中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶.它被上游激活因子MAPKK磷酸化而激活,并通过将底物蛋白上的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基磷酸化而传递信号.它与其他一些信号分子组成MAPK级联信号通路,接受外界刺激信号,将信号转入细胞内,影响特定基因的表达,它的作用受到不同因子的调节.本文介绍了植物体中的MAPK的结构特点、作用机理、生物功能以及MAPK级联信号通路的调节.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.