建立人α突触核蛋白A30P突变的帕金森病大鼠模型

目的建立人α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-SYN)A30P突变型转基因大鼠的帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)模型。方法利用慢病毒系统构建过表达野生型α-SYN载体pLKO-CMV-α-SYN-WT-P2A-GFP及α-SYN A30P突变载体pLKO-CMV-α-SYN-A30P-P2A-GFP,分别转染293FT细胞,瞬时转染24 h后WB检测α-SYN的表达水平。之后经慢病毒包装、浓缩,利用立体定位技术分别对大鼠中脑黑质致密部注射病毒稀释液,过表达α-SYN野生型和A30P突变型的慢病毒颗粒。免疫荧光染色检测α-SYN和酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)的分布情况,并观察中脑黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元数量的变化。Rotating rod实验评价注射A30P慢病毒大鼠的行为改变情况。结果野生型和突变型A30P的基因表达载体在293FT细胞内能够高表达α-SYN蛋白。TH免疫荧光结果显示:与病毒稀释液组相比,过表达α-SYN野生型和A30P突变型大鼠均能导致中脑黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元数量的减少,而α-SYN A30P慢病毒注射组的中脑黑质神经元缺失的更多,具有显著性差异。对A30P转基因大鼠脑部神经元缺失部位进行免疫荧光发现,该区域TH染色几乎呈阴性,α-SYN蛋白出现大量聚集,该结果表明脑部神经元的消失同时伴随着α-SYN蛋白的聚集及TH表达的剧烈减少,进一步揭示过表达α-SYN A30P可以导致多巴胺能神经元数量的减少和退化。此外,rotating rod实验结果显示过表达α-SYN A30P大鼠表现出明显的进行性运动能力障碍。结论通过慢病毒系统建立了人α-SYN A30P突变型转基因大鼠的PD模型,为PD发病机制的研究及药物开发奠定基础。     

大鼠下丘脑视前区神经元内雌激素受体α的表达--免疫组织化学研究

了解雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha, ERα)在大鼠脑的分布及大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的生后发育规律.用免疫组织化学反应方法结合图像分析仪检测雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的数量和灰度值.ERα分布于Calleja岛、梨形核、外侧隔核、基底前脑胆碱能神经元各群、终纹床核、下丘脑内侧视前区、室周核、腹内侧核、弓状核和结节乳头核、再连合和前内侧丘脑核、杏仁核复合体、梨形皮质和穹窿下器官.相比之下,皮质和海马内仅见几个分散的 ERα样阳性神经元.而纹状体内未见ERα样阳性神经元.ERα免疫反应产物主要位于细胞核内,蓝黑色.在成年雌性大鼠下丘脑内侧视前区(medial preoptic area, MPA)神经元的胞浆和突起内可见较弱的ERα免疫反应产物.在MPA内,生后1天可见ERα表达,随着大鼠的生后发育,成年时达到高峰.与成年大鼠比较,老年雌性大鼠雌激素受体样阳性神经元数量减少10.05%,P＞0.05,差异无显著性;平均灰度减少41.57%,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.老年雌性大鼠下丘脑MPA内ERα表达下调,可能与卵巢功能减退而导致情感、记忆变化有关.     

低氧对巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-6的影响及其机制

目的:观察低氧对巨噬细胞(Mφ)前炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6分泌的影响及其机制.方法:收集分离小鼠腹腔Mφ,建立Mφ的低氧(1% O2,5%CO2)培养模型,并用非特异性酯酶染色法进行鉴定;ELISA法检测上清液中TNF-α和IL-6的含量;RT-PCR法检测TNF-α和IL-6的转录物水平;用Western blot法检测Mφ核内NF-κB的激活量;通过在培养液中加入氢化可的松(5 mg/L),观察低氧时TNF-α和IL-6分泌量的变化.结果:TNF-α和IL-6分泌量在低氧12 h时明显增加(P＜0.01);低氧6 h时,TNF-α mRNA和IL-6 mRNA表达量明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);M中核内NF-κB的激活量在低氧2 h时明显增高(P＜0.05),低氧5 h内持续存在;而当培养液中加入氢化可的松抑制NF-κB活性后,TNF-α和IL-6的分泌水平无明显变化.结论:低氧可通过核转录因子NF-κB途径促进细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6基因的表达和分泌.     

