浙西南毛竹林覆盖对土壤渗透性及生物特征的影响

对浙西南山区4种不同覆盖年限下毛竹林地的土壤入渗、土壤理化性质、土壤根系和土壤动物特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同覆盖年限林地及同一林地不同土壤层次下土壤渗透性能存在较大差异,随着土层加深各林地土壤渗透性能均降低.渗透性能表现为覆盖1次林地＞未覆盖林地＞覆盖2次和3次后的林地.Kostiakov模型适合该研究区域的土壤水分入渗过程模拟.随着林地覆盖年限的增加(4～6年),林地土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值显著降低,而土壤容重、有机质和全N含量则显著提高.土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等均随根长密度减少而变小,土壤入渗能力的变化与直径0.5～5.0 mm的根长密度有关.不同覆盖年限毛竹林地土壤动物的平均密度差异显著,覆盖1次的林地最高,而覆盖3次的林地最低.综合纲、唇足纲、倍足纲、膜翅目、伪蝎目等大中型节肢动物,蜱螨目甲螨亚目、中气门亚目,以及弹尾目棘跳科、长角跳科、疣跳科、驼跳科等小型节肢动物数量的减少不利于土壤水分入渗.毛竹林长期覆盖会使土壤理化性状劣变,减弱土壤入渗性能,限制土壤动物活动,进而导致毛竹林退化.     

旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水与产量构成因素的关系

为探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水、增产技术途径,于2011—2012年在山西省闻喜县进行了前茬小麦收获后30 d或60 d深翻后进行地面全覆盖、半覆盖、不覆盖的大田试验,研究休闲期覆盖时间和覆盖方式对土壤水分和小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明:休闲期覆盖后,播种-孕穗期土壤蓄水量显著提高,尤其播种期140~200 cm,越冬期和返青期160~300 cm,拔节期80~160 cm,孕穗期0~120 cm、200~300 cm土层效果明显,且以前茬小麦收获后30 d采用全覆盖效果较好;覆盖后,越冬-孕穗期群体分蘖数增加,成熟期植株干物质量显著提高,穗数显著提高(3%~14%),产量显著提高(171~815 kg·hm-2);全覆盖处理成穗率、经济系数、产量及其构成因素均高于半覆盖,且以麦收后30 d覆盖效果较好;播种期土壤水分与穗数、穗粒数和产量关系密切,尤其是深层土壤水分,且直至孕穗期200~300 cm土壤水分与干物质量、穗数和产量关系仍密切;休闲期提早覆盖有利于蓄保休闲期降水于深层,且至孕穗期300 cm深处土壤水分仍有提高;有利于构建合理群体,主要通过提高穗数实现增产,且以全覆盖效果最好。     

设施菜田水肥管理模式下蚯蚓和土壤肥力状况的变化

通过田间定位试验,研究了设施有机菜田不同水肥(有机肥)管理模式下土壤蚯蚓密度和土壤基本肥力的变化及其关系,为有机菜田的合理灌溉培肥提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤湿度、孔隙度、有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥施用量的增多而增加,增加幅度分别为4%~27%、6%~9%、19%~27%、19%~26%、141%~230%和74%~91%;有机肥处理土壤蚯蚓密度比不施肥处理显著提高43%~110%;相关分析表明,土壤蚯蚓密度与土壤生产力、土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和土壤孔隙度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系;土壤蚯蚓能够有效指示设施菜田土壤肥力状况,发挥重要的土壤生态功能;减量灌溉常规施肥为设施有机菜田的最佳水肥管理模式。     

