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1.
Summary Four auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], indole-3-acetic acid [IAA], indole-3-butyric acid [IBA], and naphthaleneacetic
acid [NAA]), and five cytokinins (N
6-[2-isopentenyl]-adenine [2iP], N
6-benzyladenine [BA], 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin], 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea [TDZ], and 6-[4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino]purine
[zeatin]) were examined for their effects on direct embryo induction from leaf explants of Dendrobium cv. Chiengmai Pink cultured on 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Whether in light or darkness, explants easily became
necrotic and no embryos were obtained on growth regulator-free or auxin-containing media after 60 d of culture. By contrast,
five cytokinins tested induced direct embryo formation from leaf explants, and explants cultured in light had a higher embryogenic
response compared with those cultured in darkness. The best condition for direct embryo induction was at 18.16 μM TDZ cultured in light for 60 d, where 33% of explants formed a mean number of 33.6 embryos per explant. During subculture
on growth regulator-free 1/2 MS medium, embryos gradually developed into plantlets. Secondary embryogenesis was occasionally
found on sheath leaves of embryos. Regenerated plantlets were successfully transplanted and grown in a greenhouse environment. 相似文献
2.
Guohua Ma Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva Jinfeng Lü Xinhua Zhang Jietang Zhao 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,105(3):355-361
An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis for an endangered species, Metabriggsia ovalifolia, was established. High activity cytokinins [6-benzyladeneine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ)] and low activity auxins [α-naphthaleneacetic
acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] could directly induce adventitious shoots from leaf
or petiole explants within 5 weeks. Cytokinins (TDZ or BA) combined with auxin (NAA) in the induction media induced more adventitious
shoots than when auxins or cytokinins were used alone. Adventitious shoots could be induced and also mass-propagated on media
containing 2.5–5.0 μM TDZ (or BA) and 0.25–0.5 μM NAA. Adventitious roots differentiated at the proximal end of shoots on
rooting media containing half-strength MS salts and 0.5 μM IBA, 0.5 μM NAA, 0.1% activated charcoal or no plant growth regulators.
Over 90% of plantlets survived following acclimatization and transfer to a potting mixture (1:1, sand:vermiculite) in basins. 相似文献
3.
The effects of explant and cytokinin types on in vitro plant regeneration of Ansellia africana were investigated. The exogenous addition of cytokinins is not required for the proliferation of new protocorms from Trimmed
protocorm cluster (TPC) explants. To the contrary, nodal and shoot-tip explants produced a single shoot in response to the
addition of cytokinins. Overall plant growth in terms of shoot length, leaf number, frequency of root organogenesis, root
length, and fresh weight/plant were significantly higher in media containing meta-Topolin Riboside (mTR) in both nodal and shoot-tip explants. Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) induced stunted and hypertrophied shoots
at their highest level (15 μM). In addition root differentiation and root growth were significantly lower on P668 media with
TDZ and BA. Zeatin was capable of inducing a significantly higher root organogenesis frequency and root length in TPC explants
as compared to other cytokinins. However, TPC explants produced a significantly greater number of longer shoots (>3 cm) on
P668 media with mTR. Hyperhydric shoots were produced from TPC explants. The occurrence of hyperhydricity is discussed with respect to the
culture vessel used in this study. 相似文献
4.
Xingyu Yang Jinfeng Lü Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva Guohua Ma 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,109(2):213-221
Primulina tabacum is a rare and endangered species that is endemic to China. Establishing an efficient regeneration system is necessary for
its conservation and reintroduction. In this study, when leaf explants collected from plants grown in four ecotypes in China
are incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 5.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) for 30 days, then transferred to medium
containing 5.0 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA), adventitious shoots are then observed. Conversely, when leaf explants are incubated
on medium containing 5.0 μM BA for 30 days, then transferred to medium containing 5.0 μM TDZ, somatic embryogenesis is induced.
