Profiling and Elucidation of the Phenolic Compounds in the Aerial Parts of Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata Collected from Different Chinese Origins

Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata are not only known to be nutritive as cultured vegetables, but also beneficial as folk medicines in East Asia. As demonstrated by the current phytochemical knowledge, the genus Gynura is a promising source of phenolics with multiple medicinal activities. To expand this phytochemical knowledge, the phenolic secondary metabolites of G. bicolor and G. divaricata were studied. From the aerial parts of these two species, collected in five different Chinese locations, two fractions of phenolic compounds with different polarity were obtained by extraction and chromatographic separation. Using UPLC/MS/MS analysis, a total of 53 phenolics were either identified by comparison with respective reference compounds or tentatively characterized by their chromatographic behavior, UV‐absorption patterns, and MS fragmentations. Some naturally existing positional isomers of O‐caffeoylquinic acid, O‐p‐coumaroylquinic acid, O‐feruloylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid as well as their methyl esters were qualitatively characterized by their specific fragmentation patterns in targeted MS/MS. In addition, the aerial parts of the two Gynura species contained kaempferol, quercetin oligoglycosides, and a variety of derivatives of benzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and caffeic acid. Furthermore, the distribution of phenolic compounds in the two species from different Chinese origins was discussed. Finally, an investigation of the total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of the various phenolic fractions was completed, to evaluate the potential of the extracts of these species for medicinal development. The free‐radical‐scavenging activities of the extracts derived from plants originating from Nanjing were proven to be higher than those of the other extracts, which correlated well with their total phenolic content.     

白背三七叶中吡咯里西啶生物碱的LC—MS^n检测

广泛分布于植物中的吡咯里西啶生物碱（pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs）由具有双稠吡咯啶环的氨基醇与不同有机酸缩合而成,醇部分为裂碱（necine）,酸部分为裂酸（necicacid）。以裂碱的结构可划分为2种类型,即倒千里光裂碱型（retronecine—type,RET型）和奥托千里光裂碱型（otonecinetype,OTO型）。     

Quantification of Anti‐Addictive Alkaloids Ibogaine and Voacangine in In Vivo‐ and In Vitro‐Grown Plants of Two Mexican Tabernaemontana Species

Tabernaemontana alba and Tabernaemontana arborea are Apocynaceae species used in Mexican traditional medicine for which little phytochemical information exists. In this study, preliminary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of different organs obtained from wild plants of both species identified a total of 10 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) and one simple indole alkaloid, nine of which were reported for the first time in these species. Furthermore, callus cultures were established from T. alba leaf explants and regeneration of whole plants was accomplished via somatic embryogenesis. The anti‐addictive MIAs ibogaine and voacangine were then quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection in wild plants of both species, as well as greenhouse‐grown plants, in vitro‐grown plantlets and embryogenic callus of T. alba. Ibogaine and voacangine were present in most samples taken from the whole plants of both species, with stem and root barks showing the highest concentrations. No alkaloids were detected in callus samples. It was concluded that T. alba and T. arborea are potentially viable sources of ibogaine and voacangine, and that these MIAs can be produced through somatic embryogenesis and whole plant regeneration of T. alba. Approaches to increase MIA yields in whole plants and to achieve alkaloid production directly in cell cultures are discussed.     

Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oils from Spain: Determination of Composition,Antioxidant Capacity,Antienzymatic, and Antimicrobial Bioactivities

Four essential oils (EO s) from Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Spain (Murcia Province) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC /MS ) to determine their relative and absolute compositions. The main components were α ‐thujone (22.8 – 41.7%), camphor (10.7 – 19.8%), 1,8‐cineole (4.7 – 15.6%), and β ‐thujone (6.1 – 15.6%). Enantioselective gas chromatography identified (?)‐α ‐thujone and (+)‐camphor as the main enantiomers in all the analyzed EO s. Furthermore, when the EO s were tested to determine their antioxidant activity against free radicals and as ferric reducing and ferrous chelating agents, all were seen to have moderate activity due to the compounds they contained, such as linalool or terpinene. Because of their known relation with inflammatory illnesses and Alzheimer 's disease, respectively, the inhibition of lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase was studied using the EO s. Some individual compounds also inhibited these enzymes. In addition, the studied EO s were able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans . The characterization carried out increases our awareness of the possible uses of S . officinalis EO as natural additives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.     

