C2C12成肌细胞诱导肌性分化过程中miR-101a的表达

以C2C12成肌细胞为模型,在分化培养基中诱导C2C12建立体外肌性细胞分化模型.以poly (A)3′-端加尾和实时定量PCR方法研究miR-101a在C2C12细胞分化过程中的表达情况.结果发现,在细胞转入分化培养基进行肌性分化的1-5 d中,miR-101a的表达量逐渐增加,提示miR-101a可能在肌肉发生中发挥调控作用.     

Egr1对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12分化的影响

早期生长反应蛋白1(early growth response protein 1,Egr1)作为转录因子在细胞增殖、分化及凋亡等许多生物学过程中都扮演着重要角色,但是其对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12分化的影响尚不明确。该研究采用Western blot和免疫荧光技术检测Egr1在C2C12细胞分化过程中的表达规律及定位。利用CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9技术分别激活和抑制Egr1的表达,进而探讨Egr1对C2C12细胞分化的影响。结果显示,随着C2C12细胞分化的进行,Egr1的表达量在分化的第5 d达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势。Egr1表达定位于C2C12的细胞核与细胞质中,随着分化的进行,其在细胞核和细胞质中的表达量均显著升高。分别激活或抑制Egr1后,C2C12细胞肌管融合率以及肌肉分化标志分子肌细胞生成蛋白(myogenin,MYOG)和肌球蛋白重链2(myosin heavy chain 2,MYH2)水平均显著增加或降低。该研究结果表明,Egr1能够促进体外小鼠成肌细胞C2C12的分化。     

人Sema4C重组腺病毒载体的构建及其在小鼠成肌细胞系C2C12中的表达

利用Ad5腺病毒载体系统构建人Sema4C基因重组腺病毒表达载体并在成肌细胞系C2C12中表达,并初步探讨Sema4C基因在成肌发育过程中的可能作用。利用脂质体介导重组腺病毒载体转染HEK293细胞,包装出完整的腺病毒;将重组腺病毒载体感染C2C12成肌细胞后,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现12h即有绿色荧光表达,24h后绿色荧光蛋白表达最强;流式细胞仪检测病毒的感染效率几乎达100%。WB检测结果表明感染重组腺病毒载体组C2C12细胞Sema4C蛋白的表达量明显高于空载体对照组（P<0.01）。为了进一步观察Sema4C基因对C2C12细胞增殖分化的影响,流式细胞仪检测了病毒感染48h后C2C12细胞的增殖指数,并对感染后诱导分化的C2C12细胞的分化情况进行了观察。我们的结果首次表明,过表达外源性人Sema4C基因不仅能使C2C12细胞的G0/G1期比例增加,细胞的增殖指数下降,同时在分化培养条件下还能促进C2C12细胞肌管的形成。     

猪脂肪前体细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因的表达模式

本实验采用胶原酶消化法分离猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,用含850 nmol/L 胰岛素和50 nmol/L地塞米松的诱导培养液进行诱导,采用油红O提取法测定了细胞中的甘油三酯含量,同时采用实时定量RT-PCR方法检测了细胞分化过程中聚脂相关基因的表达.结果显示:转录因子PPAR γ和C/EBP β在诱导后12 h即迅速表达,SREBP-1 mRNA表达水平在诱导后12 h出现显著下调,随后逐渐升高,96 h达到最高水平;脂肪合成相关酶基因GPDH、FAS、ACC和LPL呈现出与SREBP-1相似的表达模式;脂肪酸转运相关基因aP2、FAT、FATP1与VLDLR的表达量随着细胞分化过程的延长而不断增加,并且与细胞内甘油三酯的含量变化高度相关.本实验结果表明,PPAR γ、C/EBP β和SREBP-1可能是调控猪脂肪前体细胞分化的关键转录因子.猪皮下脂肪组织在聚脂过程中,在分化早期可能以脂肪细胞自身合成脂肪酸为主,而后期则主要依赖细胞外脂肪酸的跨膜转运.这些结果可能有助于揭示脂肪细胞的分化调控规律.     

