外膜囊泡在肿瘤疫苗中的应用研究进展

肿瘤发病率逐年上升,对人类健康产生了极大的威胁。传统的肿瘤治疗方法包括手术、放射治疗、化学疗法及靶向治疗等,但这些方法都有各自的局限性,肿瘤的转移、复发及耐药性仍然是迫切需要解决的问题。肿瘤疫苗是肿瘤主动免疫治疗的主要方法,其可分为预防性肿瘤疫苗和治疗性肿瘤疫苗。细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是一种由革兰氏阴性菌外膜产生的球状结构,在促进细菌生长、感染宿主细胞中十分重要。OMVs组成成分复杂,有很强的免疫原性与不可复制性,通过基因修饰还可将外源抗原呈递于囊泡膜表面,因此OMVs具有作为疫苗、疫苗佐剂以及优良的外源抗原载体的潜力。在肿瘤免疫治疗中,以OMVs为载体将肿瘤抗原、抗癌药物或其他免疫相关因子运送到患者体内,从而在患者体内建立抗肿瘤环境、杀死肿瘤细胞,有着特异性强、不良反应少等优势。目前,不少OMVs疫苗产品已经上市,也有少数OMVs疫苗成功应用到肿瘤治疗的临床试验。本文就肿瘤疫苗、OMVs、OMVs在疫苗和肿瘤疫苗方面的应用做一概述,并对目前OMVs肿瘤疫苗的优势以及研发仍然需要克服的众多挑战进行总结,为进一步开展OMVs在肿瘤疫苗中...     

细菌外膜囊泡在疫苗领域的研究进展

细菌外膜囊泡是一种主要由革兰阴性菌在其生长过程中正常分泌的球状物质。这种球状小泡在细菌的生存和信息传递中起到了重要的作用。同时,由于这种球状小泡携带大量的细菌毒力相关蛋白,并且不具有复制的能力。因此,是一种良好的潜在疫苗候选抗原。目前,关于细菌外膜囊泡的构成成分、分泌机制、生物学作用等方面的研究已非常广泛。同时,利用细菌外膜囊泡作为主要抗原的疫苗产品也已面世。现就细菌外膜囊泡的结构研究以及细菌外膜囊泡在疫苗领域的研究作一概述,以期为进一步推动细菌外膜囊泡疫苗的研发提供更多的参考。     

细菌外膜囊泡(OMV)研究进展

外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMV)是在细菌生命活动中不断从细菌细胞表面脱离而形成的功能性囊泡,其内部含有蛋白质、脂质和核酸等成分,具有多种特殊的生物学功能,在细菌-细菌和细菌-宿主相互作用中起着关键作用.虽然大多数OMV的研究都是关于动物病原菌,但最近OMV在植物-细菌相作领域的作用已逐...     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌外膜囊泡与阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究进展

牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)是牙周炎的主要致病菌,在其生长过程中可产生大量毒力因子。P. gingivalis及其毒力因子不仅可引发牙周组织的破坏,还可扩散至全身并影响包括阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)在内的多种系统疾病的发生、发展。P. gingivalis外膜囊泡包含亲本细菌的大量毒力因子且体积小,更易扩散至远处组织和器官。近期研究发现,P.gingivalis外膜囊泡可能在诱发神经炎症和促进AD的发生、发展中起重要作用,但具体机制尚不清楚。本文就P. gingivalis外膜囊泡的发生与调控、所含主要毒力因子及其与AD的关系进行综述,以阐明牙周炎与AD相关的生物学机制。     

增加革兰阴性菌外膜囊泡产量的研究进展

外膜囊泡（OMVs）是由革兰阴性菌释放的一种囊泡状结构,在革兰阴性菌的生长、感染以及与周围环境交流等过程中发挥重要作用。由于OMVs无活性、不能复制且具有良好的免疫原性,被广泛应用于新型疫苗的研究。但天然OMVs产量低,无法达到规模化生产的要求,OMVs产量提升是OMVs疫苗产业化要解决的关键核心技术问题。本文主要从细菌基因改造、生长培养条件优化和OMVs生产纯化工艺优化3个方面对提升OMVs产量的研究进行综述,以期为OMVs疫苗产业化研究开发提供参考。     

幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白25基因的克隆及序列分析

目的 克隆幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,Hp）外膜蛋白25（OMP25）基因,并对其进行序列分析。方法 利用PCR技术扩增OMP25基因,并将其定向插入pET-22b（＋）载体中,以DNA自动序列分析仪进行核苷酸分析。结果 DNA序列分析表明,所克隆的OMP25基因序列与GeneBank公布的一致。结论 该研究获得了序列正确的幽门螺杆菌OMP25基因,为其重组表达及其棚关研究奠定了良好基础。     

