Carboxypeptidase A-catalyzed direct conversion of leukotriene C4 to leukotriene F4

Leukotrienes (LTs) are 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)-derived arachidonic metabolites that constitute a potent set of lipid mediators produced by inflammatory cells. Leukotriene A(4), a labile allylic epoxide formed from arachidonic acid by dual 5-LO activity, is the precursor for LTB(4) and LTC(4) synthesis. LTC(4) is further transformed enzymatically by the sequential action of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and dipeptidase to LTD(4) and LTE(4), respectively. In this report, we present evidence that bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (CPA), which shares significant sequence homology with CPA in mast cell granules, catalyzes the conversion of LTC(4) to LTF(4) via the hydrolysis of an amide bond. The identity of CPA-catalyzed LTC(4) hydrolysis product as LTF(4) was confirmed by several analytical criteria, including enzymatic conversion to conjugated tetraene by soybean LO, conversion to LTE(4) by gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, cochromatography with the standard LTF(4) and positive-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectral analysis. Thus, it appears that the physiological significance of this single-step transformation may point toward a major cellular homeostatic mechanism of metabolizing LTC(4), a potent bronco- and vasoconstrictor, to a less potent form of cysteinyl LTs.     

Leukotriene A4, conversion to leukotriene B4 in human T-cell lines

Human T-cell lines (HSB, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM) produced leukotriene B4 when incubated with leukotriene A4. The product was characterized by chromatographic properties, UV-spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. About 10 pmol of leukotriene B4 was obtained per 10(6) cells. When incubated with arachidonic acid plus the calcium ionophore A23187 however, no leukotriene B4 was found, indicating that the T-cell lines lack 5-lipoxygenase yet contain LTA4 hydrolase.     

Metabolism of 6-trans isomers of leukotriene B4 to dihydro products by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The major dihydroxy metabolites of arachidonic acid formed by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) are leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 6-trans-LTB4, and 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4. LTB4, and to a lesser extent its 6-trans isomers, are metabolized to 20-hydroxy products by a hydroxylase in PMNL. We have recently reported the existence of a second pathway involving a reductase which, combined with the hydroxylase, results in the conversion of 6-trans-LTB4 to dihydro-6-trans-LTB4. We have now investigated some of the characteristics of this novel triene reductase pathway in human PMNL and have characterized some of the products and their mechanism of formation. At low substrate concentrations, the major pathway for the initial metabolism of both 6-trans-LTB4 and 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4 is reduction of the conjugated triene chromophore to give dihydro products with single absorption maxima at about 230 nm. Dihydro-6-trans-LTB4 is rapidly converted to its 20-hydroxy metabolite by LTB4 20-hydroxylase. However, 20-hydroxy-6-trans-LTB4 is not a substrate for the reductase. Neither 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4 nor its dihydro metabolite, 5,12-dihydroxy-7,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid, which was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were very good substrates for the hydroxylase. The dihydro metabolites of 6-trans-LTB4 and 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4 were formed rapidly during the initial phase of the reaction, whereas the corresponding dihydro-20-hydroxy metabolites were formed only after a lag phase. Experiments utilizing deuterium-labeled 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4 indicated that a hydrogen atom is lost from the 5-position of the substrate, suggesting that the initial step in the formation of the dihydro products is the formation of a 5-oxo intermediate. LTB4 is metabolized very rapidly by LTB4 20-hydroxylase in PMNL, and we have not yet identified dihydro products derived from this substance. However, LTB4 strongly inhibits the conversion of 12-epi-6-trans-LTB4 to dihydro products, suggesting that it may also interact with the reductase.     

Enzymatic conversion of leukotriene B4 to 6-trans-leukotriene B4 by rat kidney homogenates

A novel isomerase reaction leading to conversion of leukotriene B4 to its 6-trans isomer was detected in rat kidney homogenates. The structure of the metabolite was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A recent report has shown that 6-trans-leukotriene B4 is transformed to a dihydro metabolite (6,7- or 10,11-dihydro 6-trans-leukotriene B4) and further omega-hydroxylated [Powell, W.S. (1986) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 136, 707-712]. The leukotriene B4 6-isomerase reaction reported here may therefore provide the first step in a novel pathway of biological degradation of leukotriene B4.     

