黑龙江省两种地衣植物化学成分研究

本文报道石蕊科的两种地衣植物的化学成分。我们从地衣植物林石蕊(Cladonia arbusculd),雀石蕊(Cladonia stellaris)中分离鉴定了松萝酸(Usnicacid)、黑茶渍素(Atranorin)、珠光酸(Perlatolic acid)和四个相应的单芳环衍生物:赤星衣酸(Haematornmic acid)、赤星衣酸乙酯(Uthyl haematommate)、2-羟基-4-甲氧基-6-正成基苯甲酸(2-hriroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid)、2,4-二羟基-6-正戊基苯甲酸(2.4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid)。上述资料,对开发利用这种植物提供了科学依据。     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之五中国石蕊属地衣一新种

本文报道了产于中国西南地区的石蕊属地衣一新种:亚厚叶石蕊(Cladoniasubincrassata S.Y.Guo),其主要的次生代谢产物为松萝酸和泽屋菇.文中还从形态、化学和地理分布方面将新种和邻近种厚叶石蕊(Cladonia incrassata)进行了比较.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。     

新疆天山西部山脉森林生态系统地衣群落结构的初步研究

 根据多年的研究资料并采用聚类分析方法对分布在天山西部山脉的地衣群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,分布在该地区的地衣种类形成了6种群落:1) 土星猫耳衣（Leptogium saturninum)＋矮石蕊(Cladonia humilis)＋兰灰蜈蚣衣（Physcia caesia）群落;2）黑穗石蕊（Cladonia amaurocr     

中国茶渍属和石蕊属4新记录种

通过形态学及化学研究,结合nrDNA ITS序列的系统发育分析,该文报道了茶渍属(Lecanora Ach.)和石蕊属(Cladonia P. Browne)地衣4中国新记录种：莱氏茶渍(Lecanora layana Lendemer)、白头山茶渍(L. baekdudaeganensis B. G. Lee&Hur)、伪银茶渍(L. pseudargentata Lumbsch)和草皮石蕊[Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey&Scherb.]。该文对这些物种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并与相似种进行了对比,同时提供了各种的地理分布图和形态图。这为中国茶渍属和石蕊属地衣物种多样性及资源利用提供了基础资料。     

四种药用地衣的化学成分

从四种药用地衣中分离鉴定了黑茶渍素(1),降斑点酸(2),8′-乙氧基-降斑点酸(3),(—)-placodiolic acid(4),松萝酸(5),珠光酸(6),伏勒米醇(7)和五个相应的单芳环衍生物:β-苔黑酚酸甲酯(8),赤星衣酸(9),赤星衣酸乙酯(10)。2-羟基-4-甲氧基-6-正戊基苯甲酸(11)和2,4-二羟基6-正戊基苯甲酸(12)等12个化合物。其中金丝带[Le-thariella zahlbruckneri(DR.)]中含1,4,8,和10金丝刷[Lethariella cladonioids(Nyl·)Krog.Syn.]中含1,2,3,8和9,雀石蕊[Cladonia stellaris(Opiz.)Pouzar & Vezda]中含1,5,6,11和12黑石耳[Dermatocarpon miniatum(L.)Mann.]中含7,4被鉴定为前人报道的桔黄色素(canarionic acid)。     

中国地图衣3个新记录种

在对采自新疆天山和八一林场的地图衣标本进行分类学研究时,发现3个中国新记录种—— 平茶渍地图衣(Rhizocarpon atrovirellum)、绿孢地图衣(R.furax)和黑瘤地图衣(R.simillimum)。该文对这3个种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并提供了相关照片。     

大别山地衣研究概况

对采自大别山的19属57种地衣进行了分类学整理和化学物质分析,其中报道了安徽省和大别山地衣新记录2种。在所采集大别山的地衣标本中数量最多的是肉疣衣属Ochrolechia、石蕊属Cladonia和肺衣属Lobaria。利用显色反应和薄层层析TLC方法,共检出7种地衣物质,其中以含黑茶渍素成分的种类较多。文中对2个新记录种的特征、分布和生态信息进行简要描述。     

天山森林生态系统中朽木生地衣植物生态分布的DCA排序

应用DCA排序方法对天山森林生态系统中朽木生地衣植物的分布格局与海拔之间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,不同海拔高度的不同类型的森林生态系统中分布着不同种类的朽木生地衣植物.分布于海拔800 m的主要地衣种类有脱落网衣(Lecidella elabens Fr., Kgl)、柳茶渍[Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) A. Zahlbr]等.分布于海拔900～1 100 m的有 刺小孢衣[Bryoria confusa (Awas.) Bodo & Hawksw]、叉小孢衣[Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Bodo & Hawksw]等种类.分布于海拔1 300～1 760 m的有 粗皮石蕊[Cladonia scabriuscula (Del.) Leight.]、亚鳞石蕊[Cladonia subsquamosa (Nyl.) Vain]等种类;分布于海拔1 800～2 300 m的有 黑蜈蚣衣[Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flk.) Moberg]、美丽黑蜈蚣衣[Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl.]等种类.     