Taxonomic Characterization and Experimental Host Ranges of Four Newly Recorded Species of Alternaria from Japan

Alternaria fungi are important plant pathogens. Here, we identified three species new to the Japanese mycoflora: Alternaria celosiae, Alternaria crassa and Alternaria petroselini. We proposed a new name for A. celosiae (E.G. Simmons & Holcomb) Lawrence, Park & Pryor, a later homonym of A. celosiae (Tassi) O. S?vul. To characterize these and a fourth morphological taxon, Alternaria alstroemeriae, which was recently added to Japan's mycoflora, an integrated species concept was tested. We determined the host range of each isolate using inoculation tests and analysed its phylogenetic position using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA. The pathogenicity of our A. alstroemeriae isolate was strictly limited to Alstroemeria sp. (Alstroemeriaceae), but the species was phylogenetically indistinguishable from other small‐spored Alternaria. Alternaria celosiae on Celosia argentea var. plumosa (Amaranthaceae) was also pathogenic to Amaranthus tricolor, to Alternanthera paronychioides and weakly to Gomphrena globosa (all Amaranthaceae) and formed a clade with the former Nimbya celosiae. Alternaria crassa on Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) was also pathogenic to Brugmansia × candida and Capsicum annuum in Solanaceae, but not to other confamilial plants; phylogenetically it belonged to a clade of large‐spored species with filamentous beaks. Morphological similarity, phylogenetic relationship and experimental host range suggested that A. crassa, Alternaria capsici and Alternaria daturicola were conspecific. Alternaria petroselini on Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae) was pathogenic to five species in the tribe Apieae as well as representatives of Bupleureae, Coriandreae, Seliaeae and Scandiceae in Apiaceae. Both phylogeny and morphology suggested conspecificity between A. petroselini and Alternaria selini.     

Five New Alkaloids from the Roots of Sophora flavescens

Five new quinolizidine alkaloids, including three sparteine‐type alkaloids ( 1  –  3 ) and two cytisine‐type alkaloids ( 4 and 5 ), along with four known ones, were isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic techniques including IR, UV, NMR, and HR‐ESI‐MS. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.     

白背三七大孔树脂富集物化学成分及抗氧化活性研究

本文采用HPLC-ESI-MS分析白背三七醇提液经HPD-100树脂富集分离后的黄酮类化合物,并采用化学和生物模型对富集物的抗氧化活性进行研究.实验结果表明该富集物主要黄酮成分为槲皮素和山奈酚的糖苷类化合物,且以山奈酚-3 -O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的含量最高;白背三七醇提液经富集后总黄酮含量提高了6倍.在试验模型中,除螯合能力外,富集后产物抗氧化能力较富集前均有显著提高,说明黄酮类化合物是白背三七抗氧化活性的主要物质基础.     

New Cytotoxic Bibenzyl and Other Constituents from Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae)

A new bibenzyl, 2′‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylbibenzyl ( 1 ) and four known compounds identified as 2′‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybibenzyl ( 2 ), liquiritigenin ( 3 ), guibourtinidol ( 4 ) and fisetinidol ( 5 ) were isolated from the roots of Bauhinia ungulata L. Phytochemical investigations of the stems of B. ungulata led to the isolation of the known compounds identified as liquiritigenin ( 3 ), guibourtinidol ( 4 ), fisetinidol ( 5 ), taraxerol ( 6 ), betulinic acid ( 7 ), taraxerone ( 8 ), glutinol ( 9 ), a mixture of sitosterol ( 10 ) and stigmasterol ( 11 ), pacharin ( 12 ), naringenin ( 13 ) and eriodictyol ( 14 ). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data (IR, MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR). The cytotoxicity of the bibenzyl 1 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing the IC₅₀ values of 4.3 and 6.5 μg ml^?1 against pro‐myelocytic leukemia (HL‐60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP‐2) cell lines, respectively. This article also registers for the first time the ¹³C‐NMR data of the known bibenzyl 2 .     

