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1.
LI  Xiao-Ping  ONG  Bee-Lian 《Photosynthetica》1998,34(1):21-30
Tolerance of gametophytes of Acrostichum aureum to NaCl and dehydration was investigated under controlled conditions following the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, qP, qN). Salt tolerance was increased by growing gametophytes in low concentrations of NaCl. However, such treatment could not increase the tolerance of gametophytes to dehydration. Under water stress, a decrease in photochemical quenching (qP) was accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (qN). Under salt stress, qP also decreased, but qN did not change significantly in salt-hardened gametophytes.  相似文献   

2.
Pillai  R.S.  Ong  B.-L. 《Photosynthetica》1999,36(1-2):259-266
Plants grown at low irradiance were fertilized with 0, 60, and 600 g m-3 NH4NO3 once every fortnight. Plants treated with high N concentrations showed an increased growth, producing longer and broader fronds with larger areas, and were darker green in colour. Nitrogen also increased the content of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids per leaf area unit. Different N treatments did not affect the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem 2, as reflected by the high values of Chl fluorescence kinetics Fv/Fm, ranging between 0.81 to 0.84, and Fv/F0 of 4.30 to 5.10. An increase in photochemical quenching (qP), accompanied by a decrease in non-photochemical quenching (qN), was observed in sporophytes fertilized with increased concentrations of NH4NO3. Nitrogen availability allowed sporophytes of Acrostichum aureum to become more established under natural condi tions. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

3.
Growth and metabolic responses to salt stress were studied in gametophytes of Acrostichum aureum L. (a mangrove fern). Gametophytes were cultured in 0–170 m M NaCl solutions. The growth of gametophytes was best in low NaCl concentrations (35 and 85 m M ), and was retarded at higher NaCl concentrations. Photosynthetic rate of gametophytes was also significantly reduced when grown in high NaCl concentrations. Severe salt stress (>120 m M NaCl) led to a preferential accumulation of d -pinitol in gametophytes, whereas the sporophyte accumulated d -1- O -methyl- muco -inositol. The content of d -pinitol reached up to 50% of the soluble carbohydrate pool of gametophytes under 155 and 170 m M NaCl. The accumulation of d -pinitol and other cyclitols in gametophytes was correlated with the retention of photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and the survival of gametophytes after transfer to solutions containing 340 and 600 m M NaCl, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of CO2 concentration on spore germination, growth, and net photosynthetic rate (PN) of gametophytes of a tropical epiphytic fern, Pyrrosia piloselloides, were investigated over a 100-d period. Increasing CO2 concentration stimulated spore germination and enhanced gametophytic growth. The appearance of sexual organs and formation of sporophytes were accelerated with higher CO2 during growth. Radiant energy saturated PN and dark respiration rate also increased with increasing CO2 concentrations during growth.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), prechilling, temperature, salt stress and osmotic potential on seed germination and sowing depth on seedling emergence and burial depth on seed viability of hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.), were studied in a series of laboratory, glasshouse and outdoor experiments. The optimal temperature for hoary cress seed germination was 20°C, both in light/dark and darkness regimes. Seed germination of hoary cress at 400 ppm concentration of GA3 in a light/dark regime was maximal. Potassium nitrate concentrations increased the percentage of germination in comparison with the control treatment. Increasing the duration of dry prechilling to 30 and 45 days promoted the seed germination of hoary cress. Germination of hoary cress markedly decreased as salt and drought stress increased. Seed germination of hoary cress occurred at a range of pH from 3 to 11. Seedling emergence significantly decreased as planting depth increased. Total seed viability decreased with increasing burial depth. The maximum increase in mortality occurred in seeds that were buried at 5‐cm depth.  相似文献   

6.
A salt-tolerant (Pokkali) and a salt-sensitive (IR28) variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg K kg–1 soil) application on their salt tolerance. Potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rfd value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios. IR28 responded better to K application than Pokkali. Split application of K failed to exert any beneficial effect over basal application.  相似文献   