两种地衣植物的化合物分析

本文报道石蕊科石蕊属的两种地衣植物的化学成分,我们从软石蕊(Cladonia mitis),石蕊(Cladonia rangiferina)中分离鉴定了五个化合物,它们分别是左旋和右旋松萝酸、黑茶浸素、原地衣硬酸、环萝酸、蛋氨酸乙酯;上述资料对开发利用该植物资源提供了科学依据。     

中国及其邻国的石蕊科(地衣型子囊菌)

本文报导了中国新记录Cladtna stygta和Cladonta maxima,对生长于越南的新种Cladonta ntttda进行了描述。中国过去记载的Cladtna tmshaugu和Cladonta subfurcata是根据错误的鉴定,应从中国地衣志中排除。Cladonta gractlts subsp turbtnata在中国许多省分都很常见。     

Chemical variation in two species of theLecanora subfusca group (Lecanoraceae,lichenizedAscomycotina)

The chemical variation inLecanora epibryon andL. subimmersa, two species of theL. subfusca group, has been examined. In both species the chemical differences are correlated with geographical distribution, but not with morphological differences. As a consequence the chemotypes are recognized at subspecific level. InL. epibryon three chemical races are segregated according to the various chemosyndromes present. Subspeciesepibryon, containing atranorin and triterpenoids, occurs in the northern hemisphere and South America, while the other two subspecies occur only in the southern hemisphere. The subsp.broccha (Nyl.)Lumbsch, comb. nova, contains atranorin, the stictic acid and the 2,5,7-trichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone chemosyndromes, while subsp.xanthophora Lumbsch, subsp. nova, is similar but lacks the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Two chemical races occur in the pantropical speciesL. subimmersa. While subsp.subimmersa contains atranorin and zeorin, subsp.ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix, subsp. nova, contains an additional ten chlorinated xanthones.L. impressa is reduced to synonymy toL. subimmersa.     

Niche characteristics ofCladonia lichens associated with geothermal vents in Japan

To characterize the niche preferences ofCladonia species associated with geothermal areas, we sampled ten thermal areas in Japan. It appears from the current study and related studies that some members of theCladonia genus can have a wide tolerance for both soil temperature and pH conditions.Cladonia mitis is the most abundantCladonia and occurs throughout most of the vent system.Cladonia theiophila occurs most frequently at a soil pH of less than 3.5, but occurs mostly at lower soil surface temperatures (below 29°C).Cladonia floerkeana is very restricted in its distribution and is most abundant where the root zone temperature (15 cm) is above 70°C, the surface temperature is above 40°C, and the pH is 5–5.5. Tolerances to low pH, high soil temperatures, and low to moderate humidity permitCladonia species to grow where vascular plants and even mosses cannot grow and thus they avoid the competition such plants would provide to these slow-growing organisms. Contribution from the Phytotaxonomical and Geobotanical Laboratory, Hiroshima University, N. Ser. No. 390.     

Cladonia subturgida and C. iberica (Cladoniaceae) form a single, morphologically and chemically polymorphic species

Cladonia subturgida and C. iberica constitute the whole of a Mediterranean problematic species, which shows great morphological polymorphism. A study was carried out in order to delimit the extant taxa within this group. The variability of the group was studied morphologically, chemically and phylogenetically. The phylogeny was based on three loci (ITS rDNA, rpb2 and mtLSU), using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Six chemotypes were identified, the most common one containing atranorin and protolichesterinic acid. Our results prove that C. subturgida and C. iberica constitute a single, morphologically and chemically polymorphic species. The taxonomic rank of C. turgida var. corsicana was also studied based on analyses of morphological, chemical and ITS rDNA data. The new nomenclatural combination, C. corsicana, is proposed.     

The ‘small barbs’ Barbus humilis and B. trispilopleura of Lake Tana (Ethiopia): Are they Ecotypes of the Same Species?

