益智等4种中药材无机元素含量与临床功效相关性分析

为探讨益智等4种中药材中无机元素含量与功效关系．用等离子发射光谱法测定锌、铁、锰、铜、钴、镍等元素含量、原子吸收石墨炉法测定铅元素含量、原子荧光法测定砷、汞元素含量．结果表明,海南特产益智等4种中药材中锌元素均处于高含量水平;锌、铁、锰、铜、钴、镍等元素含量不同程度高于市售同种药材的含量水平．而重金属铅、砷和汞却不同程度低于市售水平．可认为海南生态环境优良。造就了品质好、药效高的道地药材．     

六种彩叶植物营养成分及有害元素含量分析

以六种彩叶植物紫叶李、红花木、红叶石楠、红枫、鸡爪槭和金叶女贞的叶片为材料,对其营养成分及有害元素含量进行了测定及分析。结果表明:蛋白质和可溶性糖含量以红花木为最高,维生素C含量以红枫为最高,β-胡萝卜素含量差异最大,紫叶李最高达15.99mg·kg-1。六种彩叶植物矿质营养元素种类齐全,其中红花木的营养元素总量最高。六种彩叶植物均含有18种氨基酸成分,必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量各不相同,但必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例却较为一致,且都高于40%。六种彩叶植物叶片内均含有一定量的铅、镉、砷、汞等有害元素,但有害元素尤其是砷和汞的含量均低于允许量。     

海南冰糖草中4种重金属元素含量分析

目的:建立海南产冰糖草中重金属元素含量测定方法,测定其重金属元素含量。方法:采用氢化物原子荧光法建立冰糖草中重金属砷、汞、铅、镉元素的分析检测方法。结果:4种重金属元素的线性相关系数为0.9991-0.9999,精密度小于2.74%,加标回收率为95%~102.3%,RSD≤3.36%。冰糖草中重金属元素含量均符合绿色中药标准。结论:该方法简便、准确、稳定,可用于冰糖草的质量控制。     

四种重金属在金针菇栽培过程中的迁移规律

为了掌握铅、镉、砷、汞4种有害重金属元素在金针菇栽培过程中的富集和迁移,为金针菇产品质量控制提供依据。采用在培养料中添加一定量的铅、镉、汞、砷栽培金针菇,测定其在各栽培阶段培养料、金针菇子实体中的含量。结果表明,在试验的浓度范围内,金针菇子实体中4种重金属的含量随着培养料中添加量的增加而增加,说明金针菇子实体中4种重金属主要是来源于培养料,但金针菇子实体对不同重金属的吸收富集能力不同,对汞的吸收富集能力最强,富集系数最高达到7.590,富集能力大小依次为汞>镉>砷>铅。     

不同灵芝子实体及其粗多糖中微量元素及重金属含量分析*

利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱-质谱联用法(ICP-MS)、原子荧光法(AFS)和原子吸收法(AAS)对不同品种灵芝子实体中的生物必需微量元素、有毒的微量元素及重金属元素的含量进行了测定,并对其营养性和安全性进行了分析。与砷、镉、汞相比,在所有品种的灵芝中重金属铅的含量相对较高,但是在对全国各地收集的灵芝及其培养基分析,灵芝对铅没有生物富集的作用。另外,灵芝粗多糖中各种元素的含量均明显高于提取用的灵芝子实体,其中铅和砷含量高于国家标准,其安全性应该受到重视。     

不同灵芝子实体及其粗多糖中微量元素及重金属含量分析

利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱-质谱联用法（ICP-MS）、原子荧光法（AFS）和原子吸收法（AAS）对不同品种灵芝子实体中的生物必需微量元素。有毒的微量元素及重金属元素的含量进行了测定,并对其营养性和安全性进行了分析。与砷、镉、汞相比,在所有品种的灵芝中重金属铅的含量相对较高,但是在对全国各地收集的灵芝及其培养基分析,灵芝对铅没有生物富集的作用,另外,灵芝粗多糖中各种元素的含量均明显高于提取用的灵芝子实体,其中铅和砷含量高于国家标准,其安全性应该受到重视。     