This indicates that somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis could be switched simply by changing the order of two cytokinins
supplemented in the culture medium. Histological investigation has revealed that embryogenic cells are induced within 30 days
following incubation of explants in medium containing TDZ. Only if embryogenic cells were induced, TDZ could enhance somatic
embryogenesis and BA could stimulate shoot organogenesis. When comparing explants from different ecotypes, leaf explants
from Zixiadong in Hunan Province could induce low numbers (1–2) of either somatic embryos or adventitious shoots on medium
containing either 5.0 μM TDZ or 5.0 μM BA, respectively. Whereas, leaf explants from plants collected from the other three
ecological habitats could induce 50–70 somatic embryos/adventitious shoots per explant. Moreover, somatic embryos could induce
secondary somatic embryogenesis and adventitious shoots on different media. All regenerated shoots developed adventitious
roots when these are transferred to rooting medium, and over 95% of plantlets have survived following acclimatization and
transfer to a potting mixture (1:1, sand:vermiculite). 相似文献
5.
The goals of this study were to investigate thidiazuron (TDZ)-induced morphogenesis of Echinacea purpurea L. and to assess the possibility of developing a liquid-based protocol for rapid micropropagation. Callus development and root organogenesis were observed on leaf explants cultured on media containing 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid or dicamba, but no plantlets were regenerated. Addition of TDZ to the culture medium as the sole growth regulator resulted in the production of regenerable callus cultures. The highest rate of regeneration was observed for explants cultured on medium with TDZ at 2.5 μM or higher. Tissue derived from 1.0 μM TDZ treatments was used to initiate liquid cultures. All liquid treatments produced a similar number of regenerants but significantly more healthy plants were obtained from cultures grown in the presence of 0.1 and 1.0 μM TDZ. This TDZ-based micropropagation system is the first liquid, large-scale propagation protocol developed for the mass production of E. purpurea plants. 相似文献
6.
Wongwicha W Tanaka H Shoyama Y Tuvshintogtokh I Putalun W 《Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences》2008,63(5-6):413-417
Licorice plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata, were investigated for callus induction using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium combined with auxins and cytokinins. After 4 weeks of culture, 33-100% of leaf or stem explants formed calli. Maximum of shoot induction from callus cultures was achieved by G. inflata stem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA) (67%) which also gave maximum shoot formation per explant (two shoots per explant). These results indicated that all three Glycyrrhiza species regenerated shoots from callus cultures on MS medium combined with NAA and BA or only thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.1 and 0.5 mg/l). Glycyrrhizin contents of G. uralensis calli induced using MS medium in combination with NAA and BA [(27.60 +/- 8.47) microg/g DW] or TDZ alone [(36.52 +/- 2.45) microg/ g DW] were higher than those found in other combinations. 相似文献
7.
Summary An efficient in vitro propagation system was developed for Arnebia euchroma, an important Chinese traditional medicinal plant. The present study utilized thidiazuron (TDZ) for the induction of shoot
organogenesis on cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. The maximal number of shoots was obtained on the modified Linsmaier and
Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl−1 (4.5 μM) TDZ for 12d on cotyledon explants (8.6 shoots per cotyledon explant). Other cytokinins (kinetin and 6-benzyladenine) and
auxin (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) were not efficient in inducing regeneration on cotyledon explants. Browning of the basal
portion of the subcultured shoots could be significantly reduced when they were cultured on the modified LS medium supplemented
with 100 mgl−1 (33.3 μM) polyvinylpyrrolidone. Well-developed shoots formed roots on the same medium containing 1.0 mgl−1 (4.9 μM) indole-3-butyric acid. The efficient regeneration protocol reported here provides an important means of micropropagation
of this plant. Furthermore, this protocol is essential to future genetic improvement of plants via transformation protocols. 相似文献
8.