Specificity of the glutathione S-transferases in the conversion of leukotriene A4 to leukotriene C4

We have synthesized the 5,6-LTA4, 8,9-LTA4, and 14,15-LTA4 as methyl esters by an improved biomimetic method with yields as high as 70-80%. We have investigated the catalytic efficiency of the purified cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes from rat liver in the conversion of these leukotriene epoxides to their corresponding LTC4 methyl esters. Among various rat liver GST isozymes, the anionic isozyme, a homodimer of Yb subunit, exhibited the highest specific activity. In general, the isozymes containing the Yb subunit showed better activity than the isozymes containing the Ya and/or Yc subunits. Interestingly, all three different LTA4 methyl esters gave comparable specific activities with a given GST isozyme indicating that regiospecificity of GSTs was not the factor in determining their ability to catalyze this reaction. Surprisingly, purified GSTs from sheep lung and seminal vesicles showed little activity toward these leukotriene epoxides, indicating a lack of the counterpart of rat liver anionic GST isozyme in these tissues.     

Stimulation of human myelopoiesis by leukotriene B4

Cultivation of human mononuclear bone marrow cells for 10 days in the presence of leukotriene B4 (8 X 10(-8) - 3 X 10(-6)M) led to an increase in the formation of granulocyte-macrophage colonies. The increase varied between 19 and 122% when compared to control cells. 5S, 12S-Dihydroxy-6, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5S, 12S-DHETE), an isomer of leukotriene B4, did not stimulate colony formation. Preincubation of the cells with 5S, 12S-DHETE inhibited the stimulatory action of leukotriene B4 on the proliferation of bone marrow cells. The present study indicates that leukotriene B4 amplifies the stimulation caused by the colony stimulating factor(s) and may play a role in modulating granulocyte and macrophage poiesis by a positive feedback mechanism.     

A cell-free preparation of human neutrophils catalyzing NADPH-dependent conversion of leukotriene B4

The sonicate of human neutrophils converted leukotriene B4 to a polar product in aerobic condition in the presence of NADPH at a rate comparable to that of the intact cells. NADH could scarcely replace NADPH. The conversion was not observed in anaerobic conditions and was inhibited by carbon monoxide (CO/O2 = 4/1) or by 1 mM p-chlormercuribenzoate, while it was not affected by 1 mM KCN, 5 mM NaN3, 200 micrograms/ml catalase, 100 mM mannitol, and 10 micrograms/ml superoxide dismutase. These observations suggest that the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and active oxygen species are not involved in the reaction. The activity was observed in the 100,000xg supernatant from the homogenate, in which cytochrome P-450 was not detected.     

Functional properties of guinea pig eosinophil leukotriene B4 receptor.

It is currently thought that pulmonary eosinophils play a proinflammatory role in bronchial asthma. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is being considered as an important mediator in regulating eosinophil function because of its potent activities in inducing leukocyte chemotaxis, chemokinesis, degranulation, and aggregation. Because the LTB4 receptor has not been characterized in eosinophils, we report in this study the presence of a functional high affinity receptor for LTB4 on guinea pig (GP) eosinophils. Scatchard analysis of saturation binding studies yielded a Kd of 1.4 +/- 0.2 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 3) and a Bmax of 1.6 +/- 0.4 pmol/mg of protein for LTB4 in GP eosinophil membranes. A linear Scatchard plot was obtained, suggesting that GP eosinophil membranes expressed only a single high affinity LTB4 receptor population. Saturation binding studies in whole cells also yielded a linear Scatchard plot, with a Kd of 2.8 +/- 0.96 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 4) and a Bmax of 4 x 10(4) +/- 6 x 10(3) receptors/cell. Competitive binding studies using several compounds with structures similar to that of LTB4 showed that these agents bound to the receptor in the following descending order of affinity (Ki, nM): LTB4 (0.96) less than TB3 (1.0) greater than 20-hydroxy-LTB4 (3.5) greater than 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,14-cis,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (20) greater than 12(S)-hydroxy-5,8,14-cis,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (231) greater than 20-carboxy-LTB4 (350) greater than 5(S),12(S)-dihydroxy-6,10-trans,8,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (541). This rank order of potency in binding affinity correlates closely with the ability of these compounds to induce both chemotaxis and superoxide anion generation. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship suggests that the 12R-hydroxyl group and a cis double bond at the C-6 position are important for optimal agonist binding to the LTB4 receptor present in GP eosinophil membranes. The results suggest that LTB4 may be an important chemoattractant for eosinophils in GP and may induce the release of reactive oxygen species from this cell.     