白肉灵芝水提物促进PC-12细胞分化作用研究

评价白肉灵芝促进PC-12细胞分化效果,并探索作用机制。采用体外培养未分化PC-12细胞,观察其在白肉灵芝水提物诱导下突起生长情况,结合免疫荧光染色计算分化率,通过加入细胞分化作用中关键节点特异性抑制剂探索作用机制。在设定范围内,白肉灵芝水提物处理组分化细胞明显多于对照组,且浓度为200μg/m L时效果最佳,分化比例8.73±0.91%。添加TrkA、MEK/ERK1/2和PI3K/Akt的抑制剂,能显著降低白肉灵芝水提物处理组分化细胞数目。白肉灵芝水提物通过增强TrkA、MEK/ERK1/2和PI3K/Akt通路能有效促进PC-12细胞分化,具有神经保护功能。     

原红细胞在体外EPO诱导下的增殖分化特征

目的 系统了解小鼠红细胞终末分化过程中细胞增殖和分化的动力学。方法选用FVA细胞模型,利用密度梯度离心的方法从感染Friend致贫血病毒(anemia-inducing strain of Ffiend virus,FVA)的小鼠脾脏中分离出同步的原始阶段红细胞(FVA细胞)。通过研究EPO诱导下细胞的生长曲线,^3H-TdR掺入率以及细胞分化过程中β-珠蛋白(β-globin)基因的表达和血红蛋白合成的时空关系,分析FVA细胞在体外EPO诱导分化过程中增殖及分化的特性。结果 FVA细胞在EN3诱导早期生长旺盛,诱导24小时细胞数量达高峰,为0时的4倍;^3H-TdR掺入在诱导后12小时达高峰;从诱导后12小时开始有β-globin基因的转录,在24小时达高峰,随后减低;从18小时开始出现血红蛋白,至48小时,几乎全部细胞都表达大量血红蛋白。结论 本研究结果阐明了FVA细胞在体外EPO诱导下增殖及分化的动力学,为利用FVA细胞模型研究红细胞终末分化的机理提供了有用的基础信息。     

产HBsAg CHO细胞无血清培养研究

在分析CHO C2 8细胞对培养基中氨基酸利用的基础上 ,对DMEM培养基进行初步优化。再采用统计学正交分析方法 ,在初步优化的DMEM培养基中添加胰岛素、转铁蛋白等促细胞生长因子 ,建立了一种适于CHO C2 8细胞持续用无血清培养基———CHO C2 8 SFM。经转瓶维持实验 ,在CHO C2 8 SFM中维持培养的细胞 ,其乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBsAg)表达水平达到用含 5 %FBS培养液维持的 70 %～ 80 % ,但纯化收率提高 1 0 %以上 ,可用于大规模生产。     

墨兰的无菌播种和植株再生

墨兰的无菌播种结果发现,在不添加细胞分裂素的培养基上,种子可以发芽,但只有原球茎和根状茎产生;不可能进一步分化成苗,只有在含有不同激素成分的MS或KnudsonC培养基上,才有可能诱导芽的分化,其中以附加6-BA 0.5-1.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L诱导效果最佳,在附加6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.4mg/L的MS培养基中,能加速芽的增殖,根状茎转入含有相同激素成分的液体增殖培养基中振荡培养,可大大提高芽的分化速率。添加0.5%活性炭对芽的分化有明显增效作用。在附加NAA 0.2mg/L的MS培养基中;幼苗的生根效果最佳。     

蔗糖与肌醇对马尾松胚性细胞系增殖的影响

针对马尾松胚性细胞系增殖困难的问题, 本研究设定了2因素3水平的处理, 分析了增殖培养基中蔗糖与肌醇对马尾松胚性细胞系增殖的影响。研究结果表明, 胚性培养物的增殖倍数在9个处理间存在极显著性差异（P〈0.01）, 并初步选出马尾松胚性细胞系增殖倍数较高的3个培养基： 5号（蔗糖20 g·L-1＋肌醇1.0 g·L-1）、7号（蔗糖30 g·L-1＋肌醇0.1 g·L-1）和8号（蔗糖30 g·L-1＋肌醇1.0 g·L-1）。胚性细胞在以上3个培养基具有不同分化发育反应, 其中培养基5号中, 培养基胚性细胞发育较慢; 培养基7号中, 胚性细胞发育较快且能形成具有完整结构的正常早期体细胞胚; 在培养基8号中, 胚性细胞易分化形成结构不完整、形态不正常的早期体细胞胚。综合考虑胚性细胞系增殖倍数与胚性细胞分化发育两方面的因素, 在增殖培养基中添加蔗糖30 g·L-1和肌醇0.1 g·L-1的组合更适合马尾松胚性细胞系的增殖。     

