不同转移潜能膀胱癌细胞糖组相对定量分析

膀胱癌是发生在膀胱黏膜组织上的一种恶性肿瘤,是泌尿系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤,早期(非肌层浸润型膀胱癌)阶段的诊断和治疗是降低膀胱癌死亡率的最有效方式.肿瘤的发生过程与糖链表达的改变有着密切的关系,而定量分析膀胱癌发生过程中糖链的表达变化尚未有研究.本研究以2株人膀胱正常上皮细胞系(HCV29、HUCV1),1株非肌层浸润性膀胱癌细胞系(KK47),和3株浸润性膀胱癌细胞系(YTS1、J82、T24)为研究材料,应用本室建立的利用乙酰肼修饰糖链唾液酸,以及[12C6]-和[13C6]-苯胺同位素修饰糖链还原性末端技术,然后利用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS),进行膀胱上皮细胞不同病理状态的糖组相对定量分析.从6株细胞中共鉴定出52种N-连接糖链结构,并定量分析了不同类型的糖链在不同细胞中的分布差异,发现唾液酸化、岩藻糖化的N-连接糖链在膀胱癌肿瘤细胞恶化过程中呈现显著升高的趋势,同时平分型糖链和高甘露糖型N-连接糖链也呈表达升高趋势,说明这些糖链结构的表达变化与膀胱癌发生关系密切,从而有助于进一步阐明膀胱癌发生过程中糖链相关的分子机理.     

H7N2禽流感病毒HA的分离纯化及其糖链谱研究

血凝素(HA)是位于流感病毒囊膜表面的一种Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,是流感病毒结合宿主细胞表面受体,介导病毒入胞的关键分子,也是中和抗体以及疫苗研制的重要靶标.HA表面糖基化与病毒毒力、感染宿主范围等密切相关,且其表面糖链变化会影响其结构与功能.然而目前关于流感病毒HA糖基化的研究主要集中在其糖基化位点上,而对于HA上详细的糖链结构知之甚少.本文应用禽流感病毒特异识别的唾液酸糖链(SAα2-3Gal)受体,制备特异的糖链磁性微粒复合物,进而从H7N2禽流感病毒中分离纯化HA,并采用SDS-PAGE及质谱技术进行鉴定.确定提取物系HA后,进一步利用凝集素芯片联合质谱技术研究禽流感病毒H7N2的HA表面糖型,结果显示H7N2禽流感病毒HA表面主要含有岩藻糖、半乳糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺、甘露糖、N-乙酰葡糖胺等糖链结构,共获得16个糖链结构较为准确的寡糖,这些糖链可能与HA生物学功能相关.本研究有助于揭示禽流感病毒感染宿主的糖链作用机制,有助于设计制备针对HA相关的糖链疫苗.     

肠道菌群及其代谢产物在糖脂代谢中的作用

短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、氨基酸是肠道菌群的代谢产物。改变饮食结构可使肠道菌群的结构及其代谢产物发生改变,进而影响糖、脂代谢。对肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物的深入研究将为肥胖、非酒精性脂肪性肝病和2型糖尿病的发病机制和治疗提供新的方向。     

视黄酸对人肝癌细胞表面N糖链类型及天线数的影响

本文采用系列凝集素柱层析法,并配合外切糖苷酶处理研究了在视黄酸(RA)作用1—5天过程中人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721细胞表面N糖链结构的变化。结果表明,RA促进3~H-甘露糖(Man)参入细胞表面N糖链,使高甘露糖型N糖链的百分比下降,复杂型百分比上升,并促进二天线N糖链的生物合成,使多天线特别是四天线和C_2,C_(21)b三天线N糖链的合成减少。结果提示,N糖链结构的这些变化可能是RA诱导SMMC-7721细胞向正常方向分化的结果。     

糖生物信息学数据库

糖生物信息学是在糖生物学和糖组学发展的基础上,结合计算机技术,对生命活动过程中,参与糖链及与其相互作用的蛋白质等分子研究所产生的数据进行获取、储存、解析、模拟以及预测等内容的综合学科.糖生物信息学数据库是糖生物信息学发展到一定阶段,对糖组学等研究中产生的数据进行专门储藏与查询的应用工具.目前国际互联网中存在近百个糖生物信息学相关数据库,涉及内容包括糖链结构、参与糖链合成的基因或者蛋白质、糖结合蛋白、代谢通路、糖链或相互作用蛋白质等分子三维结构,或糖组学实验结果等领域.本文将归纳总结糖生物信息学数据库,为现有研究提供帮助.     

