2016‒2017年辽宁省沙门菌耐药菌谱与分子分型

摘要：目的 分析2016?2017年辽宁省沙门菌分离株的耐药特性与脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分子分型特征,为沙门菌引起的食源性疾病暴发、防控及抗生素使用提供参考数据。方法 对分离的54株沙门菌进行血清分型和药物敏感试验。根据PulseNet沙门菌标准PFGE分型技术,选取全部菌株进行PFGE分子分型分析,应用BioNumerics软件对菌株条带进行分析,确定菌株间的特征及相关性。结果 54株沙门菌血清型居首位的是肠炎沙门菌,占46.30％;其次是鼠伤寒沙门菌,占24.07％;共分为10个血清型。对13种抗生素的耐药分析显示多重耐药菌株为36株,占66.7％,其中耐3～5种的13株（24.1%）,耐6～8种的13株（24.1%）,耐9～11种的10株（18.5%）。54株沙门菌经聚类分析获得36种带型,相似度区间为49.7%～100.0％。结论 辽宁省沙门菌分离株多重耐药状况比较严重,相同血清型其PFGE带型相似度相对较高,同时具有较显著的优势带型特点;而且发现同一PFGE型菌株的耐药谱相对比较接近。     

辽宁食源性沙门菌血清型、 耐药谱及PFGE分型特征

目的分析辽宁食源性沙门菌血清型、耐药谱及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)型别,探讨辽宁沙门菌污染的同源性,为食源性疾病溯源和预警提供基础。方法对辽宁省2015年食品中、食源性疾病中分离的41株沙门菌进行血清学分型、耐药试验、PFGE分子分型,采用Bio Numerics version 6.6软件分析,比较同源性。结果 41株菌分为15个血清型,居前三位的是15株肠炎沙门菌、5株德尔卑沙门菌、5株姆班达卡沙门菌(辽宁省内少见血清型);对41株菌进行15种抗生素的耐药试验,对单一一种抗生素的耐药率为100.0%,其中红霉素97.6%,萘啶酸61.0%,氨苄西林53.7%;41株菌共分为18种PFGE带型,带型分布分散,只有两种优势,一种带型包含20株菌,有14株肠炎沙门菌,6株其他沙门菌,相似度为92.7%~100%;另一种包含5株菌,4株姆班达卡沙门菌,1株鼠伤寒沙门菌,相似度为96.6%~100.0%。结论辽宁省食源性沙门菌的血清型以肠炎沙门菌为主,生肉制品是其主要污染来源;血清型与PFGE图谱带型分布广泛,相同血清型沙门菌的PFGE带型聚集成簇、菌株具有高度同源性;相同PFGE型别的菌株耐药谱一致或相似;沙门菌的耐药情况较严重。     

沙门氏菌泛耐药基因组特征分析

【目的】分析沙门氏菌的泛耐药基因组特征。【方法】以EnteroBase数据库中16365株沙门氏菌为对象,利用课题组自主研发的泛耐药基因组分析软件(PRAP),进行泛耐药基因组结构的鉴定,通过曼-惠特尼秩和检验和皮尔逊检验,来分析耐药基因与血清型、序列型(sequence type,ST)及分离株样本来源信息间的相关性。【结果】沙门氏菌共有104种耐药基因,其中核心耐药基因18种,附属耐药基因86种,且沙门氏菌拥有一个开放型的泛耐药基因组;相同的血清型(或ST型)有相似的耐药基因谱,不同血清型(或ST型)间耐药基因的分布差异显著(P0.05),耐药基因与样本来源、分离国家及年份间也存在一定的相关性;在测试的23种获得性耐药基因中,43.48%(10/23)的占比逐年升高,73.91%(17/23)以单一亚型为优势。【结论】利用PRAP软件分析获得的这些结果揭示了近年来沙门氏菌耐药基因的时空分布规律,为沙门氏菌等食源性致病菌耐药性的研究提供了新思路。     