北京市市售230件谷物制品重金属分析

目的：分析2015—2016年北京市六个区县小麦粉、玉米面重金属检测结果,为预防和控制提供科学依据。方法：按照国标方法对食品样品进行镉、铅、汞、砷4个项目的检测。结果：230件样品中,汞、砷均未检出;小麦粉中镉的检出率（83.33%）高于在玉米面中的检出率（48.08%）（P＜0.05）,铅的检出率（77.00%）高于在玉米面中的检出率（60.58%）（P＜0.05）;产地不同的样品中铅的检出率不同（P＜0.05）。结论：北京市六个区市售小麦粉、玉米面均有不同程度的镉、铅污染。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼中非必需微量元素的测定

铅、镉、砷、汞、锑和铋等元素是人与动物生命活动非必需且有害的微量元素[1] 。哺乳类动物体内的这些微量元素主要由食物链传递所产生[2 ,3] 。本文对高原鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ)和高原鼠兔(Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ)骨骼中非必需微量元素砷、锑、汞、铋、铅、镉的分布、种间含量差异及其相关性进行了分析和讨论 ,为高寒草甸生态系统研究小哺乳动物的营养生态学、化学生态学以及生态系统的物质循环[4 ,5] 等提供基础资料。1　材料与方法1 1　样品预处理1994年 5～ 6月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站…     

冬虫夏草与产地植物及土壤的重金属含量测定

本文测定了野生采集和人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、冬虫夏草寄主蝙蝠蛾昆虫食物(蕨麻Potentilla anserine和珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum),以及野生冬虫夏草产地土壤中5种重金属元素(铜Cu、铅Pb、砷As、镉Cd、汞Hg)的含量。结果表明,人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、蕨麻块根、珠芽蓼种子的5种重金属元素含量符合《中医药-中药材重金属限量》ISO国际标准;而野生冬虫夏草,除砷含量(6.170 mg/kg)超标外,铜、铅、镉、汞元素含量均符合要求。按国家标准《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 1516-2018),四川产地土壤(KDX)与青海产地土壤(GD、HN)的5种重金属含量均低于农用土壤污染风险筛选值;而四川产地土壤(KDT),除镉含量(0.923 mg/kg)高于风险筛选值而低于风险管制值外,其余4种元素含量均低于风险筛选值。结果为人工培育冬虫夏草的质量控制提供了参考。     

西安市蔬菜中重金属污染分析评价

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法,测定了西安市郊区10种蔬菜40个样品中汞、砷、铅、铬和镉的含量;并以国家标准(GB18406.1-2001)为依据.对蔬菜重金属污染状况进行分析评价,以明确西安市蔬菜中重金属污染状况.结果表明,西安市10种蔬菜总体合格率为83%,铅是蔬菜中的主要污染元素,在测定的10种蔬菜中普遍存在,总体超标率为77.5%;汞和铬只在芹菜和茼蒿上出现污染,总体超标率分别为10%和2.5%;叶菜类蔬菜铅污染>茄果类蔬菜;砷和镉含量均末超过国家标准规定,合格率为100%.铅的污染程度按蔬菜种类依次为:生菜>茼蒿>韭菜>茄子>芹菜>豇豆>青椒>油麦菜>西红柿>黄瓜,按不同生产区域依次为:西郊>北郊>东郊>南郊.     

