合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管形态及超微结构比较研究（英文）

【目的】本研究通过形态及超微结构比较研究,进一步了解蝉次目蝉总科和沫蝉总科这两个近缘类群的马氏管形态和功能分化。【方法】利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术,对合哑蝉Karenia caelatata Distant和鞘翅圆沫蝉Lepyronia coleoptrata(Linnaeus)成虫马氏管的整体形态构造和超微结构进行了比较研究。【结果】结果显示,在整体形态构造方面,合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管在滤室外的部分均分化为4个区段:过渡区、基部区、端部区和末端区。合哑蝉马氏管末端区附着于回肠并被结缔组织包裹,最末端两两愈合为一体;鞘翅圆沫蝉的末端区不愈合,最末端膨大成棒状并贴附于直肠。超微结构观察表明,这两种蝉次目昆虫的马氏管管壁细胞均具有基膜内褶和微绒毛。合哑蝉马氏管基部区管壁细胞含有分泌囊泡、分泌颗粒、内质网和矿物质颗粒。鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管基部区管壁细胞包含大量分泌囊泡,端部区细胞中的卵形囊泡与基膜愈合。马氏管中的微生物形态表明,合哑蝉马氏管的基部区、端部区中的微生物可能为共生细菌,鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管的过渡区中微生物可能为病原菌。【结论】合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管在形态构造和超微结构方面的异同,一方面为蝉总科和沫蝉总科的姊妹群关系提供了重要证据,另一方面也为其马氏管的排泄及分泌功能分化研究提供了重要信息。相关微生物的发现为进一步探讨共生菌与蝉次目昆虫的协同进化,以及利用微生物进行该类害虫的防治提供了信息。     

基于线粒体基因组的华蝉族系统发育地位研究(半翅目: 蝉科)(英文)

【目的】本研究旨在明确无鼓膜发音器的华蝉族(Sinosenini)昆虫在蝉总科(Cicadoidea)的系统发育地位。【方法】依据在陕西宁陕采集的合哑蝉Karenia caelatata成虫标本,对华蝉族的合哑蝉K. caelatata线粒体基因组进行测序、注释和生物信息学分析;并与蝉总科其他类群的线粒体基因组进行了比较,然后利用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)分别构建了蝉总科分子系统发育树。【结果】合哑蝉线粒体基因组长14 960 bp (GenBank登录号: MN922304),其基因组成、蛋白编码基因的核苷酸组成和密码子使用等,与蝉总科其他类群具相似特征。核苷酸多样性分析表明,atp8, nad6和nad2为易变基因,而cox1比较保守。非同义替换率和同义替换率比表明,蝉总科昆虫线粒体基因组进化处于高水平的纯化选择下。系统发育分析结果支持蝉次目(Cicadomorpha)的单系性,该次目3个总科的关系为：角蝉总科Membraciodea+(蝉总科Cicadoidea+沫蝉总科Cercopodidea)。无鼓膜发音器的哑蝉属与蝉亚科(Cicadinae)的蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)相关类群聚在一起,且与寒蝉属Meimuna关系最近;黑蝉族(Cicadatrini)的草蝉属Mogannia和音蝉属Vagitanus则与姬蝉亚科(Cicadettinae)相关类群聚在一起;日宁蝉属Yezoterpnosia并非一个单系群。【结论】华蝉族应从姬蝉亚科转移至蝉亚科并与蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)合并,而黑蝉族应从蝉亚科转移至姬蝉亚科。研究结果为进一步解析具有不同发声机制的蝉科昆虫系统演化提供了新信息。     

斑衣蜡蝉雌性生殖系统超微结构

【目的】明确斑衣蜡蝉Lycorma delicatula雌成虫生殖系统整体形态及超微结构特征,为蜡蝉总科昆虫分类及系统发育探讨提供更多形态学证据。【方法】采用光学显微镜与透射电子显微镜,观察斑衣蜡蝉雌成虫生殖系统整体形态和各主要器官的超微结构。【结果】斑衣蜡蝉雌成虫生殖系统主要包括1对卵巢、1个中输卵管、1个交配囊、1个交配囊管、1个前阴道、1个后阴道、1个受精囊、1个受精管和2根受精囊附腺。卵巢为端滋式,由14根卵巢小管组成,卵室由固有膜、滤泡细胞和卵细胞组成,卵巢小管中的滋养细胞清晰可见;中输卵管位于前阴道基部,由中输卵管腔、上皮细胞、肌肉鞘和基膜组成;交配囊膨大呈圆球状,囊壁由上皮细胞、肌肉层和基膜组成;交配囊管呈圆柱状,连接交配囊和后阴道,由肌肉鞘、上皮细胞层和管腔组成;前、后阴道超微结构相似,主要由肌肉鞘、基膜、上皮细胞和管腔组成,但后阴道上皮细胞细胞核周围存在分泌颗粒,且管腔内有大量微绒毛,而前阴道壁内包含有大量囊泡结构;受精管从中输卵管末端延伸至受精囊,由基膜、厚层肌肉鞘和管腔组成;受精囊为受精管近末端略膨大的囊状结构,由肌肉鞘、基膜、上皮细胞和囊腔构成;雌性受精囊附腺着生于受精囊末端,为均匀的螺旋管状,主要由肌肉层、上皮细胞层和附腺中心管腔组成。【结论】斑衣蜡蝉雌性生殖系统与已报道的蜡蝉总科其他类群的雌性生殖系统结构相似,但卵巢小管数目有差异;蝉亚目中不同总科雌成虫雌性附腺与受精囊附腺的形态特征存在明显区别;斑衣蜡蝉雌性生殖系统超微结构与叶蝉总科和沫蝉总科昆虫也存在部分差异。这些差异是否可以作为头喙亚目高级阶元的划分依据仍有待于进一步研究。     