应用凝集素芯片检测肝癌细胞膜表面糖链变化

利用凝集素糖链特异亲和原理构建对细胞膜表面糖链进行即时检测的凝集素芯片体系,检测肝癌发生过程中细胞膜糖链的变化.从H22细胞系、正常小鼠和肝癌模型鼠肝组织中提取细胞进行荧光标记,激光扫描仪检测凝集素位点捕获的细胞,根据凝集素特异亲和性确定细胞膜表面糖表达谱,显微镜下观察捕获细胞的形态.对凝集素芯片捕获细胞的最佳条件进行探讨,用甘露糖抑制试验、流式细胞仪和不同血型红细胞验证了凝集素捕获细胞的特异性.结果显示:正常和肝癌小鼠肝细胞膜表面糖链存在较大差异,正常组只有PSA、DSL、STL、NPL凝集素位点捕获到细胞,实验组只有LTL和DBA位点没有捕获到细胞,提示小鼠肝癌组织细胞膜表面糖链显著增加,细胞膜上唾液酸、乙酰葡萄糖、乙酰半乳糖、甘露糖和半乳糖糖链表达增加,这些糖链及其相关糖蛋白可能在肝癌的发生和发展中起一定作用.该凝集素芯片有较好的稳定性和特异性,可以对细胞膜表面糖链进行动态、即时、通量的检测,为研究细胞膜表面聚糖在细胞发育和癌变等过程中的变化提供了一个技术平台.     

链尿佐菌素加高糖高脂饮食复制大鼠2型糖尿病模型

目的链尿佐菌素加高糖高脂饮食诱导大鼠2型糖尿病模型的建立。方法SD雄性大鼠高糖高脂饲料喂养3周后,采血检测空腹血糖及血清胰岛素,按25mg/g体重剂量一次性腹腔内注射链尿佐菌素,3d后,行糖耐量实验,对糖耐量异常大鼠继续喂以高糖高脂饲料,在第2、第4周再两次采血检测糖尿病鼠空腹血糖及血清胰岛素。结果与对照组比较,高糖高脂喂养大鼠血清胰岛素明显上升（P〈0.01）,但血糖无变化（P〉0.05）,糖尿病鼠血糖及血清胰岛素均显著的高于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论高糖高脂喂养能致大鼠明显的高胰岛素血症,辅以小剂量一次性注射链尿佐菌素而造成的糖耐量异常,可成功复制出2型糖尿病大鼠模型。     

人胎盘纤维蛋白N糖链结构研究

分离纯化了人胎盘纤连蛋白,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定为一条带,纯化Ｆｎ仍保持其搞原性,得率为３８．７％。根据植物凝集素识别专一糖链结构的原理,应用斑点印迹法。亲和层析法和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ转移电泳研究糖链结构,结果证实：１．人胎盘Ｆｎ分子中含有复杂Ｎ糖链（包括二天线和大于二天线的结构）以及高甘露糖型和／或杂合型Ｎ糖链;复杂型Ｎ糖糖链中含有平分型ＧｌｃＮＡｃ,糖链末端也可连有唾液酸;２．胰糜蛋白酶水解而获得     

人胎盘纤连蛋白N糖链结构研究

分离纯化了人胎盘纤连蛋白（Ｆｎ）,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定为一条带,纯化Ｆｎ仍保持其搞原性,得率为３８．７％。根据植物凝集素识别专一糖链结构的原理,应用斑点印迹法,亲和层析法和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ转移电泳研究糖链结构,结果证实：１．人胎盘Ｆｎ分子中含有复杂型Ｎ糖链（包括二天线和大于二天线的结构）以及高甘露糖型和／或杂合型Ｎ糖链;复杂型Ｎ糖链中含有平分型ＧｌｃＮＡｃ,糖链末端也可连有唾液酸;２．胰糜蛋白酶水解而获得的明胶结合片段（４４ｋＤ）含有二天线和多天线复杂型糖链,也可接有平分型ＧｌｃＮＡｃ;３．肝素结合片段（３０ｋＤ）以及明胶、肝素均不结合的Ｆｎ片段不含有多天线复杂型Ｎ糖链。     

