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《中国生物工程杂志》2020,(3)
脂肪作为机体内最大的分泌器官,可以通过释放激素、细胞因子等调节其他的组织器官。近年来研究发现,脂肪组织可以释放外泌体并通过体液循环传递信号至其他组织器官,调节其靶器官的生理功能,且针对不同的靶器官,外泌体会产生不同的作用效果。机体的稳态是各组织间相互作用的结果,外泌体的发现,为脂肪组织与其他组织互作提供了稳定的物质基础,但是,脂肪外泌体的作用依旧存在着许多未知效果。从脂肪组织外泌体的发现、鉴定,以及脂肪外泌体与肝脏、肌肉和其他组织器官的相互作用等方面进行综述,为脂肪外泌体的研究提供理论依据,以便更好地探索生命的奥秘。 相似文献
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脂肪组织的免疫功能 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
脂肪组织不仅是能量的储备器官,也是一个重要的内分泌器官.它协助神经系统和其他内分泌器官维持机体的内平衡.近年来,一些研究表明脂肪组织与免疫反应有着密切的联系.人们发现脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素不仅调节机体的能量代谢和控制脂肪的积累,还参与调节单核细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的免疫功能,是一种作用广泛的细胞因子.脂肪细胞分泌的其他因子如脂联素也有免疫调节作用.免疫刺激还会作用于淋巴结周围的脂肪组织,引起这些脂肪细胞发生脂解作用.脂肪组织与免疫系统的相互作用,进一步表明生命是由各系统组成的一个有机统一体.随着对这一领域的研究不断深入,可能为某些疾病的治疗提供新的途径. 相似文献
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动脉粥样硬化是一种病因复杂的血管壁慢性炎症性疾病,近年来其发病率持续增高,肥胖和糖尿病是其公认的危险因素。脂肪组织作为机体内重要的代谢器官,同时亦具有强大的内分泌功能。在肥胖和糖尿病情况下,脂肪组织来源的多种细胞因子及外泌体介导了器官、细胞间的信息交流,参与多种疾病的发生和发展。外泌体作为细胞间重要的通讯媒介,调控多种心血管疾病病理进程,与动脉粥样硬化密切相关。本文围绕动脉粥样硬化病理进程中的内皮功能障碍、炎症反应、脂质代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗四个重要的病变过程,就脂肪源性外泌体的作用机制展开综述,以期为该疾病的研究和诊疗提供参考。 相似文献
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外泌体是直径在30-100 nm左右的囊泡结构。作为一种活细胞分泌的亚细胞成分,外泌体广泛参与细胞之间的交流,并可以作为干细胞的旁分泌因子来发挥生物学效应。研究发现外泌体可以参与皮肤组织修复与再生的各个过程,通过促进皮肤细胞的增殖迁移,促进血管新生,调节免疫反应来促进创伤愈合与皮肤组织再生,为进一步实现无细胞治疗提供了新的实现途径。对于某些慢性创面,例如糖尿病性皮肤溃疡等也有较好的治疗效果。本文就外泌体在皮肤修复与再生中作用的研究进展做一综述。 相似文献
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血管新生(angiogenesis)是机体内一个复杂的生理学和病理学过程,是治疗缺血性疾病的重要措施。大量实验研究已表明间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)等干细胞移植可促进心肌梗死后血管新生,近期研究证实这一作用可能主要通过分泌外泌体形式介导。外泌体(exosome)通过传递与血管新生相关微RNA(microRNA, mi RNA)或蛋白质等生物活性物质,调控靶器官中与血管新生相关通路的基因表达,提高内皮细胞在缺血缺氧环境下的存活、迁移、成管能力,促进心肌梗死区域血管新生。通过基因修饰手段增强外泌体介导的心脏修复作用,以及将外泌体与生物活性肽结合形成工程外泌体来靶向缺血心肌治疗,是目前外泌体在心血管领域的热点研究方向。本文结合近年外泌体研究的相关文献,就MSCs来源外泌体促进心肌梗死血管新生的具体机制及现状研究作一综述。 相似文献
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脂肪是身体的储能器官,能量以脂滴的形式储存在脂肪细胞中,脂肪组织的功能稳态是机体维持正常代谢活动的基础。前列腺素E_2 (prostaglandin E_2, PGE_2)是体内重要的脂质活性分子,广泛表达于机体组织中,参与血压、糖脂代谢、炎症等众多生理过程的调节。大量证据表明PGE_2合成酶及其受体在白色脂肪组织中大量表达,提示PGE_2参与脂肪代谢的调节。PGE_2发挥生物学功能,需要通过其G蛋白耦联受体EP1~4介导,其中EP4受体亚型在脂肪生成及代谢中发挥了重要作用,EP4受体的激活可以抑制前脂肪细胞的分化,EP4受体的缺失促进脂质分解。本文将综述EP4受体与脂肪发生及代谢的关系,并提出EP4受体有可能成为肥胖及相关代谢疾病新的治疗靶点。 相似文献
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骨骼肌组织来源的外泌体促进骨骼肌干细胞增殖并抑制其分化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
骨骼肌干细胞(又称为肌卫星细胞)位于肌纤维膜与基底膜之间。肌纤维分泌各种细胞因子到骨骼肌干细胞微环境中,进而调节肌卫星细胞的功能。最近的研究发现,骨骼肌来源的外泌体以内分泌方式影响其他组织的功能,但是,骨骼肌组织分泌的外泌体是否以旁分泌的方式调控肌卫星细胞的功能,目前并不清楚。该研究发现,骨骼肌来源的外泌体能够显著促进肌卫星细胞增殖、抑制其分化,这为揭示外泌体介导的骨骼肌组织微环境调控肌卫星细胞功能提供了实验证据。 相似文献
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Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis
It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis. 相似文献
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RICHARD E. NORRIS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1991,106(1):1-40
Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera. 相似文献
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JOAN VALUÈS MONTSERRAT TORRELL NÚRIA GARCIA JACAS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,137(4):399-407
Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted. 相似文献
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肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV
RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV
RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV
RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV
X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV
C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细 相似文献
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H.-R. GREGORIUS 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1984,23(2-3):157-165
For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献