Ali Yilmaz Nils T. Nyberg Per Mølgaard Javad Asili Jerzy W. Jaroszewski 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2010,6(4):511-517
The aim of this study was to explore feasibility of 1H NMR metabolic fingerprinting for discrimination of authenticity of saffron using principal component analysis (PCA) modeling.
Authentic reference Iranian saffron (n = 31) and commercial samples (n = 32) were used. Cross-validated PCA models based on 1H NMR spectra of solutions prepared by direct extraction of grinded saffron with methanol-d
4 distinguished reference Iranian saffron samples from commercial samples that formed several distinct clusters, some of which
represent falsified samples as confirmed by microscopic analysis. The production sites and drying conditions of the authentic
reference Iranian samples were not reflected in the current dataset. Picrocrocin and glycosyl esters of crocetin emerged as
the most important 1H NMR markers of authentic saffron by using statistical correlation spectroscopy. In conclusion, 1H NMR spectra of saffron extracts combined with pattern recognition by PCA provide immediate means of unsupervised classification
of saffron samples. 相似文献
9.
T. Dennis Thomas 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2007,43(5):442-448
An efficient and reproducible method for inducing a large number of bulblets from rhizome explants of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., an endangered medicinal herb, has been developed. The rhizome pieces, measuring about 1 × 1 cm (length × width),
were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of the cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine,
kinetin, and thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with 1-naphthalene acetic acid or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Of the
three cytokinins used, TDZ at 7 μM gave the maximum response, with 82% of the cultures responding with an average number of
15.4 bulblets per explant. The addition of auxins with cytokinin considerably increased the response. The optimum induction
occurred on MS medium supplemented with 7 μM TDZ and 0.5 μM IBA. On this medium, 88% of the cultures responded with an average
number of 21.4 bulblets per explant. Experiments were also carried out to investigate the role of the sugars sucrose, mannose,
and glucose along with 7 μM TDZ and 0.5 μM IBA. The results indicate that sucrose and mannose at particular concentrations
have critical roles in promoting in vitro bulblet induction. The maximum result was observed on MS medium supplemented with 7 μM TDZ, 0.5 μM IBA, and 200 mM mannose.
On this medium, 97% of the cultures responded with an average number of 26.8 bulblets per culture. Several secondary bulblets
developing from the leaf blades of primary bulblets were produced when the latter were transferred to MS basal medium for
further development. Out of the 45 bulblets transferred to soil, 40 survived. This protocol can be used for the rapid micropropagation
of this endangered medicinal herb. 相似文献
10.
Rubén Mallón Juan Rodríguez-Oubiña María Luz González 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,106(3):523-530
In vitro culture is currently used to produce plant material for ex situ conservation of endangered species. In this study,
an efficient protocol for shoot regeneration from leaves and roots was developed for Centaurea ultreiae, a critically endangered species. Organogenesis from leaf and root explants was promoted by incubating these explants on
half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in the presence of one of four different cytokinins [6-benzyladenine (BA), zeatin,
kinetin or N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP)], each provided at five different levels. Shoot organogenesis was induced in both explants.
The best response, 90% of leaf explants producing a mean of 2.48 shoots per explants and 94.3% of root explants producing
a mean of 5.60 viable shoots per explants, was observed when explants were incubated on a medium containing 0.55 μM BA. Histological
studies revealed connectivity between vascular tissues of regenerated shoots and cambial cells of leaf explants. Moreover,
adventitious shoots were derived from pericycle cells of root explants and parenchymatic cells of callus tissues. 相似文献
11.
Tissue cultures were established from hypocotyl and cotyledonary leaf segments ofGuizotia abyssinica Cass. on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins (IAA, NAA, IBA or 2,4-D) and cytokinins (KN or BA). Expiants cultured on media with cytokinins or in combination with auxins produced shoot buds. Maximum number of shoot buds (20–25 per culture) were differentiated from cotyledonary leaf segments on medium with 2 mg 1-1 each of KN and IBA. Rooting of regenerated shoot buds was acheived on medium with NAA. The obtained plantlets were successfully transferred to soil. 相似文献
12.