辽宁省食源性副溶血性弧菌PFGE分子分型及血清型、耐药谱

目的分析辽宁省副溶血性弧菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)型别及血清型、耐药谱,探讨辽宁省副溶血性弧菌污染的同源性,为食源性疾病溯源和预警提供基础。方法对50株从辽宁省2015年食源性疾病和食品中分离的副溶血性弧菌进行PFGE分子分型、血清学分型、药物敏感试验,采用BioNumerics version 6.6软件进行分析,比较同源性。结果 50株副溶血性弧菌共分为19个血清型,食源性疾病分离株分为5个血清群,主要的血清型为O3群,其次为O1群;食品分离株分为9个血清群,主要的血清型为O3群,其次为O1和O4群。50株副溶血性弧菌对15种抗生素的耐药试验,对头孢唑啉耐药率最高达72%。50株副溶血性弧菌共分为4种PFGE优势带型,相似度为90.8%~100.0%。结论辽宁省食源性副溶血性弧的血清型以O3群和O1群为主,致病菌流行株血清型为O3:K6;食品中分离菌株血清型和PFGE带型非常分散,提示这些多为遗传不相关菌株。PFGE图谱可看出,绝大部分相同血清型菌株的PFGE带型相似度很高,O3与O1血清型菌株有高度同源性密切相关,耐药菌株间PFGE带型相似度很高,均具有高度同源性。相比2014年的耐药情况,对头孢唑啉耐药率显著增高。另外,少数菌株出现多重耐药,耐药情况不容乐观。     

2019年肇庆市不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌分离株分子流行与耐药特征研究

目的了解2019年肇庆市不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,本文简称金葡菌)分子流行特征和耐药谱构成情况。方法对2019年分离自食品样、医院环境涂抹样和患者样中的117株金葡菌进行肠毒素基因聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测、抗生素敏感性试验及多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST),并对优势序列型(sequence type,ST)菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分析。结果 117株金葡菌中sea、seb毒力基因在不同来源的菌株间的携带情况存在差异,pvl毒力基因在不同耐药表型的菌株间携带情况也存在差异;肇庆市金葡菌耐药表型分为耐甲氧西林金葡菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)株和甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus, MSSA)株,MRSA株有4个优势耐药谱型,MSSA株则有3个优势耐药谱型。MSRA株耐药表型以多重耐药的MRSA株为主,且耐药情况严重;MLST分型、PFGE和ST型遗传进化分析显示,117株金葡菌可分为50个ST型,其中优势ST型有4个,分别为ST239、ST1891、ST3191和ST7,以患者分离株为主。4个优势ST型菌群间亲缘聚类距离较远,除ST7型菌群外,其他3个ST型菌株群中,不同来源的金葡菌间存在一定的亲缘关系。50个ST型可分为2个进化分支,其中有43个ST型在进化分支1上,7个ST型在进化分支2上,进化分支1与进化分支2间的菌株进化差异较大。结论肇庆市金葡菌毒力基因sea、seb在不同来源的菌株间携带情况存在差异,毒力基因pvl在不同耐药表型的菌株间携带情况也存在差异;耐药表型以多重耐药的MRSA株为主;肇庆市金葡菌流行4个优势ST型。不同来源间金葡菌存在相互散播的风险。肇庆市菌株主要位于进化分支1;防控部门应对不同来源和不同耐药表型的金葡菌制定相应的分级防控方案,并警惕不同来源的金葡菌相互散播的风险,防止高毒力强耐药的菌株引起本地区流行。同时注意ST1981型菌株,警惕该型菌株引起食源性疾病和院内感染的风险。     