含CpG基元核酸疫苗免疫慢性MPTP帕金森病小鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨含有CpG基元的α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein,α-syn）核酸疫苗免疫慢性帕金森病小鼠的治疗效果。方法将本实验室成功构建的含有CpG基元的α-syn核酸疫苗-pVAX1-hα-Syn140用Qiagen试剂盒大量制备α-syn质粒;24只慢性MPTP帕金森病小鼠随机分为3组：实验组、空质粒对照组和PBS对照组,各组小鼠分别肌注pVAX1-hα-Syn140重组质粒、pVAX1空质粒和PBS各100μL,共免疫3次,每次间隔3周,末次免疫后2周,观察小鼠行为学变化及中脑黑质α-syn表达和多巴胺能神经元数目变化。结果pVAX1-hα-Syn140核酸疫苗免疫组小鼠的类帕金森病样症状与pVAX1空质粒和PBS对照组相比减轻,有显著差异（P〈0．01）;小鼠中脑黑质α-syn表达较对照组减少约39％（P〈0．01）,且多巴胺能神经元数目较空质粒和PBS对照组增多了46％～55％（P〈0．01）。结论pVAX1-hα-Syn140核酸疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,能对帕金森病小鼠产生较好的免疫治疗作用。     

电磁脉冲（EMP）辐照对雄性子代大鼠下丘脑GABA_A受体表达的影响

目的：观察电磁脉冲（EMP）辐照亲代大鼠后其雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体表达的变化。方法：应用免疫组织化学及图像分析观察亲代大鼠接受EMP辐照后其雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体表达的变化。结果：与对照组相比,100次脉冲组其雄性子代下丘脑室旁核GABAA受体阳性神经元增加,400次脉冲组光密度值显著增强;100次和400次脉冲组弓状核GABAA受体阳性神经元增加,光密度值增强。结论：电磁脉冲可以影响雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体的表达,这可能与电磁脉冲辐射产生的远期遗传毒性有关。     

大脑皮层神经干细胞定向分化为神经元过程中细胞骨架-α辅肌蛋白表达的研究

目的探讨α辅肌蛋白在新生大鼠大脑皮层神经干细胞定向分化神经元过程中的表达变化.方法采用细胞培养、免疫细胞化学方法(SABC法)、免疫电镜技术观察α辅肌蛋白在神经干细胞定向分化神经元过程中不同时段的表达变化.利用图像分析技术对不同时段分化的神经元中α辅肌蛋白平均积分光密度进行定量测定.结果在神经干细胞定向分化神经元过程中,α辅肌蛋白由核周淡染分布逐渐至在胞体与突起中密集均匀分布,随着突起伸展而不断地延伸.免疫电镜可见α辅肌蛋白呈高电子密度球形颗粒.图像分析结果表示,随神经元的分化成熟,α辅肌蛋白的表达量呈逐渐增加趋势.结论大脑皮质神经干细胞定向分化为神经元过程中,α辅肌蛋白表达变化与神经干细胞定向分化的神经元形态变化相关.     

电磁脉冲(EMP)辐照对雄性子代大鼠下丘脑GABAA 受体表达的影响

目的:观察电磁脉冲(EMP)辐照亲代大鼠后其雄性子代下丘脑GABA<,A>受体表达的变化.方法:应用免疫组织化学及图像分析观察亲代大鼠接受 EMP 辐照后其雄性子代下丘脑 GABA<,A>受体表达的变化.结果:与对照组相比,100次脉冲组其雄性子代下丘脑室旁核GABA<,A>受体阳性神经元增加,400 次脉冲组光密度值显著增强;100次和400次脉冲组弓状核GABA<,A>受体阳性神经元增加,光密度值增强.结论:电磁脉冲可以影响雄性子代下丘脑GABA<,A>受体的表达,这可能与电磁脉冲辐射产生的远期遗传毒性有关.     

急性给锂小鼠大脑皮层NOS活性与蛋白表达的时程变化

目的探讨急性给锂小鼠大脑皮层一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性与蛋白表达的时程变化及其意义.方法选用昆明小鼠40只,分为对照组和腹腔注射1.5mmol/Kg氯化锂(LiCl)即刻、0.5h、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h组,每组5只.采用NADPH-d黄递酶组织化学和ABC免疫组化法,观察急性给锂后不同时程小鼠大脑皮层NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数目的变化.结果急性给锂即刻小鼠大脑皮层NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数目明显增加(P＜0.01),1h后达到高峰(P＜0.01),6h和12h恢复到正常水平(P＞0.05),24hNOS阳性神经元又明显增高(P＜0.01),nNOS阳性神经元处于正常水平(P＞0.05).结论本实验提示急性给锂对小鼠大脑皮层NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数目有一定影响,这种变化可能是锂影响脑发育及锂的神经毒性的机理之一.     