不同护坡草本植物的根系特征及对土壤渗透性的影响

为明确三峡库区植被边坡植物物种根系特征与土壤渗透性之间的关系,以裸地为对照,应用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统对香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides(Lin.) Nash)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)等4种护坡草本的根系特征进行定量分析.结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿和香根草的根长密度和根表面积密度显著大于狗牙根和百喜草;(2)不同草本类型和同一草本不同土层之间土壤渗透性存在较大差异,且各草本土壤渗透性随土层深度的增加而降低;相对于裸地而言,4种草本均能显著增强土壤渗透性,其土壤渗透性优劣表现为:香根草＞紫花苜蓿＞百喜草＞狗牙根;(3)土壤的初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等各参数均随根长密度和根表面积密度增大而增强,且与直径介于0.5-5 mm不同径级的根系特征之间存在明显的相关性,故根系对土壤渗透性的增强作用主要归功于0.5-5 mm径级的根长密度和根表面积密度;(4)根长密度、根表面积密度对考斯加科夫入渗模型参数K和a有较大影响,随着根长密度和根表面积密度的增加,表征土壤初始入渗率的K值逐渐增大,而表征入渗能力衰减的参数a逐渐减小.     

林地覆盖经营对雷竹生物量及土壤肥力的影响

以不同覆盖栽培年限(0、3、6、9和12年)雷竹林为研究对象,分析雷竹林退化过程中林分生长与土壤养分的变化趋势.结果表明:随着覆盖年限的增加,竹林地上及地下生物量均在覆盖3年时达到最大值,与对照相比增幅分别为14.6%和146.6%,差异显著;土壤养分含量受覆盖年限和土层深度的影响而出现差异性,并逐渐表现出上层富集的现象,土壤有机碳和全氮含量随覆盖年限的增加呈上升趋势,全磷含量在不同土层中均呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,在表层(0~20 cm)和底层(40~60 cm)土壤中覆盖6年时达到最低,亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中覆盖3年时达到最低,全钾含量在表层土壤中持续增大,在亚表层和底层土壤中则表现为在覆盖0~3年下降、3~12年上升的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异显著.覆盖9年后,土壤肥力综合指数总体得到较大幅度的提高,亚表层土壤肥力优于表层和底层土,但不同覆盖年限间土壤肥力综合指数与雷竹各器官生物量均没有显著的相关性,而在亚表层中,土壤氮含量与竹叶生物量,以及钾含量与竹叶和鞭根生物量呈显著负相关.这表明长期覆盖及大量施用化肥导致的土壤养分过量积累已经对雷竹林的扩繁和生物量积累产生严重的抑制作用,加剧了竹林衰退趋势.     

漓江水陆交错带典型立地根系分布与土壤性质的关系

研究根系与土壤关系是发掘河岸带生态退化等问题内在原因的重要途径。在漓江流域水陆交错带选取缓坡、陡坡、江心洲、人工岸坡4种典型立地类型,对不同土层深度的根长密度、根系生物量、比根长,以及根系特征与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷的关系进行了研究,旨在为漓江流域生态修复过程中植被恢复、植被配置、快速绿化材料选取提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)同一立地类型0—10 cm土层和10—20 cm土层比根长差异性不显著。0—10 cm到10—20 cm土层,各立地类型根长密度和根系生物量密度均减小,但不同立地类型根长密度和根系生物量密度的差异程度逐渐缩小,表明地形、地表植物类型及生长状况对根长密度分布的影响也随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小。细根根长和生物量随着土壤深度的增加而减小。(2)土壤有机质含量差异性显著,分布规律为人工岸坡陡坡江心洲缓坡;土壤全氮含量从大到小依次是人工岸坡、陡坡、缓坡、江心洲,其值分别为:3.12、2.33、1.56、1.32 g/kg;土壤全氮与土壤有机质呈显著正相关。江心洲和缓坡有效磷含量远远大于人工岸坡和陡坡,原因是漓江水长期受人为洗漱影响,导致受江水干扰大的立地类型有效磷含量高。(3)根长密度、比根长、根系生物量与有机质、全氮含量呈正相关,与有效磷含量呈负相关,说明土壤根系越丰富,越有利于增加土壤有机质和全氮含量,但遏制了土壤有效磷。细根长度、生物量与根长密度在0.01水平(双侧)上显著正相关,与根系生物量密度呈负相关。     