Leukotriene B3, leukotriene B4 and leukotriene B5; binding to leukotriene B4 receptors on rat and human leukocyte membranes

Specific high-affinity binding sites for [3H]-leukotriene B4 have been identified on membrane preparations from rat and human leukocytes. The rat and human leukocyte membrane preparations show linearity of binding with increasing protein concentration, saturable binding and rapid dissociation of binding by excess unlabelled leukotriene B4. Dissociation constants of 0.5 to 2.5 nM and maximum binding of 5000 fmoles/mg protein were obtained for [3H] leukotriene B4 binding to these preparations. Displacement of [3H]-leukotriene B4 by leukotriene B4 was compared with displacement by leukotriene B3 and leukotriene B5 which differ from leukotriene B4 only by the absence of a double bond at carbon 14 or the presence of an additional double bond at carbon 17, respectively. Leukotriene B3 was shown to be equipotent to leukotriene B4 in ability to displace [3H]-leukotriene B4 from both rat and human leukocyte membranes while leukotriene B5 was 20-50 fold less potent. The relative potencies for the displacement of [3H]-leukotriene B4 by leukotrienes B3, B4 and B5 on rat and human leukocyte membranes were shown to correlate well with their potencies for the induction of the aggregation of rat leukocytes and the chemokinesis of human leukocytes.     

Metabolism of leukotriene A4 into C4 by human platelets

Tritium-labelled leukotriene A4 is converted by a suspension of human platelets into leukotriene C4. The conversion is stimulated by reduced glutathione and is dependent on the platelet concentration. Formation of leukotriene C4 is temperature and time dependent and is destroyed by heating the platelets at 100 degrees C for 5 min. Verification of leukotriene C4 formation was obtained by conversion into leukotriene D4 during reaction of the HPLC-purified platelet-derived leukotriene C4 with commercial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. In separate experiments we incubated authentic tritiated leukotriene C4 with human platelets and we showed the formation of tritiated leukotriene D4, demonstrating the presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in these cells. This activity could be blocked by the presence of reduced glutathione in the incubation mixture. In contrast, erythrocytes converted tritiated leukotriene A4 almost exclusively into leukotriene B4. Although platelets have been reported to lack 5-lipoxygenase activity, our study demonstrates that platelets possess the necessary machinery to transform leukotriene A4 into leukotrienes C4 and D4. Our results suggest that an intracellular interaction between platelets and leukotriene A4-forming cells, e.g., polymorphonuclear leukocytes, could lead to the formation of these potent peptidolipids in the circulation.     

Inhibition of leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil degranulation by leukotriene B4-dimethylamide

Leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) is a potent mediator of pro-inflammatory responses including neutrophil degranulation. Leukotriene B₄ dimethylamide has been synthesized and shown to inhibit neutrophil degranulation induced by LTB₄. The inhibition required time to develop (～60 secs), and had a K_D of circa 2 × 10^?7M, and occurred at concentrations where LTB₄ dimethylamide had negligible agonist activity.     