雌激素膜性受体GPR30在生后雌性大鼠海马内的发育学表达与细胞内定位研究

研究表明雌激素通过其受体对海马神经元的发育和可塑性以及学习记忆、认知、情绪等高级脑功能发挥了重要调节作用。GPR30是近年才鉴定的一种雌激素受体,它在海马内的表达和功能研究尚属空白。本实验应用免疫组化及免疫电镜技术,对GPR30在生后不同发育阶段大鼠海马内的表达及其免疫阳性产物在神经元内的定位进行了初步研究,结果显示GPR30免疫阳性产物主要位于海马CA区的锥体层神经元与齿状回颗粒层的神经元内,其表达水平随发育呈增加趋势。     

维甲酸核受体RARα真核表达载体的构建、突变纠正及表达

目的构建维甲酸核受体RARα真核表达载体,并检测其在人肺腺癌细胞A549中表达。方法从小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中提取总RNA,以RT-PCR法扩增RARαcDNA,克隆至真核表达载体pDsRed1-C1中,测序结果显示RARα第1040位A→G,导致其编码蛋白的氨基酸发生改变。通过二次PCR将其纠正,重组载体RedC1-RARα转化大肠埃希菌Top10,筛选阳性克隆做酶切及测序鉴定。脂质体瞬时转染A549细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察RARα的表达。RT-PCR法检测RARα的mRNA水平表达。结果通过RT-PCR及二次PCR得到RARαcDNA,构建其真核表达载体,脂质体瞬时转染A549细胞得到了成功表达,RARα基因产物定位于细胞核内。结论成功构建维甲酸核受体RARα真核表达载体,且证实RARα编码蛋白定位于细胞核内,本研究结果为进一步探讨结核分枝杆菌固有免疫机制奠定了基础。     

Coordinate Regulation of the Cyclic AMP System with Firing Rate and Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Locus Coeruleus: Effects of Chronic Stress and Drug Treatments

Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic stress increases the firing rate and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus in brain. The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of chronic stress and other treatments known to influence the activity of LC neurons on the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger system in these neurons. Chronic (5 days) cold exposure significantly increased levels of TH immunoreactivity in the LC, as previously reported, but not in substantia nigra (SN) or ventral tegmentum (VT), two dopaminergic nuclei studied for comparison. Chronic cold exposure increased levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in soluble, but not particulate, fractions of the LC, and increased basal and GTP- and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in this brain region. In contrast, levels of the protein kinase and adenylate cyclase in VT, SN, and frontal cortex were not significantly influenced by cold exposure. To study further the relationship between regulation of LC firing rate, TH expression, and the cAMP system in the LC, other treatments known to influence TH were examined. Reserpine treatment, shown previously to increase levels of TH, was found to increase both LC firing rate and levels of soluble cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the LC. 6-Hydroxydopamine, shown previously to increase levels of TH and firing rate of LC neurons, also increased soluble levels of protein kinase activity. Other treatments known to either increase (adrenalectomy) or decrease (chronic imipramine) levels of TH in the LC were also found to increase or decrease, respectively, levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in this brain region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Acute and repeated restraint differentially activate orexigenic pathways in the rat hypothalamus