OLN-93细胞系分化条件探讨

目的 OLN-93细胞是实验室常用的少突胶质前体细胞细胞系,多被用于研究少突胶质细胞的分化。本文来探讨OLN-93细胞系的最佳分化条件。方法分别用DMEM、DMEM+三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、DMEM+T3+N2、DMEM/F12、DMEM/F12+T3、DMEM/F12+T3+N2等6种不同培养基条件对OLN-93细胞系进行分化处理,于处理后的第3d和第6d观察细胞形态变化并通过免疫荧光技术鉴定细胞分化情况,同时通过检测髓鞘主要标志物MBP、CNP基因的mRNA和蛋白质的表达情况来分析细胞的分化状态,从而筛选出OLN-93细胞的最优分化培养基。结果比较OLN-93细胞在6种不同条件下的分化情况,免疫荧光、qPCR和Western Blot检测显示出基本一致的结果,DMEM培养基中的细胞分化状态最好,其次为DMEM+T3组,而DMEM+T3+N2和DMEM/F12+T3+N2组最差。结论 DMEM培养基为适宜OLN-93细胞生长分化的最佳培养条件,其他成分如F12、N2均会不同程度的抑制细胞的分化。我们实验发现OLN-93已经丧失了对T3的反应,这一点在使用OLN-93细胞的实验研究中需要加以考虑。     

Stimulation of proliferation of HL60 cells by low concentrations of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and its relationship to the mitogenic effects of insulin.

The effects of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the growth and differentiation of cultured human acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells have been studied using cells growing in a fully defined medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with selenium dioxide, insulin, and either transferrin or ferric citrate. High concentrations of TPA (greater than 1 nM) cause the expected inhibition of proliferation and induction of macrophage-like differentiation. In contrast, in cells deprived of insulin, which continue to grow at a slow rate, lower concentrations of TPA stimulate proliferation without inducing differentiation. A TPA concentration between 0.03 and 0.3 nM will approximately double the long-term rate of thymidine incorporation into DNA and the rate of increase in cell density. Low-TPA becomes progressively less able to stimulate further proliferation as the insulin concentration is increased and is virtually without effect on cells stimulated by an optimal insulin concentration (5 micrograms ml-1). Insulin itself stimulates proliferation to a greater extent than low-TPA, increasing the long-term rate of thymidine incorporation and the rate of increase in cell density by three- to fourfold. The ability of higher concentrations of TPA to induce differentiation is independent of the presence of insulin. Low-TPA also stimulates the short-term incorporation of thymidine (during a 1-h pulse after 1 or 2 days incubation) by three- to fourfold, as compared to a sevenfold stimulation by insulin. The proliferation response to low TPA concentrations provides a useful model for dissecting the signalling pathways that control cell proliferation following stimulation by insulin and activators of protein kinase C.     

Role for the pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein CKIP-1 in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-regulated muscle differentiation

In this work, we report the implication of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing protein CKIP-1 in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-regulated muscle differentiation. CKIP-1 is upregulated during muscle differentiation in C2C12 cells. We show that CKIP-1 binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate through its PH domain and localizes to the plasma membrane in a PI3-K-dependent manner. Activation of PI3-K by insulin or expression of an active form of PI3-K p110 induces a rapid translocation of CKIP-1 to the plasma membrane. Conversely, expression of the 3-phosphoinositide phosphatase myotubularin or PI3-K inhibition by LY294002, wortmannin, or mutant p85 abolishes CKIP-1 binding to the membrane. Upon induction of differentiation in low-serum medium, CKIP-1 overexpression in C2C12 myoblasts first promotes proliferation and then stimulates the expression of myogenin and cell fusion in a manner reminiscent of the dual positive effect of insulin-like growth factors on muscle cells. Interference with the PI3-K pathway impedes the effect of CKIP-1 on C2C12 cell differentiation. Finally, silencing of CKIP-1 by RNA interference abolishes proliferation and delays myogenin expression. Altogether, these data strongly implicate CKIP-1 as a new component of PI3-K signaling in muscle differentiation.     

Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid modulate human preadipocyte differentiation

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) reduce fat deposition in several mammalian species. Among the proposed mechanisms for this effect are reduced preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. We measured proliferation and differentiation of cultured human preadipocytes treated with CLAs. Preadipocytes were differentiated with insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, and 10% fetal bovine serum, with isobutyl-methylxanthine included for the first 2 d. The differentiation medium contained 200 microM oleic acid (C18:1), 50 microM cis-9,trans-11-CLA (9,11-CLA), or 50 microM trans-10,cis-12-CLA (10,12-CLA); the negative control medium contained no added fatty acid, and the cells did not differentiate. Cell number increased three to four times during the 17 d of differentiation, but was 30-35% lower in the CLA-treated cells than in the negative control cells. Compared with the negative control cells, differentiation was increased in the cells treated with C18:1 (increased Oil Red O-stained material [OROSM], triacylglycerol, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity [GPDH], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma [PPAR gamma] messenger ribonucleic acid [mRNA], and lipoprotein lipase [LPL] mRNA). In effect, the C18:1-treated cells act as a positive control to demonstrate the differentiation capacity of each cell lot. Both 9,11-CLA- and 10,12-CLA-treated cells had increased differentiation (increased OROSM, triacylglycerol, GPDH, PPAR gamma, and LPL) compared with the negative control cells. The data suggest that early in differentiation when de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis is limited and competition for FAs by membrane and triacylglycerol synthetic pathways is great, human preadipocytes do not differentiate unless a PPAR gamma ligand is added. Either CLA isomer or C18:1 can provide such a ligand.     

胰岛素促进血管内皮细胞产生一氧化氮的实验研究

目的：探讨胰岛素对血管内皮细胞增殖、NO产生和NOS基因表达的影响。方法：培养牛主动脉内皮细胞,测定培养上清液中NO氧化产物NO2^－的水平并应用定量RT－PCR技术检测内皮细胞NOS mRNA的表达水平。结果：①胰岛素对大血管内皮细胞无细胞毒作用,也不影响细胞增殖;②在1－15μg/ml浓度范围内,胰岛素加强内皮细胞释放NO,且呈剂量依赖的方式,NOS特异性抑制剂L－NAME可阻抑之;③胰岛素轻度增加NOS mRNA表达水平,但无统计学意义。结论：胰岛素既不影响大血管内皮细胞增殖,也不影响内皮细胞NOS mRNA表达水平,但以剂量依赖的方式加强内皮细胞产生NO,推测其诱导NO产生的机制可能是通过酶活性的诱导,加速NO的合成。     

AdipoRon对小鼠骨骼肌细胞胰岛素敏感性的影响及其机制

目的：观察脂联素受体激动剂AdipoRon对小鼠成肌细胞株（C2C12）胰岛素敏感性的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：使用马血清将C2C12诱导分化为成肌细胞,分为6组（9个复孔）：空白对照组、AdipoRon （脂联素受体激动剂）高剂量组、AdipoRon低剂量组、胰岛素组以及AdipoRon低剂量+PI3K （磷脂酰肌醇3激酶）抑制剂组和胰岛素+PI3K抑制剂组,作用12 h,收集上清检测葡萄糖消耗量,使用CCK8测定细胞增殖。六孔板中将C2C12诱导分化为肌管细胞,加入药物作用12 h,并用RT-PCR法检测GLUT4的mRNA水平。结果：与空白对照组相比,AdipoRon高剂量组、AdipoRon低剂量组、胰岛素组耗糖量均有所增加,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。加入PI3K抑制剂组后,耗糖量与空白对照组无统计学意义。与空白对照组相比,AdipoRon高剂量组、AdipoRon低剂量组、胰岛素组细胞均有增殖,但只有胰岛素组具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照空白组相比,AdipoRon高剂量组、AdipoRon低剂量组、胰岛素组GLUT4mRNA水平均有所提高,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。加入PI3K抑制剂组后,GLUT4mRNA水平与空白对照组无统计学意义。结论：AdipoRon能够不影响细胞增殖的情况下增加葡萄糖的消耗量,这可能是通过提高胰岛素敏感性发挥作用的,但具体机制尚待进一步的研究。     

缺氧培养对大鼠神经干细胞体外增殖影响及其机制的研究

目的：研究应用缺氧对体外培养的大鼠神经干细胞增殖的影响。方法：将细胞分为4小时缺氧组、12小时缺氧组、促红细胞生成素（EPO）中和抗体组、IgG组以及对照组．测定大鼠神经干细胞经缺氧培养后的各组细胞克隆形成率以及EPO的表达变化。结果：单细胞培养条件下,与对照组相比,4小时缺氧组和IgG组克隆形成率明显增高;中和抗体组无明显变化;12小时组克隆形成率降低。但无统计学意义。缺氧4小时后,EPO蛋白在预处理后即刻出现表迭,4h达高峰,8h仍有部分表达。结论：短时间缺氧可以促进神经干细胞增殖．长时间缺氧则作用相反。缺氧对NSCs增殖作用的影响可能是由EPO介导产生。     