7.
NaCl胁迫增强杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ的耐热性   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
NaCl胁迫对杂交酸模幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的最大光化学效率没有影响,但是增强了PS Ⅱ的耐热性.热胁迫条件下,与未经盐胁迫处理的叶片相比,经NaCl 200 mmol/L处理的杂交酸模幼苗叶片,其PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率下降较小,反映OEC受伤程度的指标Fk/Fj上升较小.此外,光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PS Ⅱ反应中心光能捕获效率(Fv1/Fm1)、PS Ⅱ光化学转换效率(ΦPS Ⅱ)的下降以及QB-非还原性反应PS Ⅱ反应中心的相对含量上升程度也较小.探讨了盐胁迫增强杂交酸模幼苗叶片PS Ⅱ耐热性的可能机理.  相似文献   

8.
Ferns have radiated into the same diverse environments as spermatophytes, and have done so with an independent gametophyte that is not protected by the parent plant. The degree and extent of desiccation tolerance (DT) in the gametophytes of tropical fern species was assessed to understand mechanisms that have allowed ferns to radiate into a diversity of habitats. Species from several functional groups were subjected to a series of desiccation events, including varying degrees of intensity and multiple desiccation cycles. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence were used to assess recovery ability and compared with species ecology and gametophyte morphology. It is shown that vegetative DT (rare in vascular plants) is widely exhibited in fern gametophytes and the degree of tolerance is linked to species habitat preference. It is proposed that gametophyte morphology influences water-holding capacity, a novel mechanism that may help to explain how ferns have radiated into drought-prone habitats. Fern gametophytes have often been portrayed as extreme mesophytes with little tolerance for desiccation. The discovery of DT in gametophytes holds potential for improving our understanding of both the controls on fern species distribution and their evolution. It also advances a new system with which to study the evolution of DT in vascular plants.  相似文献   

9.
缘管浒苔和浒苔对海水盐度胁迫的生理响应   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为探讨大型海藻对盐度的生理响应及其适应机制,以缘管浒苔和浒苔为试验材料,研究了不同盐度的稀释或浓缩海水处理10 d对浒苔属植物鲜质量(FM)、相对生长速率(RGR)、相对电导率(REC)、叶绿素含量(Chl)、类胡萝卜素含量(Car)、色素比值(Chl a/Chl b、Chl/Car)、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节能力(OAA)的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,10% ~ 200%海水处理均明显促进两浒苔属品种的FM和RGR,缘管浒苔和浒苔分别在100%和50%海水处理下的FM和RGR达到最大值;300%海水处理显著抑制两浒苔生长,缘管浒苔受抑制程度较大;缘管浒苔的生物量仅在50%、100%海水处理下呈现正增长,浒苔生物量在10%、50%、100%、200%海水处理下均呈现正增长.10%海水处理下,两浒苔的Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b显著上升,且随海水盐度的增加,呈现先增后降,缘管浒苔和浒苔的Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b分别在100%、50%海水处理下达到最大值.随盐度的增加,叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)、最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax)、光能利用效率(α)和半饱和光强(Ik)都显示与Chl相同的变化趋势.10% ~ 300%海水处理下,浒苔属均表现出一定的OAA,缘管浒苔在100%海水处理下,OAA达到最大值,浒苔在50%海水处理下,OAA达到最大值.两浒苔的生长指标除与Chl/Car无明显的相关性,与REC呈极显著负相关,与Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b、Fv/Fm、Yield、rETRmax、α、Ik、OAA呈极显著正相关.100%和50%海水处理分别对缘管浒苔和浒苔的生长最适宜,浒苔生长适应盐度的范围比缘管浒苔宽.REC、Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b、Fv/Fm、Yield、rETRmmax、α、Ik和OAA均可以作为浒苔属植物生长盐适应性的评价指标.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) on cellular ultrastructure, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids, and total phenolics of Acrostichum danaeifolium gametophytes was analyzed. The control group of spores was germinated under standard conditions, while the test group of spores was germinated with additional UV-B for 30 min every day for 34 d. The cell characteristics were preserved in gametophytes irradiated with UV-B, but the number of starch grains increased in the chloroplasts and the more developed grana organization in contrast to the chloroplasts of the control group. Chl a content decreased, while Chl b content increased in the gametophytes cultivated with UV-B for 34 d. Contents of lutein and zeaxanthin decreased and trans-β-carotene concentration was enhanced in the gametophytes irradiated with UV-B. The content of total phenolic compounds increased in the gametophytes cultivated with UV-B. Therefore our data suggest that the gametophytes of A. danaeifolium, a fern endemic to the mangrove biome, were sensitive to enhancement of UV-B radiation at the beginning of their development and they exhibited alterations in their ultrastructure, pigment contents, and protective mechanisms of the photosynthetic apparatus, when exposed to this radiation.  相似文献   

11.
    