鹌鹑源鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

【背景】在鹌鹑养殖过程中,抗菌药物和消毒剂的不规范使用加剧了耐药菌株在动物、场所和食品之间的相互传播,因此,掌握致病菌株在养殖动物中的耐药状况至关重要。【目的】检测北京周边地区鹌鹑蛋源致病菌株的耐药特征和耐药基因的流行情况。【方法】在天津市武清区部分鹌鹑养殖场采集鹌鹑泄殖腔粪便、鹌鹑蛋表、养殖环境和鹌鹑饮水的样品,通过细菌分离培养、菌落形态观察、染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清分型、沙门氏菌inv A基因序列测定等方法对分离菌株进行鉴定。同时进行小鼠攻毒试验,测定小鼠半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)。再通过药敏试验和PCR方法对分离菌的耐药表型、耐药基因及毒力基因进行检测。【结果】分离菌株菌落颜色、镜检形态和生化试验结果符合沙门氏菌特性,沙门氏菌inv A基因序列测定与鼠伤寒沙门氏菌参考株相似度为99.44%,鉴定为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,血清型为1,4,[5],[12]:i:l,2。该菌株对小鼠有致病作用,小鼠LD50为2.10×107 CFU/mL;药敏试验结果显示该菌株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻呋、链霉素、磺胺甲啞唑、磺胺异啞唑、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星表现耐...     

志贺菌CRISPR的检测及其与耐药的关系

【目的】检测志贺菌成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR),并分析其与志贺菌耐药的关系。【方法】根据CRISPR DB数据库公布的志贺菌确定的CRISPR结构序列CRISPR-S2、CRISPR-S4和可能的CRISPR结构序列CRISPR-S1、CRISPR-S3设计四对引物,对60株志贺菌进行PCR扩增。采用CRISPR Finder分析CRISPR,采用改良K-B药敏纸片法检测志贺菌耐药情况,并分析CRISPR-S4与耐药的关系。【结果】确定的CRISPR结构的总阳性率为95%,四个CRISPR位点组成12种CRISPR谱型(A-L),除K型外均含确定的CRISPR结构,新发现1种重复序列和12种间隔序列。60株志贺菌的多重耐药率为53.33%。CRISPR-S4阳性菌株与阴性菌株之间,耐药的分布差异无统计学意义,但多重耐药菌株和耐TE菌株CRISPR-S4的重复序列多为R4.1,其3’末端缺失碱基AC;多重耐药菌株CRISPR-S4的间隔序列多为Sp5.1、Sp6.1和Sp7。【结论】CRISPR在志贺菌中广泛分布。CRISPR重复序列的变异和间隔序列的多样性可能与志贺菌耐药有关。     

2014年大连市伤寒沙门菌耐药及 分子分型研究

摘要：目的 了解大连市伤寒沙门菌耐药性及分子分型特点,建立沙门菌分子特征本底信息,为今后防治工作提供科学依据。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对46株伤寒沙门菌进行8种抗生素敏感试验;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）方法对46株伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型及聚类分析。结果 46株伤寒沙门菌对萘啶酸（NAL）100%敏感,对氯霉素（CHL）和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑（TMP/SMZ）耐药率为4.35%,对庆大霉素（GEN）耐药率为47.83%,发现多重耐药株1株;BioNumerics分析结果显示,46株伤寒沙门菌共产生30种PFGE带型,有7株表现为同一PFGE型别。结论 大连地区存在耐庆大霉素的伤寒沙门菌;PFGE结果表明这些菌株存在遗传多态性,并有优势菌株的存在。     

辽宁省耐药沙门菌PFGE分子分型研究

目的对辽宁省2011-2012年间鸡肉中检测出的沙门菌进行耐药谱分析和PFGE分子分型分析,为沙门菌的监测、暴发预警提供依据。方法 Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定/药敏系统做耐药性分析;PFGE分型依据国际实验室分子分型监测网络PulseNet中沙门菌PFGE分型标准化方案进行。结果鸡肉中38株沙门菌均多重耐药,PFGE指纹图谱与血清具有一定的相关性,相同血清型的菌株聚类后,都能分到同一群。结论同一地区的沙门菌具有很高的相似带型,为以实验室为基础的食源性疾病暴发的发现及疫情控制提供依据。     