Optimization of the differentiation of human preadipocytes in vitro

This study aimed at developing an optimal protocol for proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes that is a prerequisite for constructing an ideal biohybrid composed of viable adipose precursor cells in a three-dimensional matrix. Such an implant could represent an adequate solution for correcting soft tissue defects, e.g., extensive deep burns or tumor resections. Preadipocytes were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue samples and cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM)/Ham's F12 medium (F12) or OPTIMEM medium with or without the addition of human serum (hS) or fetal calf serum (FCS). The advantages of fibronectin-coated culture dishes for preadipocyte yield after isolation and differentiation were evaluated. After culture expansion, differentiation was induced by insulin, isobutylmethylxanthine, pioglitazone, dexamethasone, and transferrin in the absence of serum. The extent of differentiation was assayed by measuring the activity of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase as well as counting of differentiated versus undifferentiated cells. Our results show that fibronectin coating does not only strongly increase the yield of preadipocytes after isolation from adipose tissue but also significantly enhances differentiation of precursor cells to mature adipocytes. For optimal cell expansion, DMEM/F12 is more promoting than OPTIMEM and culturing with FCS shows a slightly better proliferation compared with hS supplementation. Differentiation, in contrast, is significantly improved when hS is used instead of FCS during proliferation. Our results smooth the way for autologous preadipocyte culturing and show that hS for preadipocyte culturing opens new and promising perspectives for adipose tissue engineering by optimizing in vitro expansion in cell culture and inducing substantial differentiation.     

In vitro development of blastema cells in axolotl limb regeneration: effect of insulin and nerve extracts on cellular proliferation

For the purpose of investigating the nature of the nervous factor which controls cell proliferation in limb blastema of Newts, we have cultured primary mesenchymous cells from limb blastemas of Axolotl. The cultures were carried out in Petri dishes (Primaria, Falcon) with a basal medium with contained diluted MEM supplemented with hormones (insulin, somatotropin, hydrocortisone and thyroxine). In this medium, the cells disperse from the explant from the 4th day of culture and begin to divide from the 7th day; 3 weeks later the culture begins to decline. During the course of culture, beginning at the 8th day, differentiation of myotubes and chondrogenesis occur. The mitotic index, measured on the 16th day after 48 hr of colchicine treatment, is about 1.6%. Addition of foetal calf serum to the basal medium favours cell migration and survival and stimulates proliferation (mitotic: index 6%); beef embryo extract has no effect on cell migration and a small effect on proliferation (mitotic index: 2.3%). Addition to the basal medium of insulin or nerve extracts (brain and spinal cord of adult newts, brain of 12 days chick embryos) 6 days before we measure the mitotic index stimulates proliferation in proportion to the dose, up to 6 times the mitotic index in basal medium. These results are discussed with respect to the problem of cell proliferation control during limb regeneration.     

不同强度静电磁场对体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化的影响

本实验研究不同强度静电磁场对体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化作用. 体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代后随机分为6组,分别用强度为0（对照组）、0.9、1.2、1.5、1.8和2.1 mT的静电磁场处理,每d每次处理30 min. 在磁场处理后的9~10 d ,骨髓间充质干细胞开始出现钙化小颗粒. 0.9 mT组抑制骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,1.5到2.1mT组促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖. 在磁场处理后的12 d和15 d ,1.5和1.8 mT组极显著地增加了碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性. 采用AKP组织化学染色和钙化结节染色对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化进行鉴定,AKP组织化学染色和钙化结节染色都呈现了极强的阳性结果,尤以1.5 mT和1.8 mT阳性染色面积最大. 在SEMFs处理后的48 h 和96 h ,1.5 mT和1.8 mT组胶原I(collagen-Ⅰ)和骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein-2, Bmp-2) 基因表达水平显著高于对照组.在SEMFs处理后的12 d, BMP-2蛋白表达量高于对照组. 研究表明,0.9 mT 组抑制骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,1.5 mT到2.1 mT组不同强度静电磁场促进体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖. 磁场组能促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化,其中尤以1.5 mT和1.8 mT组促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化作用效果最为明显.