Simulation model of soil compaction and root growth

Soil compaction is a widespread cause of reduced plant productivity. If the effects of soil compaction on plant growth are to be reproduced in simulation models, then the processes through which compaction reduces root elongation must be expressed mathematically and then tested against experimental data. The mathematical theory by which these processes may be represented is given in the accompanying article. In this article, the behavior of a simulation model based on this theory is tested against data for root growth and soil gas concentration recorded from soil columns of which the middle layers were compacted to different bulk densities. The model was able to reproduce the failure of the root system to penetrate the compacted middle layer within the period of the experiment when bulk density exceeded 1.55 Mg m^-3. The model also reproduced decreases in O₂ concentrations, and increases in CO₂ concentrations, in the atmospheres of the compacted layer and of the uncompacted layer below it as bulk density of the compacted layer increased. The simulated time course of O₂ and nutrient uptake and of O₂ concentrations in the compacted layer at different depths is presented and its consistency with experimental findings is examined. As part of a larger ecosystem model, this model will be useful in estimating site-specific effects of soil compaction on carbon cycling in agroecosystems.     

基于遥感图像不同辐射校正水平的植被覆盖度估算模型

选用南京市SPOT 5 HRG图像的地物反射率(PAC)、表观反射率(TOA)和灰度值（DN）影像,提取了4种植被指数（VI）,即归一化植被指数（NDVI）、转换植被指数（TVI）、土壤调节植被指数（SAVI）和修正的土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI）,与地面实测的植被覆盖度进行了回归分析,并建立了36个VI-VFC关系模型.结果表明：在所有模型中,基于PAC级影像提取的NDVI和TVI的3次多项式模型最优;其次为基于DN级影像提取的SAVI和MSAVI的3次多项式模型,在VFC>0.8时其精度略高于前两种模型.这4个模型在植被中等密集区域（VFC＝0.4～0.8）的精度高于植被稀疏区域（VFC=0～0.4）.所建模型可通过中间模型的联结,进行推广使用.在基于VI-VFC关系建模过程中,基于遥感影像不同辐射校正水平提取植被指数,有利于充分挖掘遥感影像信息,进而提高VFC估算的精度.     

水稻覆膜旱作对根叶性状、土壤养分和土壤微生物活性的影响

研究了水稻覆膜旱作、裸地旱作、常规水作处理对根系形态、叶片水势、土壤养分、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,覆膜旱作能改善水稻田间的生态环境,提高早季土壤温度1～3℃。与裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作能增加抽穗期水稻根系的总根长、比根长,而这些指标与常规水作差别不大。在水稻抽穗期,无论是剑叶还是倒2叶的水势,均有如下趋势：水作〉覆膜旱作〉裸地旱作,但均未达到显著水平。不同处理对叶片叶绿素含量的影响在分蘖期差异不大,中后期覆膜旱作明显高于裸地旱作和常规水作,抽穗期分别增加29．44％和15．15％,成熟期则为74．4％、38．9％。覆膜旱作能显著增加水稻的有效穗数,早季和晚季产量比裸地旱作增产10．6％和12．5％,而与常规水作差别不大。与裸地旱作和常规水作相比,覆膜旱作土壤养分含量在分蘖期除了全磷、速效氮显著增加外,其他指标差异不大。而抽穗期则由于覆膜后作物对养分的消耗加大从而使土壤养分含量下降,特别是总磷、速效磷、速效钾与常规水作相比显著下降,分别降低25．9％,31．9％,16．2％。而成熟期则大多指标与常规水作相比有所下降,但未达到显著水平。与常规水作栽培相比,覆膜旱作能增加土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌2．5倍,显著增加土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,而土壤脲酶活性则差异不大。土壤过氧化氢酶活性在分蘖期、抽穗期、成熟期分别增加13．8％,81．3％,17．4％,蔗糖酶活性则分别增加42．8％,28．8％和69．9％。     

基于数字土壤制图技术的土壤有机碳储量估算

精准的土壤属性空间分布信息有助于提升土壤有机碳储量估算的精度.本研究以河南省济源市南山林场为研究区,以地形因子为预测因子,利用模糊C均值(FCM)聚类方法对土壤有机碳含量、土壤容重、土壤厚度和土壤砾石含量进行数字土壤预测制图,基于数字制图结果实现土壤有机碳密度预测制图和土壤有机碳储量估算.结果表明:基于数字土壤制图方法...     