Gametophytes of Acrostichum aureum were cultured in 0.0 to 1.0% NaCl solutions or in NaCl‐free solution and then transferred to 1.0% NaCl solution. Photosynthetic light‐response curves, efficiency of the primary photochemical reaction, relative electron transport rate, and photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching at steady state were determined by photosynthetic O2 evolution and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. Results obtained showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fv/Fm and F'v/F'm and αO2 (the initial linear slope of the photosynthetic light‐response curve) increased in gametophytes grown in NaCl. Linear electron transport rate was stimulated by NaCl. Based on the chlorophyll content, light‐saturated photosynthesis in gametophytes grown in 0.2 to 0.7% NaCl increased slightly; it decreased in gametophytes grown in 1.0% NaCl. Photochemical quenching decreased in NaCl‐grown gametophytes at all photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels measured, but there was no increase in non‐photochemical quenching. The chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with increasing NaCl concentration in culture solutions. These results indicated that NaCl enhanced photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and photosynthetic linear electron transport, thus resulting in the development of an excitation pressure in PSII. Such excitation pressure might act as a signal for photosynthetic acclimation to salt stress, thus allowing the gametophytes to grow in their natural habitats.  相似文献   

12.
13.
We examined the photosynthetic responses to photoinhibition in dehydrated leaves of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Stress was induced by immersing the roots of whole plants in Hoaglands solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) under high light (900 μmol photons m-2 · s-1). This PEG-treatment lowered the leaf water potential and the maximal rate of photosynthetic O2 evolution (Pmax) linearly, in a time-dependent manner, to about 50% inhibition after 6 h. Pmax also decreased linearly as the period of high-light treatment lengthened. That inhibitory response was not as extreme, showing about 30% inhibition after 6 h. However, when the treatments of dehydration and high light were simultaneously administered, Pmax decreased more rapidly, in a synergistic fashion, showing about 90% inhibition within 2 h. Dehydration, in contrast to the light treatment, did not lower the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). Furthermore, this decline in Fv/Fm for light-treated, dehydrated leaves was almost identical to the response of photoinhibited leaves that were not dehydrated. Similar changes were observed in the number of functional PSII complexes. The decrease in Pmax and the amount of functional PSII was linearly correlated in photoinhibited leaves, but not in dehydrated leaves, regardless of light treatment. Therefore, we have demonstrated that exacerbated photoinhibition in dehydrated leaves occurs without an incremental loss of functional PSII.  相似文献   

14.
The epiphytic habitat represents a highly dynamic environment, and water deficit is one of the common factors that affects growth and development of epiphytes. Gametophytes of the epiphytic fern, Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Price, were able to tolerate up to 50 days of drought. Upon rehydration, cells that recovered from water stress were capable of forming new gametophytes. The ability of gametophytes to recover from desiccation plays an important role in the survival and growth of the fern species under natural conditions. Received: 20 May 1998 / Revision received: 5 August 1998 / Accepted: 21 August 1998  相似文献   

15.
The effect of 24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide on the inhibitionof germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa) induced bysalinity stress was studied. Brassinosteroids were found to reverse theinhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth. The activation ofseedling growth by brassinosteroids under salinity stress was associatedwith enhanced levels of nucleic acids and soluble proteins.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, we explored the effect of salinity on cadmium (Cd) tolerance and phytoremediation potential of Acacia nilotica. Two-month-old uniform plants of A. nilotica were grown in pots contaminated with various levels of Cd (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg?1), NaCl (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% (hereafter referred as salinity), and all possible combinations of Cd + salinity for a period of six months. Results showed that shoot and root growth, biomass, tissue water content and chlorophyll (chl a, chl b, and total chl a+b) contents decreased more in response to salinity and combination of Cd + salinity compared to Cd alone. Shoot and root K concentrations significantly decreased with increasing soil Cd levels, whereas Na and Cl concentrations were not affected significantly. Shoot and root Cd concentrations, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) increased with increasing soil Cd and Cd + salinity levels. At low level of salinity (0.5%), shoot and root Cd uptake enhanced, while it decreased at high level of salinity (1.0%). Due to Cd tolerance, high shoot biomass and shoot Cd uptake, this tree species has some potential for phytoremediation of Cd from the metal contaminated saline and nonsaline soils.  相似文献   