不同地区宋内志贺菌耐药性及脉冲场凝胶电泳分型分析

摘要:【目的】通过对不同地区的宋内志贺菌株进行药物敏感性检测、耐药基因的扩增以及基因分型,了解不同地区宋内志贺菌的耐药情况与流行趋势。【方法】使用微量肉汤稀释法测定了54 株宋内志贺菌对21种药物的敏感性,用PCR方法扩增相关耐药基因,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis,PFGE)技术进行宋内志贺菌的基因分型,最后采用BioNumerics分析软件对所有菌株进行聚类,分析其相似度。【结果】实验菌株对于甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲噁唑、四环素、替卡西林/棒酸、氨苄西林、庆大霉素5种抗生素普遍耐药,对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、左氟沙星、诺氟沙星、阿米卡星5种抗生素全部表现为敏感。共检测出包括blaTEM,blaCTX以及整合子在内的7 种不同的耐药基因。全部实验菌株可分为26个不同的PFGE带型,分型后表现出较高的基因同源性。宋内志贺菌的耐药性、携带基因与带型具有一定地域相关性。【结 论】目前各地区流行的宋内志贺菌株对甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲噁唑与四环素已经普遍耐药,不同地区出现相同聚类分型的菌株表明存在跨区域流行的宋内志贺菌群。因此,加强对不同地区宋内志贺菌的监控对减少多重耐药菌株的产生具有重要意义。     

Heterogeneity in expression of lipopolysaccharide by strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 and related phage types

AIMS: To investigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expression in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (Salmonella Typhimurium DT104) and related phage types. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolates were examined for the expression of LPS by SDS-PAGE and silver staining and subtyped by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The 100 isolates expressed one of two LPS profiles designated A (72%) and B (28%). LPS profiling was able to discriminate between isolates of identical PFGE type. Among 10 groups of outbreak isolates examined, each group was of a single LPS profile: A, 8/10 and B, 2/10. All 10 outbreaks were identical by PFGE analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and related phage types expressed one of two distinct LPS profiles. The two LPS profiles appear similar but shifted and in phase with one another, suggesting that the heterogeneity is due to changes in the LPS core region rather than among the repeating oligosaccharide units of the long-chain LPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE SUTDY: LPS profiling provides a useful adjunct to PFGE and other molecular methods for the subtyping of this group of bacteria in epidemiological investigations.     

An Association of Genotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns among Salmonella Isolates from Pigs and Humans in Taiwan

We collected 110 Salmonella enterica isolates from sick pigs and determined their serotypes, genotypes using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and compared the data with a collection of 18,280 isolates obtained from humans. The pig isolates fell into 12 common serovars for human salmonellosis in Taiwan; S. Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, S. Derby, S. Livingstone, and S. Schwarzengrund were the 5 most common serovars and accounted for a total of 84% of the collection. Of the 110 isolates, 106 (96%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 48 (44%) had PFGE patterns found in human isolates. S. Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, and S. Schwarzengrund were among the most highly resistant serovars. The majority of the 3 serovars were resistant to 8–11 of the tested antimicrobials. The isolates from pigs and humans sharing a common PFGE pattern displayed identical or very similar resistance patterns and Salmonella strains that caused severe infection in pigs were also capable of causing infections in humans. The results indicate that pigs are one of the major reservoirs to human salmonellosis in Taiwan. Almost all of the pig isolates were MDR, which highlights the necessity of strictly regulating the use of antimicrobials in the agriculture sector in Taiwan.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility, phage types, and pulse types of Salmonella Typhimurium, in São Paulo, Brazil

A total of 283 Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from cases of human infections and non human sources, were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and the incidence of resistance was 38% and multiple resistance (to three or more antimicrobials) was 15%. All 43 multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) and 13 susceptible ones were characterized by phage typing and pulsed- field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The strains encompassed 14 definitive phage types (DT), three were untypable (UT), and 18 atypicals or reaction does not conform (RDNC), which belonged to 21 PFGE patterns, A1-A21. The predominant phage types were DT49, DT193, and RDNC and two strains belonging to DT 104 and 104b were also identified. The most common PFGE patterns were A1 and A8. Analysis by PFGE and phage typing demonstrated that the most of the MDR were multiclonal and association among multiresistance, phage typing, and PFGE patterns was not so significant.     

Diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States

The prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States were examined. Hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n = 6) located in four geographically distant regions from July 2005 to April 2006. The mean prevalences of Salmonella on hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventions) were 89.6%, 50.2%, and 0.8%, respectively. The values for MDR Salmonella enterica strains (defined as those resistant to two or more antimicrobials) as percentages of Salmonella prevalence were 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3 to 25.1%; median percent prevalence, 6.9%), 11.7% (95% CI, 4.4 to 19.0%; median, 4.8%), and 0.33% (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.70%; median, 0%), respectively. In this study, 16,218 Salmonella hide and carcass isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 978 (6.0%) unique MDR S. enterica isolates were identified and serotyped and their XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles determined. The predominant MDR S. enterica serotypes observed were Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). Differences in MDR S. enterica prevalence were detected, and PFGE analysis revealed both epidemic clusters (profiles found in plants in multiple regions/seasons) and endemic clusters (profiles observed in plants in limited regions/seasons) within several of the MDR serotypes examined. Despite these differences, multiple-hurdle processing interventions employed at all plants were found to be quite effective and decreased Salmonella carcass contamination by 98.4% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.7%).     

Persistence of a Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clone in Danish pig production units and farmhouse environment studied by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

The clonal relationship among Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates from selected pig production units in Denmark was investigated by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing method to determine environmental survival and spread of Salmonella in different herds. Thirty-four Typhimurium isolated during 1996-1998 from porcine faeces and environmental samples from three pig farms designated 1, 3 and 5 were characterised by PFGE using two restriction enzymes. Farm 5 supplied piglets to farm 1 and the herds were located close to each other. Results of PFGE analysis showed both intra- and inter-relationships, i.e. identical PFGE patterns among the faecal and environmental isolates from farm 1 and farm 5. All the isolates from farm 3 irrespective of the source showed identical PFGE patterns, but were different from samples from farms 1 and 5. This study indicates spread between farms and survival of a farm-specific clone. Furthermore, identical PFGE patterns of isolates from piglet supplier and finisher herds indicate that the farrow-to-grower herd of farm 5 was sub-clinically infected prior to delivery to farm 1 and thereby caused the transmission of Salmonella.     

A Comparison of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Humans and Food Animals Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns

Salmonellosis is one of the most important foodborne diseases affecting humans. To characterize the relationship between Salmonella causing human infections and their food animal reservoirs, we compared pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from ill humans in Pennsylvania and from food animals before retail. Human clinical isolates were received from 2005 through 2011 during routine public health operations in Pennsylvania. Isolates from cattle, chickens, swine and turkeys were recovered during the same period from federally inspected slaughter and processing facilities in the northeastern United States. We found that subtyping Salmonella isolates by PFGE revealed differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and, for human Salmonella, differences in sources and invasiveness that were not evident from serotyping alone. Sixteen of the 20 most common human Salmonella PFGE patterns were identified in Salmonella recovered from food animals. The most common human Salmonella PFGE pattern, Enteritidis pattern JEGX01.0004 (JEGX01.0003ARS), was associated with more cases of invasive salmonellosis than all other patterns. In food animals, this pattern was almost exclusively (99%) found in Salmonella recovered from chickens and was present in poultry meat in every year of the study. Enteritidis pattern JEGX01.0004 (JEGX01.0003ARS) was associated with susceptibility to all antimicrobial agents tested in 94.7% of human and 97.2% of food animal Salmonella isolates. In contrast, multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was observed in five PFGE patterns. Typhimurium patterns JPXX01.0003 (JPXX01.0003 ARS) and JPXX01.0018 (JPXX01.0002 ARS), considered together, were associated with resistance to five or more classes of antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline (ACSSuT), in 92% of human and 80% of food animal Salmonella isolates. The information from our study can assist in source attribution, outbreak investigations, and tailoring of interventions to maximize their impact on prevention.     