红凤菜新鲜茎叶中总黄酮提取物的LC-MS分析

红凤菜（Gynura bicolor DC.）为菊科（Compositae）菊三七属（Gynura Cass.）植物,别名血皮菜、观音菜、观音苋、紫背天葵等,主要分布于中国南方各地,全草均可入药[1];也可作为蔬菜食用,在国内多个地区均有栽培和销售。目前已知红凤菜含有黄酮类、酚性酸类、萜类、甾醇类、脂肪酸类、生物碱类及花青素类等[2-7]成分。由于黄酮类成分多具有保护心血管、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、抗氧化、抗炎和抗病毒等作用[8],因此对红凤菜中黄酮类成分的研究具有深度开发价值。     

Elevated CO2 enhances photosynthetic efficiency,ion uptake and antioxidant activity of Gynura bicolor DC. grown in a porous‐tube nutrient delivery system under simulated microgravity

It is well known that plants can grow under space conditions, however, perturbations of many biological phenomena have been highlighted due to the effect of altered gravity and its possible interaction with other factors (e.g., CO₂, ion radiation, etc. Our aim was to test whether elevated CO₂ could provide ‘protection’ to Gynura bicolor against the damaging effects of simulated microgravity (SM) on photosynthesis, ion uptake and antioxidant activity. As compared to G. bicolor grown in ambient CO₂ with no SM (ACO₂), growth and yield of the plants increased under elevated ambient CO₂ with no SM (ECO₂) and decreased under ACO₂+SM, whereas there was no significant effect on ECO₂+SM. Reductions in the content of Chl a, carotenoids and Chl a+b were 17.9%, 20.7% and 17.9% under ACO₂+SM, respectively, but under ECO₂ there was a significant effect on all photosynthetic pigments except Chl b, compared to ACO₂. Photosynthesis was improved under ECO₂ with SM and such an improvement was associated with improved water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. Furthermore, SM caused a reduction in ion absorption rate, except for Ca²⁺, while ECO₂ increased the uptake rate. Finally, the activity of SOD, POD and the content of MDA and H₂O₂ were enhanced under SM treatments and were highest in ACO₂+SM. In contrast, T‐AOC activity and GSH content significantly declined in ACO₂+SM compared to other treatments. These results suggest that ACO₂ is not sufficient to counteract SM impact, but the increase is usually caused by improvement in CO₂ nutrition in ECO₂+SM in comparison with ACO₂+SM.     

Invasive submerged freshwater macrophytes are more plastic in their response to light intensity than to the availability of free CO2 in air‐equilibrated water

相似文献   

Pyrrole Derivatives and Diterpene Alkaloids from the South China Sea Sponge Agelas nakamurai

Two pairs of new non‐brominated racematic pyrrole derivatives, (±)‐nakamurine D ( 1 ) and (±)‐nakamurine E ( 2 ), two new diterpene alkaloids, isoagelasine C ( 16 ) and isoagelasidine B ( 21 ), together with 13 known pyrrole derivatives ((±)‐ 3  –  15 ), five known diterpene alkaloids ( 17  –  20 , 22 ) were isolated from the South China Sea sponge Agelas nakamurai . The racemic mixtures, compounds 1  –  4 , were resolved into four pairs of enantiomers, (+)‐ 1 and (?)‐ 1 , (+)‐ 2 and (?)‐ 2 , (+)‐ 3 and (?)‐ 3 , and (+)‐ 4 and (?)‐ 4 , by chiral HPLC . The structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, quantitative measurements of molar rotations, application of van't Hoff 's principle of optical superposition, and comparison with the literature data. The NMR and MS data of compound 3 are reported for the first time, as the structure was listed in SciFinder Scholar with no associated reference. These non‐brominated pyrrole derivatives were found in this species for the first time. Compound 18 showed valuable cytotoxicities against HL ‐60, K562, and HCT ‐116 cell lines with IC ₅₀ values of 12.4, 16.0, and 19.8 μm , respectively. Compounds 16  –  19 , 21 , and 22 showed potent antifungal activities against Candida albicans with MIC values ranging from 0.59 to 4.69 μg/ml. Compounds 16  –  19 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities against Proteusbacillus vulgaris (MIC values ranging from 9.38 to 18.75 μg/ml).     