糖组学在乳腺癌中的研究进展

乳腺癌仍是备受关注的世界性健康问题,在女性人群中有较高的发病率和致死率.蛋白质的糖基化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰,糖基化的改变已被证明与生物学过程密切相关.异常表达的糖链是肿瘤细胞的主要特征之一,对肿瘤的发生、发展,特别是癌细胞的浸润、转移起重要作用.本文从参与调节肿瘤细胞代谢,破坏细胞间黏着,在循环系统中维持肿瘤细胞活性、增强癌细胞与血管内皮细胞黏着及促进血管生成等方面系统阐述了O-连接型N-乙酰葡糖胺、唾液酸化的Lewis抗原、黏蛋白型O-聚糖及包含多聚N-乙酰乳糖胺的β1-6GlcNAc分支型N-糖链等几种异常表达糖链在肿瘤细胞浸润、转移过程中的作用.最后,本文从糖组学角度讨论了与肿瘤相关的异常表达的糖链、糖蛋白、糖基转移酶及针对糖抗原的抗体在乳腺癌临床中的应用前景.     

2型糖尿病相关基因在人和食蟹猴外周血白细胞中的表达模式

2型糖尿病(T2DM)是一种多因素相关的复杂的代谢性疾病。采用实时PCR技术了解51个T2DM相关基因mRNA在健康和糖尿病人/食蟹猴外周血白细胞中的表达模式。结果表明,与健康组相比,糖尿病猴中有34个基因表达量差异显著(P<0.05),约为66.7%,其中24个基因表达上调(P<0.05);而糖尿病人中有26个基因表达量差异显著(P<0.05),约为50.1%,其中16个基因表达上调(P<0.05),这些基因表达受到糖代谢、脂肪代谢、炎症等方面的影响。糖尿病人与食蟹猴样本中有18个基因都存在差异性表达(P<0.05),表达模式基本一致。因此,食蟹猴可以作为研究糖尿病的较理想的模式动物,外周血白细胞基因的表达模式可以为糖尿病早期诊断和预后评价提供重要指标。     

IL-6与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)已成为全世界危害人类健康的主要疾病,且患病率逐年增加.虽然T2DM确切的发病机制尚未完全阐明,但越来越多的证据提示T2DM的发生同炎症密切相关.IL-6是参与炎症反应的重要的细胞因子,研究发现IL-6在T2DM及其并发症的发生发展中起重要的作用.通过阻断炎症因子及其受体的抗炎治疗明显降低糖尿病的发生率或延迟其发展.这将有望给T2DM的防治提供新途径,为临床早发现及治疗提供更多的科学依据.     

N-Glycomic Changes in Serum Proteins in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Correlate with Complications and with Metabolic Syndrome Parameters

Background

Glycosylation, i.e the enzymatic addition of oligosaccharides (or glycans) to proteins and lipids, known as glycosylation, is one of the most common co-/posttranslational modifications of proteins. Many important biological roles of glycoproteins are modulated by N-linked oligosaccharides. As glucose levels can affect the pathways leading to glycosylation of proteins, we investigated whether metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pathological conditions characterized by altered glucose levels, are associated with specific modifications in serum N-glycome.

Methods

We enrolled in the study 562 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (mean age 65.6±8.2 years) and 599 healthy control subjects (CTRs) (mean age, 58.5±12.4 years). N-glycome was evaluated in serum glycoproteins.

Results

We found significant changes in N-glycan composition in the sera of T2DM patients. In particular, α(1,6)-linked arm monogalactosylated, core-fucosylated diantennary N-glycans (NG1(6)A2F) were significantly reduced in T2DM compared with CTR subjects. Importantly, they were equally reduced in diabetic patients with and without complications (P<0.001) compared with CTRs. Macro vascular-complications were found to be related with decreased levels of NG1(6)A2F. In addition, NG1(6)A2F and NG1(3)A2F, identifying, respectively, monogalactosylated N-glycans with α(1,6)- and α(1,3)-antennary galactosylation, resulted strongly correlated with most MS parameters. The plasmatic levels of these two glycans were lower in T2DM as compared to healthy controls, and even lower in patients with complications and MS, that is the extreme “unhealthy” phenotype (T2DM+ with MS).

Conclusions

Imbalance of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and sugar nucleotide donor levels is able to cause the structural changes evidenced by our findings. Serum N-glycan profiles are thus sensitive to the presence of diabetes and MS. Serum N-glycan levels could therefore provide a non-invasive alternative marker for T2DM and MS.     