17.
Poor crop stand is a common problem in saline areas. Germination and seedling emergence may be depressed as a result of impeded aeration, saline or dry conditions. In this study, we examined the effects of salinity and moisture stress and their interactions on seed germination and seedling growth of carrots. Variable soil matric and osmotic potentials were either obtained by equilibrating soil salinized to different degrees on a 0.5 MPa ceramic plate soil moisture extractor or by adding different amounts of salt solutions to the same mass of air-dried soil, based on a previously determined soil moisture release curve, and allowing to equilibrate for 1 week. Germination decreased significantly in the investigated silty soil (Aquic Ustifluvent) at soil moisture potentials higher than −0.01 MPa, whereas osmotic potentials as low as −0.5 MPa did not influence germination. Matric potentials of −0.3 and −0.4 MPa, respectively, resulted in a strong decrease (35–95%) of germination and delayed germination by 2 to 5 days in the silty soil to which different amounts (18 and 36%, respectively) and sizes (0.8–1.2 mm and 1.5–2.2 mm, respectively) of sand particles had been added. No effect of sand and grain diameter was detected. Germination was not affected by comparable osmotic potentials. Seedling growth showed a much higher sensitivity than germination to decreasing matric potentials, but was not affected by osmotic potentials ranging from −0.05 to −0.5 MPa. Optimum shoot growth occurred at matric potentials between −0.025 and −0.1 MPa. Shoot and root growth decreased markedly at matric potentials higher than −0.01 MPa. Fresh weight of shoots decreased gradually at matric potentials lower than −0.2 MPa. Root growth was significantly increased at matric potentials of −0.1 to −0.3 MPa, whereas comparable osmotic potentials did not have equivalent effects. It is concluded that germination and seedling growth are differently affected by comparable matric and osmotic stresses and that water stress exerts a more negative effect than salt stress.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Primary roots of intact maize plants (Zea mays L.) grown for several days in nutrient solutions containing 100 mol m−3 NaCl and additional calcium, had relatively inhibited rates of elongation. Possible physical restraints underlying this salt induced inhibition were investigated. The inhibition did not involve reductions in osmotic potential gradients and turgor in the tip tissues responsible for root elongation growth. The apparent yield threshold pressure, which is related to capacity of cell walls to undergo loosening by stress relaxation, was estimated psychrometrically in excised root tips. Salinity increased yield threshold values. Comparative root extensibility values were obtained for intact plants by determining the initial (1 min) increase in root elongation rate induced by an 0.1 MPa osmotic jump. Comparative extensibility was significantly reduced in the salinized root tips. Salinity did not reduce capacities for water efflux and associated elastic contraction in root tip tissues of intact plants exposed to hypertonic mannitol. We conclude that cell wall hardening in the elongating root tips is an important component of root growth inhibition induced by long-term salinization.  相似文献   

20.
An in vitro technique for screening mulberry genotypes tolerant to salt and osmotic stress has been standardized.Five mulberry genotypes, namely G2, G3, G4 along with control varieties i.e., S34 and S13, were tested on salt and osmotic stress media. Out of 14 media combinations tested, the optimum responses were observed on Kn 1 mg/l, in the case of G3 genotype, on Kn 2 mg/l with G2 genotype, on BAP 1 mg/l with G4 genotype and on BAP 2 mg/l with S34 and S13 genotypes.With regard to their performance on salt-stress media fortified with NaCl (0.1--2.0%), Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 (pH 8.5--10.0), the data revealed that the genotype G4 ranked the highest in terms of sprouting percentage and shoot length, in comparison to the control variety (S34) at each concentration of NaCl up to 1.0% and pH up to 9.5. However, in the case of osmotic stress condition (media supplemented with 1.0--10.0% PEG),the control variety i.e. S13 itself exhibited the highest sprouting percentage and shoot growth compared to the other test genotypes. The genotype G4 has been screened as a salt tolerant genotype which can be tested under respective in vivo condition.  相似文献   

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