细菌外膜囊泡应用于肿瘤治疗

细菌外膜囊泡（outer membrane vesicles,OMVs）是由革兰氏阴性菌分泌的纳米囊泡,主要由细菌外膜和周质成分组成,因此表面富集的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）使OMVs能激起强烈的免疫反应。在抗肿瘤研究中,OMVs主要被用于抗肿瘤药物的递送,不仅能增加药物的肿瘤富集还能激活免疫反应协同杀伤肿瘤;同时,OMVs也用于开发肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,可显著提高免疫响应的能力。本综述主要概括了OMVs的生物发生机理、OMVs对宿主免疫系统的影响及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展。     

革兰氏阴性菌外膜囊泡作为亚单位疫苗的研究进展北大核心CSCD

外膜囊泡(OMVs,Outer membrane vesicles)是一种在革兰氏阴性菌甚至某些革兰氏阳性菌中普遍存在的包含生物学活性物质的囊泡状结构,其大小在20–250 nm之间。其组成成分包括脂多糖、外膜蛋白、磷脂、DNA以及在形成过程中被外膜包裹的周质成分等。由于外膜囊泡不能复制且含有大量的细菌抗原,并能有效激活免疫系统,所以被认为是极具潜力的疫苗候选。虽然外膜囊泡从发现至今有50多年的历史,但针对其作为疫苗的潜力探究最近几年才开始,中国关于这方面的文献报道还很少。本文从外膜囊泡诱导免疫应答的机制以及其作为疫苗的研究进展两个方面概述了外膜囊泡可以作为一种新颖的防控疾病的疫苗策略,为今后外膜囊泡疫苗的深入研究提供参考。     

需钠弧菌外膜囊泡的蛋白质组分析与异源蛋白的递送

[背景] 需钠弧菌（Vibrio natriegens）是一种快速生长的革兰氏阴性菌,作为一种新兴工具在生物技术领域有重要的应用潜力。此前的研究主要集中在开发利用V. natriegens成为体内外重组蛋白生产的工具。然而,许多支持细菌进行快速生长和蛋白质生产的生理活动大部分仍未确定。外膜囊泡（Outer Membrane Vesicle,OMV）是由革兰氏阴性细菌普遍产生的一种球形小泡,其不仅具有重要的功能,而且还可以作为一种应用于疫苗治疗的高效运载工具。[目的] 表征指数生长期OMV的蛋白质组并利用OMV进行异源蛋白的递送。[方法] 使用透射电镜、动态光散射和质谱学的方法,观察OMV的形态及粒径分布并鉴定蛋白组成。以超折叠绿色荧光蛋白（Superfolded Green Fluorescent Protein,sfGFP）作为货物蛋白来确定OMV蛋白载体。[结果] 从细菌培养的指数期中期和末期分别提取的OMV中鉴定到了288个和317个蛋白。这些蛋白分属不同的功能组,包括ABC转运蛋白、鞭毛、双组分系统。相比之下,同时鉴定了全细胞样品,其在指数期中期和末期分别含有1 480个和1 565个蛋白。我们筛选OMV的蛋白作为候选载体发现了一种属于OmpA家族的蛋白（命名为OmpA24）,其能够将sfGFP以融合货物蛋白的形式运载到OMV中。[结论] 首次证实V. natriegens能够在指数生长期产生OMV,并展示了第一个不同生长时期OMV和全细胞的蛋白质组鉴定结果。OmpA24是将外源融合货物蛋白呈递到OMV中的有前景的载体。本研究有助于促进V. natriegens在蛋白表达和OMV介导的分泌中的应用。     

细菌外膜囊泡在抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展*

细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)是在细菌生长过程中分泌出的一种直径为20~300 nm的膜性小泡。由磷脂、脂多糖、蛋白质、RNA或DNA等组成。OMVs包含大量细菌抗原,通过启动信号转导通路增强细胞因子和共刺激分子的表达,促进抗原呈递,有效激活免疫系统。OMVs中的毒力因子可以传递给宿主细胞,刺激细菌-宿主细胞之间的相互作用,具有内在的抗肿瘤活性。另外OMVs有利于进行工程设计,还可作为高效的药物运载体,实现免疫治疗和化疗-光疗的结合,从而提高药物的抗癌能力。OMVs在肿瘤免疫、肿瘤工程疫苗和载药等方面具有良好前景,被认为是抗肿瘤治疗的新型手段。从OMVs的结构组分、产生机制和抗肿瘤机制等方面概述了OMVs在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展,为将来OMVs的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。     