Feline models of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) closely resembles human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in many respects including clinical, physiological, and pathological features of the disease. These features include age of onset of FDM in middle age, association with obesity, residual but declining insulin secretion, development of islet amyloid deposits, loss of approximately 50% of beta-cell mass, and development of complications in several organ systems including peripheral polyneuropathy and retinopathy. Many of the pathological aspects of the disease are also experimentally inducible, facilitating study of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Physiological aspects of FDM and obesity are also well studied in the cat and provide an excellent basis for comparative studies of human T2DM. The relatively short generation time of cats along with breed predispositions to development of FDM may allow for more rapid screening and identification of genetic markers for diabetes susceptibility. FDM, in both spontaneous and inducible forms, therefore provides a good animal model of human T2DM and may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of this important condition.     

Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated

Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) show remarkable phenotypic changes upon direct contact with soluble products (SPs) of Trichuris suis, a pig whipworm that is experimentally used in therapies to ameliorate inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis. These changes may contribute to the observed induction of a T helper 2 (Th2) response and the suppression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced Th1 and Th17 responses by human DCs primed with T. suis SPs. Here it is demonstrated that glycans of T. suis SPs contribute significantly to the suppression of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression in DCs of a broad variety of cytokines and chemokines, including important pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, lymphotoxin α (LTA), C-C Motif Ligand (CCL)2, C-X-C Motif Ligands (CXCL)9 and CXCL10. In addition, the data show that human DCs strongly bind T. suis SP-glycans via the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) mannose receptor (MR) and DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). The interaction of DCs with T. suis glycans likely involves mannose-type glycans, rather than fucosylated glycans, which differs from DC binding to soluble egg antigens of the human worm parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. In addition, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) recognises T. suis SPs, which may contribute to the interaction with immature DCs or other MGL-expressing immune cells such as macrophages. The interaction of T. suis glycans with CLRs of human DCs may be essential for the ability of T. suis to suppress a pro-inflammatory phenotype of human DCs. The finding that the T. suis-induced modulation of human DC function is glycan-mediated is novel and indicates that helminth glycans contribute to the dampening of inflammation in a wide range of human inflammatory diseases.     

Tau underlies synaptic and cognitive deficits for type 1, but not type 2 diabetes mouse models

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most devastating diseases that currently affects the aging population. Recent evidence indicates that DM is a risk factor for many brain disorders, due to its direct effects on cognition. New findings have shown that the microtubule‐associated protein tau is pathologically processed in DM; however, it remains unknown whether pathological tau modifications play a central role in the cognitive deficits associated with DM. To address this question, we used a gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function approach to modulate tau levels in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mouse models. Our study demonstrates that tau differentially contributes to cognitive and synaptic deficits induced by DM. On one hand, overexpressing wild‐type human tau further exacerbates cognitive and synaptic impairments induced by T1DM, as human tau mice treated under T1DM conditions show robust deficits in learning and memory processes. On the other hand, neither a reduction nor increase in tau levels affects cognition in T2DM mice. Together, these results shine new light onto the different molecular mechanisms that underlie the cognitive and synaptic impairments associated with T1DM and T2DM.     

The complex role of Wnt ligands in type 2 diabetes mellitus and related complications

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the major chronic diseases, whose prevalence is increasing dramatically worldwide and can lead to a range of serious complications. Wnt ligands (Wnts) and their activating Wnt signalling pathways are closely involved in the regulation of various processes that are important for the occurrence and progression of T2DM and related complications. However, our understanding of their roles in these diseases is quite rudimentary due to the numerous family members of Wnts and conflicting effects via activating the canonical and/or non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the expression pattern and exact role of each human Wnt in T2DM and related complications, including Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt5b, Wnt6, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt9a, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, Wnt10b, Wnt11 and Wnt16. Moreover, the role of main antagonists (sFRPs and WIF-1) and coreceptor (LRP6) of Wnts in T2DM and related complications and main challenges in designing Wnt-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases are discussed. We hope a deep understanding of the mechanistic links between Wnt signalling pathways and diabetic-related diseases will ultimately result in a better management of these diseases.     