Salmonella enterica serotype Bredeney: antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular diversity of isolates from Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Salmonella enterica serotype Bredeney has emerged as the third most commonly identified serotype among human clinical isolates referred to the Irish National Salmonella Reference Laboratory in the years 1998 to 2000. A collection of 112 isolates of S. enterica serotype Bredeney collected during the period 1995 to 1999 from animal, food, and human sources from both Ireland and Northern Ireland were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) were performed on all isolates. Plasmid profiles were examined on a subset of 33 isolates. A high proportion (74%) of isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance to both sulfonamide and trimethoprim was observed in 21% of isolates, and resistance to multiple (five) antimicrobial agents was observed in a single isolate (0.9%). Eight different PFGE patterns were obtained, with 87% of isolates grouping as PFGE type A. PFGE type A was predominant in animals, food, and humans. There was good overall concordance between the groups identified by PFGE and DAF. Overall results indicate that most S. enterica serotype Bredeney isolates in Ireland and Northern Ireland from animal and human sources are clonally related.     

A multiple typing approach is recommended for the laboratory-based surveillance of salmonellosis in Romania

In Romania, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are currently typed by antimicrobial resistance profiles and phage typing, as part of the national laboratory-based surveillance system of human enteric infections. The aim of the present study was to assess the added value of complementing this approach with molecular fingerprinting, namely pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA). Thirty-six S. Typhimurium isolates received by the Reference Center for Human Salmonella Infections for confirmation and typing from the Microbiology Departments of three Public Health Authorities, were selected for this study. Phage typing revealed that 14 isolates (39%) were nontypeable (NT). Twenty-two isolates were assigned to 5 phage types: DT193 (11 isolates), U302 (7 isolates), DT116 (2 isolates), DT41 (1 isolate) and DT86 (1 isolate). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the NT and DT116 isolates were multidrug resistant and extended-spectrum betalactamase producers. All the examined isolates were typeable when using the molecular approach. Both methods gave conclusive and comparable results, documenting the genetic relatedness and discriminating the outbreak isolates from sporadic cases. We conclude that in order to improve outbreak investigation and surveillance of salmonellosis in Romania, the current routine typing of Salmonella isolates should be complemented with at least one of these DNA fingerprinting methods.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. from pigs at slaughter in Spain in 1993 and 2001

AIM: To compare the incidence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serotypes isolated in a pig slaughterhouse in Zaragoza (Spain) during 1993 and 2001. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 168 isolates representing 10 serotypes were examined by disc diffusion method using 17 antibiotics. Data showed that the majority of the strains were resistant to streptomycin (97%), sulfadiazine (93.4%) and tetracycline (83.3%). A large proportion of the collection was multidrug resistant (MDR, resistance to four or more antibiotics) with a greater incidence in 2001. The findings imply an increasing incidence of MDR amongst S. Typhimurium, and all S. Typhimurium-definitive phage type (DT) 104 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline (R-ACSSuT). This resistance phenotype had spread among other phage and serotypes. Salmonella Ohio was also a MDR serotype and this is not a serotype normally associated with drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of the strains were MDR and this showed that pork products could be a potential vehicle of MDR Salmonella food-borne infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The findings may have significant public health consequences and could contribute to the development of useful practices aimed at limiting the transmission of MDR Salmonella serotypes through the food chain.