Summary Protocols for both axillary bud proliferation and shoot organogenesis of Euphorbia pulchurrima Winter RoseTM were developed using terminal buds and leaf tissues. Greenhouse-grown terminal buds were placed on Murashige-Skoog (MS) basal
medium supplemented with various concentrations of either benzlyaminopurine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ). Explants produced the
greatest number of axillary buds on media containing between 2.2 and 8.8 μM BA. The number of explants that produced axillary buds increased with increasing BA concentration. TDZ at concentrations
between 2.3 and 23.0 μM caused hyperhydricity of shoots and were not effective in promoting shoot proliferation. The most calluses and shoots were
produced from leaf midvein sections from in vitro grown plants placed on the medium containing 8.8–13.3 μM BA and 17.1 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for 1 mo. before transferring to the medium containing only BA. Adventitious buds were produced
only from red-pigmented callus, and explants that produced callus continued to produce adventitious shoots in the presence
of IAA. Five-mo.-old shoots derived from shoot culture or organogenesis rooted readily in artificial soil with or without
treatment with indolebutyric acid, and were acclimatized in the greenhouse. 相似文献
13.
Callus cultures from nodal and leaf explants of Phyllanthus amarus were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with various combinations of auxins and cytokinins. The leaf-derived
callus induced on 2.26 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) + 2.32 μM Kinetin (Kin) upon transfer to medium containing
thidiazuron (TDZ) exhibited higher shoot regeneration (32.4 ± 1.3 shoots per culture). Four-week-old shoots rooted readily
on 1.5 μM Indol acetic acid (IAA)-containing medium and were successfully acclimatized with 98% survival. The lignans, Phyllanthin
(PH) and Hypohyllanthin (HPH), of leaf extracts from naturally grown plants were identified by using TLC, HPLC and H1-NMR.
The PH and HPH production in the regenerated shoots was compared to their production in callus cultures, plants under field
conditions and in naturally grown plants. The regenerated shoots on MS + 2.27 μM TDZ produced about two times higher PH and
HPH than the leaves of naturally grown plant. The present study provides a useful system for further studies on in vitro morphogenesis,
elicitor-assisted production of PH and HPH and A. rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation in Phyllanthus amarus. 相似文献
14.
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a multipurpose small tree with unique berries of high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. A clonally propagated plant
originating from a 20-year-old tree of H. r. rhamnoides × mongolica hybrid cultivar Julia and seedling offspring of this cultivar were investigated regarding induction of shoot organogenesis
in leaf explants and in roots of intact seedlings, and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in explants from shoot tissue.
The highest percentage of leaf explants showing shoot organogenesis was achieved (juvenile explants, 65%; adult explants,
75%) when incubated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with either 4.5 μM of the phenylurea cytokinin thidiazuron
(TDZ) or 2.25 μM TDZ plus 2.2 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA), for juvenile and adult explants, respectively, both supplemented with
0.53 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Juvenile explants developed on average 18 shoots per explant in the MS medium supplemented
with 4.5 μM TDZ, a four fold increase over those incubated on the medium supplemented with 2.25 μM TDZ and 2.2 μM BA. Adult
leaf explants grown on medium containing 2.25 μM TDZ and 2.2 μM BA medium produced 12 shoots per explant, while those grown
on medium containing 4.5 μM TDZ produced 5 shoots per explant. Shoot organogenesis was observed in roots of intact seedlings
pre-cultured on plain medium lacking nutrients (PM) or woody plant medium (WPM) salts and then grown on WPM salts supplemented
with 4.4 μM BA, 0.29 μM gibberrelic acid (GA3), and 57.0 μM indoleacetic acid (IAA). The number of shoots formed on each seedling
root system was ten fold higher when the pre-culture was in WPM medium indicating a promoting effect of mineral nutrients
in the pre-culture medium. Somatic embryogenesis was induced in both juvenile and adult leaf explants in 65 and 78% of the
explants, respectively, in MS-based medium supplemented with 2.0 μM N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N
1-phenylurea (CPPU), 0.53 μM NAA and varying concentrations of BA. There was an interaction effect between MS salt strength
and BA concentration. The most effective medium for inducing somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants contained half strength
MS salts and 2.2 μM BA and full strength MS salts and 13.2 μM BA for adult explants. 相似文献
15.