Synthesis and release of leukotriene C4 by human eosinophils

When human peripheral blood eosinophils isolated to 92.5% +/- 6.9 purity were stimulated with either the calcium ionophore A23187 or N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP), immunoreactive leukotriene C4 (LTC4) was initially localized intracellularly and was subsequently released to the external medium in kinetically distinguishable steps. Eosinophils were stimulated with 2.5 microM A23187 in the presence of 20 mM L-serine, a hypochlorous acid scavenger that prevents the oxidative metabolism of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes. Total production of immunoreactive LTC4, the sum of intra- and extracellular LTC4, was complete within 5 to 10 min. At 5, 10, and 30 min, 65.9% +/- 15.2, 42.3% +/- 24.3, and 5.5% +/- 3.9, respectively, of the total amount of LTC4 measured remained intracellular as detected after the media and cells were separated and the latter was extracted with methanol. The time course for the intracellular synthesis and extracellular release of immunoreactive LTC4 from eosinophils pretreated with 5 micrograms/ml cytochalasin B and stimulated with 0.5 microM FMLP was like that obtained with ionophore, although the total LTC4 production was only approximately 10%. The identity of the intracellular LTC4 was confirmed by elution with reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography followed by scanning UV spectroscopy, radioimmunoassay, and bioassay. Eosinophils that were stimulated with A23187 in the absence of L-serine metabolized newly synthesized LTC4 to 6-trans-LTB4 diastereoisomers and subclass-specific diastereoisomeric sulfoxides that were identified only in the extracellular medium. Thus the response of purified eosinophils to two different stimuli demonstrates a transient intracellular accumulation of biologically active LTC4, the distinct extracellular release, and the apparent limitation of oxidative metabolism to the extracellular location.     

Metabolism of leukotriene A4 by human erythrocytes. A novel cellular source of leukotriene B4

Human erythrocytes transformed leukotriene A4 into leukotriene B4. Metabolism was proportional to the erythrocyte concentration, even at subphysiological levels (0.08-4 X 10(9) erythrocytes/ml). Comparative metabolic studies excluded the possibility that leukotriene B4 originated from trace amounts of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or platelets present in the purified erythrocyte suspensions. For example, suspensions of isolated platelets (100-500 X 10(6) cells/ml) failed to convert leukotriene A4 into leukotriene B4; and conversion by suspensions of isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils was insufficient to account for the amounts of leukotriene B4 formed by erythrocytes. Leukotriene B4 formation was maximal within 2 min and substrate concentration dependent. Enzymatic activity originated from a 56 degrees C labile nondialyzable (Mr greater than 30,000) soluble component in the 100,000 X g supernatant obtained from lysed erythrocytes. In contrast to the contemporary view, our results indicate that human erythrocytes are not metabolically inert in terms of eicosanoid biosynthesis. The role of human erythrocytes during inflammatory or pulmonary disorders deserves re-examination in this context.     

Novel transcellular interaction: conversion of granulocyte-derived leukotriene A4 to cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes by human platelets

Human platelets dose-dependently converted exogenous leukotriene A4 to leukotriene C4 and efficiently metabolized this compound to leukotrienes D4 and E4. Neither of these compounds were produced after stimulation of human platelet suspensions with ionophore A23187. After LTA4 incubation of subcellular fractions, formation of leukotriene C4 was exclusively observed in the particulate fraction and was separable from the classical glutathione S-transferase activity. This suggested the presence of a specific leukotriene C4 synthase in human platelets. Addition of physiological amounts of autologous platelets to human granulocyte suspensions significantly increased ionophore A23187-induced formation of leukotriene C4. In contrast, the production of leukotriene B4 was decreased. After preincubation of platelets with [35S]cysteine, 35S-labeled leukotriene C4 was produced by A23187-stimulated platelet-granulocyte suspensions, strongly indicating a transcellular biosynthesis of this compound.     

Comparison of leukotriene A4 metabolism into leukotriene C4 by human platelets and endothelial cells.

Leukotriene (LT) A4 metabolism was studied in human platelets and endothelial cells, since both cells could be involved in transcellular formation of LTC4. Upon addition of exogenous LTA4, both cells produced LTC4 as a major metabolite at various incubation times, and no LTB4, LTD4, or LTE4 was detected. Kinetic studies revealed a higher apparent Km for LTA4 in endothelial cells as compared to platelets (5.8 microM for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) versus 1.3 microM for platelets); platelets were more efficient in this reaction with a higher Vmax (174 pmol/mg protein/min) versus 15 pmol/mg protein/min in HUVEC. The formation of LTC4 and corresponding kinetic parameters were not modified when platelets or endothelial cells were stimulated by thrombin prior to or simultaneously with the addition of LTA4. In both cells LTC4 synthase activity was not modified by repeated addition of LTA4 showing that it is not a suicide-inactivated enzyme. Furthermore, in platelets and endothelial cells, the enzyme activity was localized in the membrane fraction and was distinct from cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases. Platelet membrane fractions showed apparent Km values of 31 microM and 1.2 mM for LTA4 and GSH, respectively. Inhibition of LTC4 formation from platelets and endothelial cells preparations by S-substituted glutathione derivatives was correlated to the length of the S-alkyl chain. The same substances inhibited cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases with significantly lower IC50, confirming the distinct nature of the two enzymes. These results show that platelets and HUVEC possess similar enzymes for the production of LTC4 from LTA4; however, platelets seem to have a higher efficiency than HUVEC in performing this reaction.     