Four species of small barbs (Barbus, subgenus Enteromius Cope, 1869) are known from Lake Tana, isolated in the Ethiopian highlands: B. humilis, B. trispilopleura, B. pleurogramma (all Boulenger, 1902) and B. tanapelagius de Graaf, 2000. However, only three species appear valid from cluster analysis using 32 morphometric characters and taking specimens from different locations in the southern Gulf of Lake Tana during August–October 1999. B. humilis and B. trispilopleura significantly differ from B. tanapelagius and B. pleurogramma in up to 36 characters. However, B. humilis and B. trispilopleura cannot be distinguished from each other by morphometric analysis or by gut contents. Specimens from clear, shallow rocky areas with vegetation have a darker back, will be more susceptible to birds, have significantly higher infection by cestodes, smaller size at first reproduction, lower fecundity, and correspond most to the B. trispilopleura phenotype. Specimens in turbid deeper water without vegetation are most similar to the B. humilis phenotype. We conclude that both species actually are extremes (ecotypes) of a continuum, belonging to a single biological species. The observed variation may well be induced by habitat-dependent predation pressure by birds. The high frequency (57%) of spot numbers intermediate between Boulengers number for B. trispilopleura (3) and for B. humilis (0) demonstrates the continuum best. Pigment spots and colour change in response to aquarium conditions and are in this case no valid taxonomic characters. Both characters may reduce the risk of predation. It is concluded that B. trispilopleura is a synonym of B. humilis. For future research we recommend to use the most appropriate name, B. humilis, for both types.     

A revision of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterospathe elegans</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arecaceae</Emphasis>) complex in New Guinea

Summary  Three closely affiliated species of Heterospathe Scheff. (H. elegans (Becc.) Becc., H. humilis Becc. and H. versteegiana Becc.) from New Guinea are revised. They are reduced to a single species which is divided into two subspecies, and the new combination H. elegans subsp. humilis (Becc.) M. S. Trudgen & W. J. Baker is made. The subspecies can be readily distinguished by their growth habit. Epitypes are designated for the three previously published names, as informative material on the habit is not included in the existing type specimens. A new, potentially related species is described as H. pullenii M. S. Trudgen & W. J. Baker.     

The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-)-usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents

The antimicrobial activity of the chloroform, diethyl ether, acetone, petroleum ether, and ethanol extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-)-usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents against 9 bacteria and fungi has been investigated. The extracts and pure compounds alone were found active against the same bacteria and the same yeasts. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata growth were inhibited. In addition, the MICs of the extracts, (-)-usnic acid, atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid were determined.     

Increases in densities of the citrus red mite,Panonychus citri [Acarina: Tetranychidae], in association with the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis [Hymenoptera: Formicidae], in southern California citrus

We monitored the activities of the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), in 3 citrus orchards during 1984 and 1985. We also monitored densities of citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (McGregor), the adult spider mite destroyer,Stethorus picipes Casey [Col.: Coccinellidae], and the predatory mite,Euseius tularensis Congdon [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] during the same period in ant-present and ant-free plots in each orchard. I. humilis was excluded for at least 9 months from trees pruned 60 cm from the ground following a basal application of 1 or 2 % chlorpyrifos 4 EC. Autumn densities ofP. citri in these ant-free plots were significantly lower than those in the plots infested withI. Humilis. S. picipes appeared to be the most important predator, maintaining lowP. citri densities on citrus in southern California in the absence ofI. humilis activity.S. picipes densities increased numerically in response to the early spring and late autumn increases in the density ofP. citri populations. However, in the presence ofI. humilis activity, effective predation was apparently inhibited. Densities ofE. tularensis were unaffected by the presence ofI. humilis, nor didE. tularensis respond to spring or autumn increases in the density ofP. citri populations in any of the orchards.      

中国兰科独蒜兰属植物增补

报道了中国兰科独蒜兰属2个未详知种:藏南独蒜兰(Pleione arunachalensis Hareesh, P.Kumar M.Sabu)和矮小独蒜兰[P.humilis (Sm.) D.Don],并提供了详细的形态描述和照片。凭证标本保存于云南省林业和草原科学院植物标本馆(YAF)。     

西藏红景天属一新变种——嘉黎红景天

全国第四次中药资源普查于西藏自治区嘉黎县、芒康县调查中,在海拔4000~5000 m灌木丛的石灰岩上发现了一种红景天属植物,该种在形态上与矮生红景天[Rhodiola humilis(HK.f.et Thoms.)S.H.Fu]较近,但花序顶端伞房状、花茎约7~13枝,基生叶先端锐尖,萼片长三角形,叶片和萼片先端具深粉红色浅囊等独有的特征,与后者不同。分子生物学证据表明,与矮生红景天(R.humilis)和异鳞红景天[Rhodiola smithii(Hamet)S.H.Fu]近缘。基于形态学与分子生物学证据,特将它描述为矮生红景天(R.humilis)新变种,命名为嘉黎红景天[Rhodiola humilis(HK.f.et Thoms.)S.H.Fu var.jialiensis H.Wang,X.Z.Lan&H.P.Deng]。