Summary Tennessee coneflower [Echinacea tennesseensis (Beadle) Small] was regenerated from flower stalks, leaf sections from flowering plants, and hypocotyls and cotyledons from
seedlings. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.54 μM and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 22.7 μM yielded the most shoots per leaf explant. NAA and 6-benzylaminopurine concentrations for optimal shoot regeneration from
leaf, flower stalk, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants in MS media were 0.54 and 24.6μM, respectively. All explant types generated shoots; however, those derived from leaves and flower stalks produced the highest
number of shoots per explant and highest percentage of explants with shoots. Explants cultured on media containing high levels
of NAA (5.4–27 μM) formed calluses but no adventitious shoot. Leaf explants responded to a wider range of NAA concentrations than the other
explant types but shoots generated from flower stalks grew the fastest. While all cytokinins tested increased the number of
shoots per explant, the number of shoots in media containing TDZ was increased by nearly threefold. Regenerated shoots from
all explant types cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25 μM indole-3-butyric acid initiated roots within 4 wk; NAA was not effective for root induction. All vernalized plantlets developed
into plants that were morphologically identical to the source material. 相似文献
16.
Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer Giulio Cesare Stancato Beatriz Appezzato-Da-Glória 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,103(3):411-416
The present study describes the direct regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in leaf explants of the tropical species
Oncidium flexuosum. The explants were inoculated in a solid, modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations of the growth
regulator thidiazuron (TDZ) and with or without 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA),
and kept away from light or in a 16-h photoperiod. The presence of auxins, 2,4-D, and NAA inhibited the formation of PLBs.
The highest frequency of explants that regenerated PLBs (80%) was obtained when they were maintained in a culture medium containing
1.5 μM TDZ under dark conditions. In the same culture medium but under a 16-h photoperiod, 95% of the leaf explants presented
necrosis. Therefore, darkness was crucial for the regeneration of PLBs in O. flexuosum leaf explants, which is in disagreement with the literature. PLBs developed from the division of epidermal and subepidermal
cells mainly on the adaxial side of the apex region of the explant. Plants with well-developed leaves and roots grew after
the PLBs were transferred to growth regulator-free medium under a 16-h photoperiod. 相似文献
17.
G. H. Ma C. X. He H. Ren Q. M. Zhang S. J. Li X. H. Zhang B. Eric 《Biologia Plantarum》2010,54(2):361-365
An efficient propagation system via somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration system for endangered species Primulina tabacum Hance was established. Thidiazuron (TDZ) was the key plant growth regulator for inducing somatic embryogenesis and kinetin
(KIN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were the key cytokinins for inducing shoot organogenesis from leaf explants. TDZ combined
with BAP or KIN in the induction Murashige and Skoog medium induced both somatic embryos and adventitious shoots. Leaf explants
with abaxial site in contact with the medium induced less somatic embryos or adventitious shoots compared to inversely placed
leaf explants and the optimum pH was 6.5–7.0. Secondary somatic embryos or adventitious shoot could be induced from primary
somatic embryos using TDZ and BAP. Shoots developed adventitious roots on rooting medium containing 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric
acid and 0.2 % activated carbon. Over 90 % of plantlets survived following acclimatization and transfer to potting mixture
(sand:Vermiculite:limestone; 1:2:1). 相似文献
18.