Superoxide production of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by leukotriene B4

Leukotriene B4 stimulated a transient production of superoxide anions (O2-) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes which continued for only about 1 min. The production was dependent on Ca2+ in the suspending medium and no production was observed without the addition of calcium. The concentrations of leukotriene B4 and calcium for the half-maximal production were about 1 microM and 200 microM, respectively. 8-(N,N,-Diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), an intracellular calcium antagonist, did not inhibit the O2- production stimulated by leukotriene B4 in the presence of calcium, while N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), a calmodulin inhibitor, did. When leukotriene B4 was added to the cells treated with cytochalasin B, the production of O2- was biphasic: an initial rapid phase, followed by a slow one. The slow phase was also dependent on Ca2+ concentrations but it could be induced even without the addition of Ca2+ to the medium. The cells treated with both cytochalasin B and TMB-8 in Ca2+-free medium showed a negligible production of superoxide on addition of leukotriene B4, but the production appeared upon addition of CaCl2. These findings suggest that the superoxide production stimulated by leukotriene B4 is associated with the influx of Ca2+.     

Further characterization of human eosinophil peroxidase.

The large and the small subunits (Mr 50 000 and 10 500 respectively) of human eosinophil peroxidase were isolated by gel filtration under reducing conditions. The subunits were very strongly associated but not apparently cross-linked by disulphide bridges. During storage, the large subunit tended to form aggregates, which required reduction to dissociate them. Amino acid analysis of the performic acid-treated large subunit showed the presence of 19 cysteic acid residues. The small subunit of eosinophil peroxidase had the same Mr value as the small subunit of myeloperoxidase. However, although these subunits have very similar amino acid compositions, they showed different patterns of peptide fragmentation after CNBr treatment. The carbohydrate of eosinophil peroxidase seemed associated exclusively with the large subunit and comprised mannose (4.5%, w/w) and N-acetylglucosamine (0.8%, w/w). The far-u.v.c.d. spectrum of the enzyme indicated the presence of relatively little ordered secondary structure.     

Leukotriene A4: preparation and enzymatic conversion in a cell-free system to leukotriene B4

Treatment of leukotriene A4 (LTA4) methyl ester with sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol at 4 degrees C afforded LTA4, the presence of which was inferred from the UV spectrum of the compound, its rate of reaction with water, and the identity of the hydration products obtained. The half-life of LTA4 in water (pH 7.4, room temperature) was increased from 14 to 500 s by 1 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin. This stabilized (chiral) LTA4 was converted to LTB4 by an epoxide hydrolase activity in the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction from sonified rat basophilic leukemia cells. Neither the ester of LTA4 nor the biologically incorrect enantiomer of LTA4 was metabolized to LTB4 under these conditions.     

Conversion of leukotriene C4 to leukotriene D4 by a cell-surface enzyme of rat macrophages

Leukotriene (LT) C4-metabolizing enzyme was studied using rat leukocytes. Neutrophils and lymphocytes hardly metabolized LTC4, whereas macrophages rapidly converted LTC4 to LTD4. The LTC4-metabolizing enzyme of macrophages was present in the membrane fraction but not in the nuclear, granular and cytosol fractions. When macrophages were modified chemically with diazotized sulfanilic acid, a poorly permeant reagent which inactivates cell-surface enzymes selectively, the LTC4-metabolizing activity of macrophages decreased significantly (greater than 90%). These findings suggest that rat macrophages possess the LTC4-metabolizing enzyme which converts LTC4 to LTD4, on the cell surface membrane.