海南岛的外来植物

通过对海南岛野生或半野生外来入侵植物的调查,报道了153种外来植物,并对近年来在海南岛大面积分布而未报道过的入侵种进行简要介绍。对海南外来植物种类组成、原产地、生活型与危害程度的分析发现:(1)外来植物中有66.67%来自美洲,美洲种的96%为热带美洲成分,几乎所有来自美洲的草本植物往往成为遍布海南各地农田、果园、胶林、草地的有害杂草;(2)外来草本与藤本植物具有较强的入侵能力和较大的危害;(3)绝大多数草本与藤本植物常形成单一优势群落,破坏平地、低丘陵原有的生态系统。     

Material Basis of Chinese Herbal Formulas Explored by Combining Pharmacokinetics with Network Pharmacology

The clinical application of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), using several herbs in combination (called formulas), has a history of more than one thousand years. However, the bioactive compounds that account for their therapeutic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that the material basis of a formula are those compounds with a high content in the decoction that are maintained at a certain level in the system circulation. Network pharmacology provides new methodological insights for complicated system studies. In this study, we propose combining pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis with network pharmacology to explore the material basis of TCM formulas as exemplified by the Bushen Zhuanggu formula (BZ) composed of Psoralea corylifolia L., Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., and Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. A sensitive and credible liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of 15 compounds present in the three herbs. The concentrations of these compounds in the BZ decoction and in rat plasma after oral BZ administration were determined. Up to 12 compounds were detected in the BZ decoction, but only 5 could be analyzed using PK parameters. Combined PK results, network pharmacology analysis revealed that 4 compounds might serve as the material basis for BZ. We concluded that a sensitive, reliable, and suitable LC-MS/MS method for both the composition and pharmacokinetic study of BZ has been established. The combination of PK with network pharmacology might be a potent method for exploring the material basis of TCM formulas.     

Traditional Chinese medicine herbs - are they safe for psoriatic patients?

Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) relies on remedies of natural origin, its use is not always safe as it can have not only beneficial but also deleterious effects. Psoriatic patients, disappointed by conventional treatment and unaware of the potential side effects of TCM preparations, are increasingly reaching for non-traditional therapeutic methods. This review presents brief characteristics of selected Chinese herbs self-prescribed by psoriatic patients. It is important that dermatologists should be able to recognize any potential hazards connected with current or previous taking of these herbs by their patients.     

Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Evidences from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs to evaluate the efficiency and safety of TCM in the treatment of NAFLD. Studies were searched on PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010. RCTs comparing either TCM formulations alone or in combination with placebo, ursodeoxycholic acid, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering drugs, or antioxidants were included. The category of most usually used herbs in the treatment of NAFLD was also calculated. Five thousand nine hundred and four patients from 62 RCTs were included for meta-analysis and 25,661 patients from 419 clinical studies were for TCM formulation analysis. Comparing with western medicines mentioned above, TCM had a better effect on the normalization of alanine aminotransferase and disappearance of radiological steatosis in the treatment of NAFLD. Furthermore, 246 kinds of Chinese herbs were included in our present study, with an average of 10 herbs (range 1-31) in each formulation. Hawthorn Fruit (321 times in 17,670 patients) was the most often used herb in the treatment of NAFLD. In conclusion, TCM is of modest benefit to the treatment of NAFLD.     

Platelet proteomics and its advanced application for research of blood stasis syndrome and activated blood circulation herbs of Chinese medicine

The development of novel and efficient antiplatelet agents that have few adverse effects and methods that improve antiplatelet resistance has long been the focus of international research on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Recent advances in platelet proteomics have provided a technology platform for high-quality research of platelet pathophysiology and the development of new antiplatelet drugs. The study of blood stasis syndrome (BSS) and activated blood circulation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most active fields where the integration of TCM and western medicine in China has been successful. Activated blood circulation herbs (ABC herbs) of Chinese medicine are often used in the treatment of BSS. Most ABC herbs have antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerosis activity, but knowledge about their targets is lacking. Coronary heart disease (CHD), BSS, and platelet activation are closely related. By screening and identifying activated platelet proteins that are differentially expressed in BSS of CHD, platelet proteomics has helped researchers interpret the antiplatelet mechanism of action of ABC herbs and provided many potential biomarkers for BSS that could be used to evaluate the clinical curative effect of new antiplatelet drugs. In this article the progress of platelet proteomics and its advanced application for research of BSS and ABC herbs of Chinese medicine are reviewed.     