林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分制约性关系的影响

为了探讨林地覆盖雷竹林退化机理,给退化雷竹林恢复提供理论参考,对不同覆盖年限(CK、1、3 a 和6 a) 雷竹林土壤微生物区系组成和生物量碳(C_mic)、氮(N_mic)、磷(P_mic)等特征因子进行了测定,并分析了其与土壤养分的制约性关系。结果表明:(1) 雷竹林土壤微生物以细菌为主,真菌次之,放线菌最少,分别占土壤微生物总量的90.11%-98.03%、1.04%-9.22%和0.67%-1.37%。随覆盖年限增加,细菌、放线菌比率呈下降趋势,真菌比率呈上升趋势;土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌数量及C_mic、N_mic、P_mic均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异极显著,真菌数量总体呈极显著升高趋势。(2)雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(Available nitrogen, AN)和pH均呈显著或极显著相关,其中,CK和覆盖1 a、3 a雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤养分主要呈正相关,与pH呈负相关,而覆盖6 a雷竹林则相反。(3)不同覆盖年限雷竹林土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性关系存在一定的差异,CK雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、AN、速效钾(AK)和pH主要影响土壤C_mic、N_mic和细菌,覆盖1 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、TP和AK主要影响土壤P_mic、放线菌和细菌,覆盖3 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、速效磷(AP)和AN主要影响土壤N_mic、放线菌和真菌,覆盖6 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN和pH主要影响土壤N_mic、真菌。研究表明:长期覆盖雷竹林土壤细菌、放线菌数量与比例明显降低,真菌数量与比例明显提高,土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性作用关系会发生较为明显变化,产生土壤障害,这是覆盖雷竹林退化的主要原因之一。     

Tree species selection and soil tillage in alley cropping systems with Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a humid premontane climate: biomass production,nutrient cycling and crop responses

The development of alley cropping systems is based on the assumption that leguminous trees planted in hedgerows influence the yield of associated crops favourably by means of the additional nutrient pool applied to the soil through tree prunings. An on-station field study (split-plot design in a randomised block design) was conducted on an Eutric Cambisol under humid premontane climate conditions in Costa Rica in order to evaluate the ability of Erythrina poeppigiana, Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium to increase bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yields compared to sole cropping. Soil tillage was applied as a sub-treatment in order to evaluate if soil preparation would additionally alter soil fertility and bean yield. After seven years with pruning twice per year, the size of both the total N and P pool in the pruned tree material was about three times higher for Erythrina prunings than for Calliandra and Gliricidia prunings. Two and five weeks after mulch application 50–150% higher inorganic N pools were measured in the soil from Erythrina plots, the bean shoot biomass at harvest was increased by 65–100% and the bean yield was 15–50% higher than in plots with beans alone. Hence, of the three tree species, Erythrina was the best choice for alley cropping systems in the pedoclimatic environment studied. Soil tillage reduced bean yield, soil organic matter, total soil N content and soil microbial biomass N in the top soil and is not recommended for similar soils in humid premontane climates.     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass,root length density,specific root length,and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root tumover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors.Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past,our understanding of it remains limited.This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood.Soil moisture,temperature,and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level.In temperate forest ecosystems,seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground.Therefore,fine root biomass,root length density(RLD)and specific root length(SRL)vary during the growing season.Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover.The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass,RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability,such as moisture,temperature,and nitrogen,and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation.We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples(≤2 mm in diameter)every month from Mav to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L.gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station,Northeast Forestry University,China.Seventy-two soil cores(inside diameter 60 mm;depth intervals:0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm)were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m×30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass(live and dead),and calculate RLD and SRL.Soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen(ammonia and nitrates)at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots.Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass(live (32.2 g.m-2.a-1)in the middle(10-20 cm)and deep layer (20-30cm),respectively.Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September,but lower in August and October.The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing soil layer.RLD and SRL in May were the highestthe other months,and RLD was the lowest in Septemberdynamics of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen availability.To a lesser extent,the temperature could be determined by regression analysis.Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients,while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition.Therefore,carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different.Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71-73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass.These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability,which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots,but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability.     