Stress and obesity are highly prevalent conditions, and the mechanisms through which stress affects food intake are complex. In the present study, stress-induced activation in neuropeptide systems controlling ingestive behavior was determined. Adult male rats were exposed to acute (30 min/d × 1 d) or repeated (30 min/d × 14 d) restraint stress, followed by transcardial perfusion 2 h after the termination of the stress exposure. Brain tissues were harvested, and 30 μm sections through the hypothalamus were immunohistochemically stained for Fos protein, which was then co-localized within neurons staining positively for the type 4 melanocortin receptor (MC4R), the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), or agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Cell counts were performed in the paraventricular (PVH), arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Fos was significantly increased in all regions except the VMH in acutely stressed rats, and habituated with repeated stress exposure, consistent with previous studies. In the ARC, repeated stress reduced MC4R cell activation while acute restraint decreased activation in GLP1R neurons. Both patterns of stress exposure reduced the number of AgRP-expressing cells that also expressed Fos in the ARC. Acute stress decreased Fos-GLP1R expression in the LHA, while repeated restraint increased the number of Fos-AgRP neurons in this region. The overall profile of orexigenic signaling in the brain is thus enhanced by acute and repeated restraint stress, with repeated stress leading to further increases in signaling, in a region-specific manner. Stress-induced modifications to feeding behavior appear to depend on both the duration of stress exposure and regional activation in the brain. These results suggest that food intake may be increased as a consequence of stress, and may play a role in obesity and other stress-associated metabolic disorders.     

Effect of 7-Nitroindazole Sodium on the Cellular Distribution of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Cerebral Cortex of Hypoxic Newborn Piglets

Cerebral hypoxia results in generation of nitric oxide (NO) free radicals by Ca⁺⁺-dependent activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The present study tests the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced increased expression of nNOS in cortical neurons is mediated by NO. To test this hypothesis the cellular distribution of nNOS was determined immunohistochemically in the cerebral cortex of hypoxic newborn piglets with and without prior exposure to the selective nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole sodium (7-NINA). Studies were conducted in newborn piglets, divided into normoxic (n = 6), normoxic treated with 7-NINA (n = 6), hypoxic (n = 6) and hypoxic pretreated with 7-NINA (n = 6). Hypoxia was induced by lowering the FiO₂ to 0.05–0.07 for 1 h. Cerebral tissue hypoxia was documented by decrease of ATP and phosphocreatine levels in both the hypoxic and 7-NINA pretreated hypoxic groups (P < 0.01). An increase in the number of nNOS immunoreactive neurons was observed in the frontal and parietal cortex of the hypoxic as compared to the normoxic groups (P < 0.05) which was attenuated by pretreatment with 7-NINA (P < 0.05 versus hypoxic). 7-NINA affected neither the cerebral energy metabolism nor the cellular distribution of nNOS in the cerebral cortex of normoxic animals. We conclude that nNOS expression in cortical neurons of hypoxic newborn piglets is NO-mediated. We speculate that nNOS inhibition by 7-NINA will protect against hypoxia-induced NO-mediated neuronal death.     

锌对急性缺氧小鼠海马NOS和nNOS水平的影响

目的：观察锌对急性缺氧小鼠海马一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）和神经元型一氧化氮合酶（neuronal NOS,nNOS）阳性神经元的影响,以探讨锌抗脑缺氧的作用机制。方法：复制小鼠急性缺氧模型,采用NADPH-d组织化学和nNOS免疫组织化学方法,研究给锌组和不给锌组急性缺氧小鼠海马各分区NOS和nNOS阳性神经元数量的变化。结果：给锌组比不给锌组小鼠缺氧耐受时间显著延长,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;海马及其CA1区NOS和nNOS阳性神经元的数量明显减少,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：急性缺氧时锌通过减少海马NoS和nNOS水平而发挥其抗脑缺氧作用。     

缺氧对大鼠大脑皮质细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ、Ⅳ表达协同性的影响

本文探讨缺氧对细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome oxidase,COX,即complexⅣ）的mtDNA和nDNA编码亚基Ⅰ,Ⅳ表达及其协同性的影响。实验用成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组,缺氧2,5,15和30d组,缺氧大鼠于低压舱内模拟海拔5000m连续减压,对照组大鼠于舱外同时喂养（舱外海拔高度为300m)。用半定量逆转录-PCR法测定大脑皮质COXⅠ,ⅣmRNA量,用Western blot分析大脑皮质线粒体COXⅠ,Ⅳ蛋白量,以两个亚基的蛋白量,mRNA量的比值反映亚基表达的协同性,结果显示,缺氧2,5d,COXⅠmRNA增加,缺氧15,30d时下降至对照水平,缺氧2,5和15d时,COXⅣmRNA显著增加,缺氧30d时降低,与对照组差异非常显著。COXⅣ,ⅠmRNA比值在缺氧15d时最高,其它各缺氧组与对照组的差异无显著意义。各组COXⅠ,Ⅳ蛋白量及其比值均无显著差异。上述结果表明,缺氧可影响COXⅠ,ⅣmRNA的表达及其协同性,但对蛋白的表达及其协同性没有显著影响,提示转录后调节是缺氧过程中线粒体内COXⅠ,Ⅳ蛋白表达协同的主要机制。     