Phillip J. Ainsley Graham G. Collins Margaret Sedgley 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2000,36(6):470-474
Summary A method has been developed to facilitate shoot formation from leaf explants of almond. Leaves were dissected from micropropagated
shoot cultures of the commercial cultivars Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra, and sections incubated on Almehdi and Parfitt's (1986)
basal medium (AP) with varied plant growth-regulator conditions. Three auxins, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthaleneacetic
acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), in combination with two cytokinins, benzylaminopurine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ),
were tested at various concentrations along with casein hydrolysate (CH) to determine, the conditions most conducive to adventitious
shoot regeneration. Response to the tested plant growth-regulator conditions varied with genotype. Of the three auxins tested,
NAA and IBA induced adventitious shoots from Ne Plus Ultra explants, but only IBA was effective for Nonpareil. For the cytokinins,
shoot development from Ne Plus Ultra occurred in the presence of either BA or TDZ, whereas for Nonpareil only TDZ was effective
unless CH was incorporated in the basal medium. The inclusion of CH (0.1% w/v) improved callus morphology, and increased regeneration
frequencies for both cultivars. Maximum regeneration frequencies for Ne Plus Ultra (44.4%) and Nonpareil (5.5%) were achieved
on AP basal salts supplemented with CH, IBA (9.8 μM), and TDZ at 22.7 and 6.8 μM, respectively. 相似文献
19.
Karolina Tomiczak Elwira Sliwinska Jan J. Rybczyński 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2017,128(1):1-8
Thidiazuron [N-phenyl-N-(1, 2, 3-thidiazol-5-yl) urea, TDZ] treatment significantly improved shoot morphogenesis of Saussurea involucrata Kar. Et Kir (S. involucrata) leaf explants. The biochemical mechanisms underlying TDZ-induced shoot organogenesis were investigated by measuring endogenous plant growth hormones, H2O2, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The levels of endogenous gibberellic A3 (GA3) and zeatin (ZT) significantly increased in leaf explants subject to a 28-day treatment than the controls. However, extending exposure time to TDZ inhibited GA3 accumulation. At the same time, the SOD activity increased significantly until the 28th of TDZ treatment time and the CAT activity reduced simultaneously, which was closely linked with the significant increase in H2O2 concentrations in the explants. And there was a sharply promotion after the 35 day of culture time if the plant tissue was always in medium contained, which was in company with the cell activity decreased. We propose that a combination of increased GA3, ZT, and H2O2 concentration is the basis for the enhanced shoot morphogenesis in response to TDZ treatment. These results provide a starting point for an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying TDZ-induced shoot organogenesis of S. involucrata. 相似文献
20.
Dormant buds from a mature tree of Populus tremula ‘Erecta’ were incubated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). Induced shoots were
then proliferated on medium of MS or Woody Plant Medium (WPM), or Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) supplemented with varying
levels of benzyladenine (BA). Overall, shoots grown on MS medium supplemented with 1.25–2.5 μM BA exhibited the highest frequency
of shoot proliferation (>95%) and more than 60% of responding explants produced more than five shoots per explant. Shoot organogenesis
was induced from both leaf and petiole explants incubated on WPM medium containing BA, or TDZ, or zeatin. Among the different
cytokinins tested, zeatin induced the highest frequency (average 72.1%) of shoot organogenesis. None of explants survived
on media containing no cytokinins within 6–8 weeks following culture. Overall, a higher frequency of shoot regeneration was
obtained from petioles than from leaf explants. The highest frequency of regeneration was achieved when petioles were incubated
on WPM containing 10–20 μM zeatin. Addition of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) did not have a significant effect on shoot regeneration
in all treatments. Shoot organogenesis was directly induced from petiole explants without intervening callus. Regenerated
shoots were easily rooted on all tested media supplemented with 0.5 μM NAA. Rooted plants were transferred to potting mix
and grown in the greenhouse. 相似文献