Biocontrol of Late Blight Disease (Phytophthora capsici) of Pepper and the Plant Growth Promotion by Paenibacillus ehimensis KWN38

For field application of a bacterial strain used to control Phythophthora capsici, we will need a biologically and economically efficient carrier medium. The known antagonist Paenibacillus ehimensisKWN38 was grown in a grass medium where it showed high antifungal and lytic enzyme activities. To demonstrate the potential of P. ehimensisKWN38 for biocontrol of late blight disease in pepper, pot trials were conducted by treating the 1‐month‐old plants with water (W), a selected grass medium (G3), G plus P. ehimensisKWN38 inoculation (G3P) or synthetic fungicide (F). The shoot dry weight in G3P was higher than that in W and F treatments at 15 days after zoospore infection (DZI). The root dry weight in G3P was also higher than that in W. The root mortality of G3 and W increased over 58 and 80% at 15 DZI, and some plants in those treatments wilted due to the failure of root physiology. The plants in G3P and F survived well because of their better root health conditions. Soil cellulase activity of G3P was consistently higher than that of W and F at earlier observation times (0, 2 and 6 DZI). The root β‐1,3‐glucanase activity of G3P promptly increased to maximum shortly after zoospore infection and reached the maximum value of 51.12 unit g^?1 of fresh weight at 2 DZI. All these results indicate that inoculation of P. ehimensisKWN38 to the root zone of potted pepper plants increases plant growth, root and soil enzyme activities and alleviates the root death caused by infection with P. capsici zoospores.     

Variation in Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds of Curcuma kwangsiensis Collected from Natural Habitats

The chemical compositions of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Curcuma kwangsiensis rhizomes collected from six natural habitats in P. R. China were evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty‐seven components were identified from the six EOs, and their main constituents were 8,9‐dehydro‐9‐formyl‐cycloisolongifolene (2.37 – 42.59%), germacrone (6.53 – 22.20%), and l ‐camphor (0.19 – 6.12%). The six EOs exhibited different DPPH radical‐scavenging activities (IC₅₀, 2.24 – 31.03 μg/ml), with the activity of most of EOs being much higher than that of Trolox C (IC₅₀, 10.49 μg/ml) and BHT (IC₅₀, 54.13 μg/ml). Most EOs had potent antimicrobial effects against the tested bacteria and fungus. They also exhibited cytotoxicity against B16 (IC₅₀, 4.44 – 147.4 μg/ml) and LNCaP cells (IC₅₀, 73.94 – 429.25 μg/ml). The EOs showed excellent anti‐inflammatory action by significantly downregulating expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase‐2, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. This study provides insight into the interrelation among growth location, phytoconstituents, and bioactivities, and the results indicate the potential of C. kwangsiensis as natural nutrients, medicines, and others additives.     

菊三七属植物化学成分及药理作用的研究进展

菊科菊三七属植物中含有生物碱类、黄酮类、香豆素类、三萜类、甾体类及其皂苷、倍半萜类、酚酸类、脑苷脂类等化学成分,具有良好的止血、降血糖、降血压、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗凝血等药理活性。可见,该属植物化学成分丰富,药理活性多样,极具药用及食用保健价值。本文就近年来菊三七属植物的化学成分和药理作用研究进展作一综述。     

Variations in the Bioactive Compounds Composition and Biological Activities of Loofah (Luffa cylindrica) Fruits in Relation to Maturation Stages