Lewis epitopes on outer membrane vesicles of relevance to Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori extrudes protein- and lipopolysaccharide-enriched outer membrane vesicles from its cell surface which have been postulated to act to deliver virulence factors to the host. Lewis antigen expression by lipopolysaccharide of H. pylori cells has been implicated in a number of pathogenic roles. The aim of this study was to further characterize the expression of lipopolysaccharide on the surface of these outer membrane vesicles and, in particular, expression of Lewis antigens and their association with antibody production in the host. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H. pylori strains were examined for outer membrane vesicle production using transmission electron microscopy and Lewis antigen expression probed using immunoelectron microscopy. Sera from patients were analyzed for cross-reacting anti-Lewis antibodies and, subsequently, absorbed using outer membrane vesicle preparations to remove the cross-reacting antibodies. RESULTS: The formation of outer membrane vesicles by H. pylori was observed in both in vitro and in vivo samples. Furthermore, vesicles were produced following culture in either liquid or solid medium by all strains examined. Moreover, we observed the presence of Lewis epitopes on outer membrane vesicles using immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting. Circulating anti-Lewis antibodies were found in the sera of gastric cancer patients but not in the sera of H. pylori-negative control subjects. Absorption of patient sera with outer membrane vesicles decreased the levels of anti-Lewis autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the ability of H. pylori to generate outer membrane vesicles bearing serologically recognizable Lewis antigens on lipopolysaccharide molecules which may contribute to the chronic immune stimulation of the host. The ability of these vesicles to absorb anti-Lewis autoantibodies indicates that they may, in part, play a role in putative autoimmune aspects of H. pylori pathogenesis.     

Composition and function of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles

The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori sheds outer membrane vesicles (OMV) that possess many of the surface elements of the bacterium. Here we review current knowledge on the composition of H. pylori OMV and discuss evidence for their potential roles in bacterial survival and pathogenesis.     

Human serum antibody response against iron-repressible outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori

Abstract In Helicobacter pylori , in vitro iron limitation induces the expression of several iron repressible outer membrane proteins (IROMPs), which are not expressed under normal growth conditions. To substantiate their proposed role in virulence of H. pylori , we determined whether these IROMPs are also expressed in vivo. Therefore, we tested whether sera of patients with H. pylori infection contained antibodies against IROMPs. All sera from 20 H. pylori positive patients showed a clear immune response against a 77 kDa heme-binding IROMP in an immunoblot assay. Antibody responses against the other IROMPs were also found, but with lower frequencies. Serum samples from 18 patients negative for H. pylori infection did not show any immunoreactivity with IROMPs. These results indicate that the IROMPs of H. pylori are immunogenic and are expressed in vivo.     

Crystal structure of the secreted protein HP1454 from the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori

HP1454 is a protein of 303 amino acids found in the extracellular milieu of Helicobacter pylori. The protein structure, crystallized in the orthorhombic C222₁ space group with one molecule per asymmetric unit, has been determined using the single‐wavelength anomalous dispersion method. HP1454 exhibits an elongated bent shape, composed of three distinct domains. Each domain possesses a fold already present in other structures: Domain I contains a three‐strand antiparallel β‐barrel flanked by a long α‐helix, Domain II is an anti‐parallel three‐helix bundle, and Domain III a β‐sheet flanked by two α‐helices. The overall assembly of the protein does not bear any similarity with known structures. Proteins 2014; 82:2868–2873. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Proteomic analysis of outer membrane vesicles derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human bacterial pathogen, constitutively secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular milieu. Although recent progress has revealed that OMVs are essential for pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa, their proteins have not been comprehensively analyzed so far. In this study, we identified 338 vesicular proteins with high confidence by five separate LC-MS/MS analyses. This global proteome profile provides a basis for future studies to elucidate the pathological functions of OMVs from P. aeruginosa.     

The outer membrane vesicles: Secretion system type zero

Gram‐negative bacteria have mechanisms through which they can colonize and survive in different environments, such as the secretion systems types (1‐6) that have been widely studied and characterized. Nowadays, some authors have proposed extracellular structures, such as the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), to be considered as an additional and independent secretion system. The OMVs are spherical particles of 50‐250 nm in diameter; they originate in the outer membrane, and therefore they have a very similar composition to the latter. These particles can transport an important variety of biomolecules: enzymes, toxins, antigenic determinants and even nucleic acids. Thus, it is of great interest to collect data describing the advantages of the transport of biomolecules through the OMVs and, thus, determine their role as a potential secretion system.      

Helicobacter pylori Growth Stage Determines the Size,Protein Composition,and Preferential Cargo Packaging of Outer Membrane Vesicles

Gram‐negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as part of their normal growth that contain a range of cargo from their parent bacterium, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. The protein content of OMVs is suggested to be similar in composition to various sub‐cellular locations of their parent bacterium. However, very little is known regarding the effect of bacterial growth stage on the size, content, and selective packaging of proteins into OMVs. In this study, the global proteome of Helicobacter pylori and their OMVs throughout bacterial growth are examined to determine if bacterial growth stage affected OMV cargo composition. Analysis of OMVs produced by H. pylori reveals that bacterial growth stage affects the size, composition, and selection of protein cargo into OMVs. Proteomic analysis identifies that the proteome of H. pylori OMVs is vastly different throughout bacterial growth and that OMVs contain a range of proteins compared to their parent bacteria. In addition, bacterial growth stage affects the ability of OMVs to induce the production of IL‐8 by human epithelial cells. Therefore, the findings identify that the size, proteome, and immunogenicity of OMVs produced during various stages of bacterial growth is not comparable. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of considering the bacterial growth stage from which OMVs are isolated, as this will impact their size, protein composition, and ultimately their biological functions.