2型糖尿病易感候选基因在世界不同人群中的多样性比较分析

近10年来兴起的全基因组关联分析（Genome-wide association study, GWAS）相关研究结果获得了大量与2型糖尿病相关的候选易感基因,了解这些候选基因在正常人群中的遗传多样性程度以及在不同人群间的遗传差异,不但有助于阐明2型糖尿病的遗传机理,而且对于今后在特定人群中进行2型糖尿病发病机制的深入研究具有指导意义。本研究通过对GWAS数据库和相关文献的搜索和整理确定了170个与2型糖尿病相关的基因或基因区域;随后基于千人基因组计划的全基因组测序数据对这些候选基因在世界范围内14个人群间的遗传多样性进行了比较分析;进一步确定了在人群间存在显著差异的易感基因,并分析了这些基因的多样性特征。在所研究的14个世界人群中,2型糖尿病候选易感基因的遗传多样性与基因组范围的平均水平没有显著差异;但其中8个易感基因IL20RA、RNMTL1-NXN、NOTCH2、ADRA2A-BTBD7P2、TBC1D4、RBM38-HMGB1P1、UBE2E2和PPARD在群体间呈现显著差异,其中最明显的是IL20RA基因 (FST=0.152),该易感基因在非洲人群和非非洲人群间存在显著等位基因频率和单倍型频率差异。14个人群中易感基因遗传结构差异的主要原因是由于非洲人群与非非洲人群之间的群体遗传结构的不同所造成的。进一步比较东西方人群间的2型糖尿病候选基因遗传结构差异,发现在东西方人群中同样存在明显的群体遗传结构差别,其中DGKB-AGMO(FST=0.173)和JAZF1(FST=0.182)是差异最显著的易感基因。本研究通过对群体间2型糖尿病易感基因遗传结构进行比较,鉴别出一些差异特别显著的易感基因,对今后2型糖尿病易感基因与不同人群间发病率和易感性差异的相关研究提供重要参考。     

2型糖尿病易感基因的连锁和关联研究

2型糖尿病（T2DM）是由于胰岛素抵抗和β细胞分泌缺陷导致高血糖的一种复杂多基因疾病。遗传因素在T2DM的发生发展中起着重要的作用,其遗传率估计为70％～80％。鉴定2型糖尿病基因将有助于阐明其发病机制,发展更好的诊断、预防和治疗策略。2型糖尿病易感基因的鉴定方法主要有候选基因关联研究和全基因组连锁分析。有3种类型的候选基因：功能候选基因、图位候选基因和表达候选基因。虽然许多候选基因与T2DM的关联分析已经进行,但多数都没有得到一致的重复,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受-γ,体和β-细胞ATP敏感性钾通道基因是目前最好重复的基因。迄今为止,T2DM的全基因组扫描已在20多个不同的群体中进行,包括欧洲人、美国白人、墨西哥裔美国人、美国本地印度人、非洲裔美国人和亚洲人,这些研究鉴定了一些与T2DM相关的QTLs区域。与T2DM显著和证实连锁的区域包括1q25、2q37．3q28、3p24、6q22、8p23、10q26、12q24、18p11、20q13等,与T2DM提示连锁的区域有1q42、2p21、2q24、4q34、5q13、5q31、7q32、9p24、9q21、10p14、11p13、11q13、12q15、14q23、20p12、Xq23等。鉴定这些区域的T2DMQTLs基因及其作用机制是未来的主要挑战。把DNA微阵列和蛋白质组学技术结合起来应用于传统的连锁分析和关联研究,研究基因-基因间、基因-环境间的互作和多个基因对T2DM的加性效应和综合作用,进一步加强国际协作,T2DM的遗传机制可望在不远的将来得到阐明。本文总结了2型糖尿病基因鉴定的现状,重点在一些得到重复的区域和未来的展望。     

Clinical relevance of epigenetics in the onset and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Epigenetics is involved in the altered expression of gene networks that underlie insulin resistance and insufficiency. Major genes controlling β-cell differentiation and function, such as PAX4, PDX1, and GLP1 receptor, are epigenetically controlled. Epigenetics can cause insulin resistance through immunomediated pro-inflammatory actions related to several factors, such as NF-kB, osteopontin, and Toll-like receptors. Hereafter, we provide a critical and comprehensive summary on this topic with a particular emphasis on translational and clinical aspects. We discuss the effect of epigenetics on β-cell regeneration for cell replacement therapy, the emerging bioinformatics approaches for analyzing the epigenetic contribution to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the epigenetic core of the transgenerational inheritance hypothesis in T2DM, and the epigenetic clinical trials on T2DM. Therefore, prevention or reversion of the epigenetic changes occurring during T2DM development may reduce the individual and societal burden of the disease.