土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境效应

生物质炭具有高度稳定性和较强的吸附性能,可从气候、地质等多方面对环境产生影响,在全球气候变化、碳生物地球化学循环以及环境系统中发挥着非常重要的作用,长期以来成为国内外大气科学、地质学和环境科学领域研究的热点.作为土壤腐殖质中高度芳香化结构组分的可能来源,生物质炭对增加土壤碳库贮量、提高土壤肥力以及维持土壤生态系统平衡意义重大.本文重点概述了生物质炭特性、生物质炭生物与非生物氧化机理、生物质炭对全球气候变化的影响以及土壤生物质炭环境效应等方面的国内外研究进展,并对今后生物质炭在土壤生态系统中的环境行为和环境效应研究进行了简要的展望.     

Top and root growth and nutrient absorption of Prunus avium L. at two soil pH and P levels

One-year-old Prunus avium L. were grown under greenhouse conditions in a Countesswells soil in all combinations of 2 pH and 2 P levels. The soil, obtained from a long-term liming and fertilizer experiment, provided pH values throughout the experiment of 3.75–3.99 (pH 1) and 4.81–5.41 (pH 2). The P treatments had 0.43% acetic acid extractable P of 31–44 g g^-1 (P1) and 145–173 g g^-1 (P2). The trees were harvested 92 (H1), 134 (H2), and 168 (H3) days after initiation of growth.Top (leaf+new stem) dry weight was significantly increased for pH 2 and P2 at H2 and H3. P2 also increased leaf weight (H1), the weight of the original stem-root (H2 and H3), and root length but decreased root diameter at both soil pHs (H2 and H3). Total tree uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was also increased by pH-P combinations which had significantly greater dry matter production and root length. Total Mn uptake decreased at pH2. Root nutrient inflows (uM m^-1 day^-1) were increased for Ca at pH2 and for P at P2. Mn inflow decreased at pH2 and at pH1 P2 although the increased root length associated with the latter treatmen resulted in increased total tree Mn uptake. In general, high nutrient inflows occurred in all trees at H1 and in severely stunted trees at pH1 P1; both had larger than average root diameters.     

不同土壤水分条件下土壤容重对玉米根系生长的影响

用玉米作为实验材料进行分根实验。种子根平分在装有土娄土的分隔的白铁皮桶中。土壤容重分 4种处理 :低容重 (两边容重都为 1 .2 0 g· cm-3 )、中容重 (两边容重都为1 .33g· cm-3 )、高容重 (两边容重都为 1 .45g· cm-3 )和混合容重 (一边为 1 .2 0 g· cm-3 ,另一边为 1 .45g· cm-3 )。土壤水分控制在高基质势 (- 0 .1 7MPa)和低基质势 (- 0 .86MPa) 2个水平。结果表明 :当植株生长在高紧实土壤或土壤基质势从 - 0 .1 7MPa降到 - 0 .86 MPa时 ,根长和根干重都显著降低 ;紧实土壤使根长降低的同时还使根的直径增大。然而 ,当植株生长在混合容重土壤中时 ,处在低容重土壤中的根系生长得到加强 ,补偿甚至超补偿高容重土壤中根系生长的不足     

Effect of cyclic wetting and drying of a soil on root hair growth of maize roots

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cyclic soil wetting and drying on maize (Zea mays L.) root hair growth. Three soils, Chalmers silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls), Raub silt loam (Aquic Argiudolls) and Aubbeenaubbee sandy loam (Aric Ochraqualfs) and two soil moisture contents, −175 (M₀) and −7.5 kPa (M₁), were used to study root hair growth in a controlled-climate chamber. Increasing soil moisture after 7d from M₀ and M₁ resulted in a cessation of root hair growth behind the root cap while drying the soil after 7d from M₁ and M₀ promoted root hair growth on new but not old or existing roots. By maintaining liquid continuity under cyclic wetting and drying of a soil, root hairs may be of far greater significance to the nutrition of the plant than originally thought. Journal Paper No. 11023, Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., W. Lafayette, IN 47907. Contribution from the Dep. of Agron.