The present work aimed to determine the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of Luffa cylindrica fruits collected at two different maturation stages and to identify and compare their functional components composition. The MeOH extracts of L. cylindrica fruits harvested at 60 – 65 days after seeding (S1) and 85 – 90 days after seeding (S2) were investigated for their antioxidant activity using various assays. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of the extracts against HeLa human cervical cancer cells was explored with xCELLigence real time cell analyzer, while the effect of the samples on the membrane integrity of the same cell line was assessed using LDH cytotoxicity leakage assay. Ultimately, the phytochemicals were analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC/TOF‐MS. The S1 sample had higher contents and more diversity in the phenolic compounds composition than S2. Furthermore, the S1 extract showed the highest antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, while the S2 extract had higher cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells. The findings revealed that the time of harvest has a big impact on the phytochemicals content and activity and that harvesting L. cylindrica at an early stage before the beginning of the development of the cellulose fibrous system is recommended for a rich phytochemical composition and efficient antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.     

Chemical Composition,Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activities of Flowers Essential Oils of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. from Martinique Island

Alpinia species, used as ornamental plants and flavoring agents, are renowned for their therapeutic properties and their subsequent use in traditional medicines throughout the world. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers .) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm . is the most common Alpinia species encountered in Martinique. Several essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of A. zerumbet flowers collected in various locations on the island at different seasons were analysed to evaluate the influence of the collection period and area on the EOs’ chemical compositions and to assess their bioactivity. A combination of GC‐FID and GC/MS techniques was used to examine the volatile constituents, leading to the identification of a total of 71 components accounting for 97.8 – 99.3% of the respective total GC‐FID areas: among them, nineteen compounds were characterized for the first time in A. zerumbet EOs. The antimicrobial activity of these EOs was assessed against eight bacterial, yeast and fungal strains and two multi‐resistant strains: some significant bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities of A. zerumbet flower oils were evidenced. Finally, an interesting insecticidal activity of the flower EO was highlighted for the first time against Aedes aegypti.     

Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Dyssodia tagetiflora Lag.

While plants of the genus Dyssodia are used by man to a certain extent, few phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been performed with species of this genus. D. tagetiflora is an endemic plant of Mexico and has been used as fodder. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify the main bioactive components and evaluate the insecticidal, antioxidant, genotoxic and cytoprotective activities of D. tagetiflora. The isolated substances included an essential oil composed of six monoterpenes, and extracts containing two flavonols, three flavonol‐glycosides and four thiophenes. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, including GC/MS, MS and NMR. The essential oil showed insecticidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The methanolic extract of D. tagetiflora (DTME) had strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals; DTME showed no evidence of genotoxic or cytotoxic effects. In contrast, DTME showed a cytoprotective effect attenuating the formation of H₂O₂‐induced micronuclei in Vicia faba roots. This report is the first to describe the phytochemical and biological activity of D. tagetiflora.     

New Resorcinol Derivatives from a Sponge‐Derived Fungus Hansfordia sinuosae

Ten new resorcinol derivatives named hansfordiols A – J ( 1  –  10 ) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the sponge‐derived fungus Hansfordia sinuosae. High resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and NMR techniques were used to elucidate the structures of these compounds, and the absolute configurations were established by the modified Mosher's method and their specific optical rotation. The structures of compounds 8  –  10 were featured with various chlorination at aromatic rings. Their antioxidant activities on ABTS, cytotoxicity on the HCT‐8, Bel‐7402, BGC‐823, A549, and A2780 cell lines, and antibacterial activities were evaluated.     

Four New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii

Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and an important source of clinical drugs, of which the parent and lateral roots are known as ‘Chuanwu’ and ‘Fuzi’, respectively. Four new C₁₉‐diterpenoid alkaloids, carmichasines A – D ( 1 – 4 ), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, together with twelve known compounds ( 5 – 16 ). Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐ESI‐MS, IR, and NMR. Carmichasine A ( 1 ) is the first natural C₁₉‐diterpenoid alkaloid possessing a cyano group. Most of the diterpenoid alkaloids isolated were C₁₉‐category, which might provide further clues for understanding the chemotaxonomic significance of this plant. The cytotoxicity of the new compounds was also investigated against several human cancer cell lines, including MCF‐7, HCT116, A549, and 786‐0, and none of them showed considerable cytotoxic activity.