Complexities of the herbal nomenclature system in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): Lessons learned from the misuse of Aristolochia-related species and the importance of the pharmaceutical name during botanical drug product development

Herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have diverse cultural/historical backgrounds and are described based on complex nomenclature systems. Using the family Aristolochiaceae as an example, at least three categories of nomenclature could be identified: (1) one-to-one (one plant part from one species): the herb guan mutong refers to the root of Aristolochia manshuriensis; (2) multiple-to-one (multiple plant parts from the same species serve as different herbs): three herbs, madouling, qingmuxiang and tianxianteng, derived respectively from the fruit, root and stem of Aristolochia debilis; and (3) one-to-multiple (one herb refers to multiple species): the herb fangji refers to the root of either Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus trilobus; in this case, the first belongs to a different family (Aristolochiaceae) than the latter two (Menispermaceae), and only the first contains aristolochic acid (AA), as demonstrated by independent analytical data provided in this article. Further, mutong (Akebia quinata) is allowed in TCM herbal medicine practice to be substituted with either guan mutong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) or chuan mutong (Clematis armandii); and mu fangji (Cocculus trilobus) by guang fanchi (Aristolochia fangchi) or hanzhong fangji (Aristolochia heterophylla), thereby increasing the risk of exposing renotoxic AA-containing Aristolochia species to patients. To avoid these and other confusions, we wish to emphasize the importance of a pharmaceutical name, which defines the species name, the plant part, and sometimes the special process performed on the herb, including cultivating conditions. The pharmaceutical name as referred to in this article is defined, and is limited to those botanicals that are intended to be used as drug. It is hoped that by following the pharmaceutical name, toxic herbs can be effectively identified and substitution or adulteration avoided.     

Large-scale analysis of small RNAs derived from traditional Chinese herbs in human tissues

Plant-derived microRNAs have recently been reported to function in human blood and tissues. Controversy was immediately raised due to possible contamination and the lack of large sample sizes. Here, we report thousands of unique small RNAs derived from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) herbs found in human blood cells and mouse lung tissues using a large-scale analysis.We extracted small RNAs from decoctions of 10 TCM plants(Ban Zhi Lian, Chai Hu, Chuan Xin Lian, Di Ding Zi Jin, Huang Qin, Jin Yin Hua, Lian Qiao, Pu Gong Ying, Xia Ku Cao, and Yu Xing Cao) and obtained millions of RNA sequences from each herb. We also obtained RNA-Seq data from the blood cells of humans who consumed herbal decoctions and from the lung tissues of mice administered RNAs from herbal decoctions via oral gavage. We identified thousands of unique small RNA sequences in human blood cells and mouse lung tissues. Some of these identified small RNAs from Chuan Xin Lian and Hong Jing Tian could be mapped to the genomes of the herbs, confirming their TCM plant origin. Small RNAs derived from herbs regulate mammalian gene expression in a sequence-specific manner, and thus are a superior novel class of herbal drug components that hold great potential as oral gene-targeted therapeutics, highlighting the important role of herbgenomics in their development.     

土鳖虫与其混淆品的微性状鉴别研究

为对目前药材市场流通的中药材土鳖虫进行微性状特征研究,探究土鳖虫与其混淆品的区别。实验通过查阅资料,对市场土鳖虫品种进行调查,运用中药微性状鉴定法对土鳖虫的不同部位采用体视显微镜、生物显微镜、扫描仪等仪器进行图像采集,并利用Photoshop CS5软件景深合成高清晰度微性状特征图片来对其进行鉴别研究。实验结果表明,土鳖虫口器、腹背板边缘、肛上板、生殖板、触角、单眼间距与复眼间距比例、单眼、复眼、前足胫节、跗节、爪、尾须、背甲及腹甲刚毛等方面与混淆品有比较明显的区别。