Dynamic regulation of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) gene expression in the rat brain following single and repeated cocaine administration

Administration of drugs of abuse can produce long-lasting effects on brain function, which involve modifications at neurotransmitter level as well as changes in proteins important for structural alterations of selected brain regions. The contribution of trophic factors in these events has so far been underestimated. Here, we demonstrate that a single cocaine injection selectively up-regulated fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) mRNA levels in the striatum and prefrontal cortex within 2 h, an effect that vanished by 24 h. However, prolonged exposure (5 or 14 days) to cocaine treatment produced an enduring elevation of FGF-2 mRNA levels that was evident 72 h after the last injection in the prefrontal cortex and could even persist for 14 days in the striatum, raising the possibility that cocaine treatment primes the brain, resulting in longer-lasting FGF-2 up-regulation in regions that are highly innervated by dopaminergic projections. The expression of FGF-2 was also significantly increased in the midbrain following acute or 5-day injection, suggesting that modulation of FGF-2 biosynthesis in dopamine-producing cells occurs only during early stages of cocaine exposure. Our results point to important mechanistic conclusions as to how cocaine alters FGF-2 expression. Whereas cocaine-induced changes in FGF-2 gene expression following a single injection could be ascribed to increased release of transmitters (mainly dopamine), enhanced FGF-2 gene expression following repeated administration identifies the trophic factor as part of the adaptive changes set in motion by cocaine.     

Distribution of stomatin expressing in the central nervous system and its up-regulation in cerebral cortex of rat by hypoxia

Stomatin is an important membrane raft protein which can combine skeleton protein, some ion channel, and transporter to regulate their functions. However, until now no data on its expression and function in CNS are available. In this study, we examined distribution of stomatin in CNS of rat, and investigated the effects of hypoxia exposure and glucocorticoid on stomatin expression in cerebral cortex of rat. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a broad expression of stomatin protein in many areas of adult rat brain and spinal cord, including the ventral horn of spinal cord, causal magnocellular nucleus of hypothalamus, the V layer of the cerebral cortex, solitary nucleus, 10 and 12 nuclei, and so on. Hypoxia or ischemic hypoxia significantly up-regulated stomatin expression in cerebral cortex, and the up-regulation was independent on adrenocortical steroids since it also occurred in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Moreover, treatment of ADX or sham-operated rats with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid alone could significantly stimulate expression of stomatin in lung and heart, but not in cerebral cortex. However, dexamethasone could enhance the hypoxia-stimulated expression of stomatin in cerebral cortex of ADX rats. These findings suggested that stomatin might be involved in various physiological functions and cellular events of neurons in CNS under physiological conditions and play a potential protective role under hypoxic conditions.     

Brain adaptation to chronic hypobaric hypoxia in rats.

Rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (0.5 atm) for up to 3 wk. Hypoxic rats failed to gain weight but maintained normal brain water and ion content. Blood hematocrit was increased by 48% to a level of 71% after 3 wk of hypoxia compared with littermate controls. Brain blood flow was increased by an average of 38% in rats exposed to 15 min of 10% normobaric oxygen and by 23% after 3 h but was not different from normobaric normoxic rats after 3 wk of hypoxia. Sucrose space, as a measure of brain plasma volume, was not changed under any hypoxic conditions. The mean brain microvessel density was increased by 76% in the frontopolar cerebral cortex, 46% in the frontal motor cortex, 54% in the frontal sensory cortex, 65% in the parietal motor cortex, 68% in the parietal sensory cortex, 68% in the hippocampal CA1 region, 57% in the hippocampal CA3 region, 26% in the striatum, and 56% in the cerebellum. The results indicate that hypoxia elicits three main responses that affect brain oxygen availability. The acute effect of hypoxia is an increase in regional blood flow, which returns to control levels on continued hypoxic exposure. Longer-term effects of continued moderate hypoxic exposure are erythropoiesis and a decrease in intercapillary distance as a result of angiogenesis. The rise in hematocrit and the increase in microvessel density together increase oxygen availability to the brain to within normal limits, although this does not imply that tissue PO2 is restored to normal.