日本沼虾消化道形态和组织学特点

应用石蜡切片和扫描电镜技术对日本沼虾消化道进行了研究。结果表明,食道壁向腔内形成四个纵突,食道上皮由单层柱状细胞构成,上皮下的结缔组织中具有放射肌和皮肤腺,环肌层近于连续。食道和胃连结处的管腔背方具食道瓣,胃内具胃磨、滤器和滤沟等结构,胃的组织学结构中除无皮肤腺分布外与食道相似。中肠较长,约占整个消化道的７１７％,具一对中肠前盲囊。中肠上皮细胞大致有两种类型,基膜着色深,环肌层连续,纵肌成束分散排列。后肠为一短管,管腔呈迷路状,其中部为一球形膨大的直肠。后肠的组织学结构与前肠相似。     

中国穿山甲消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的定位

目的研究中国穿山甲消化道5-羟色胺（5-HT）免疫活性细胞的分布和形态。方法应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白一过氧化物酶免疫组织化学方法（S-P法）。结果中国穿山甲消化道5-HT细胞在胃幽门部密度最高,食道、胃贲门部和胃体中未见分布。肠道5-HT细胞密度从十二指肠、空肠到回肠依次减少,至大肠又显著升高（P〈0．01）。5-HT细胞形态多样,主要有圆形、椭圆形和锥形,肠上皮中锥形5-HT细胞通过顶部较长的胞突通向肠腔,基部较宽的胞体与固有层相接触。结论中国穿山甲消化道5-HT细胞的分布和形态同其它动物有相似之处,也有其自身特点。中国穿山甲消化道中5-HT细胞的分布与其食性是相适应的。     

扬子鳄消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

该文用龙桂开浸银法对扬子鳄消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态进行了观察。结果表明：嗜银细胞分布于整个消化道中,从食道到直肠。其中,十二指肠和回、直肠交接处密度很高,胃体及直肠很低。嗜银细胞形态多样。食道嗜银细胞位于上皮基部和固有膜中,呈椭圆形或不规则形。胃嗜银细胞位于胃腺部,圆形或椭圆形,有的可见明显的胞突。肠嗜银细胞位于上皮细胞之间,呈长柱形、纺锤形、长颈瓶形或锤状。多数细胞两端有较长胞突,分别与固有膜     

光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征

采用解剖及石蜡切片显微技术,观察研究了光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征。消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠构成。口下位、马蹄形,无颌齿,具咽齿,齿式为4/4。舌较小,前端游离,舌粘膜表层为复层鳞状上皮,有较多的杯状细胞和味蕾。食道及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道内皱襞发达,粘膜层有大量杯状细胞。肠道盘曲,由前、中、后肠组成,肠长/体长为1.84±0.24;前肠管腔较大,中、后肠管腔渐变小;前、中肠皱襞及纹状缘比后肠发达;前肠及后肠杯状细胞较少,中肠杯状细胞较多。光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征与其食性相适应。     

庭疾灶螽中肠及马氏管结构

【目的】本研究旨在以庭疾灶螽Tachycines asynamorus为例探索驼螽消化系统和排泄系统在结构上与其生活环境的适应关系。【方法】运用解剖学方法、石蜡切片技术、冰冻切片技术及超薄切片技术对庭疾灶螽中肠及马氏管的结构进行研究。【结果】庭疾灶螽中肠向前延伸出3个胃盲囊包围着前胃。中肠上皮由再生细胞、柱状上皮细胞和内分泌细胞构成,具有典型的再生细胞龛;闭合型内分泌细胞紧贴在再生细胞龛的外围,基底区聚集大量的分泌颗粒。柱状上皮细胞内聚集有2类大的分泌颗粒：线团状颗粒和电子密度很高的球状颗粒;中肠管腔内有明显的围食膜结构,中肠基底部由基膜和肌肉层组成。马氏管着生在中后肠的交界处,从横切面看马氏管管壁具有3~5个细胞,细胞近管腔端部具有大量长微绒毛,细胞质内分布着电子致密的同心圆球晶体,基底膜内折形成膜迷路。【结论】庭疾灶螽中肠柱状上皮细胞的线团状颗粒由微丝包裹;内分泌细胞由再生细胞龛中的细胞分化而来,产生内分泌颗粒并将其排到血腔;中肠基膜发达,包含微丝与复合糖成分,基膜通过对中肠上皮细胞的支撑作用为肠道蠕动提供保障。庭疾灶螽马氏管细胞中可见大量颗粒和大量同心圆球晶体,推测可能是一种储存排泄。     

人工培养柞蚕蝉花不同部位的代谢组差异

【背景】蝉花是传统中药材,前期研究发现柞蚕培养蝉花与野生蝉花成分类似,因此有替代野生蝉花利用的潜力。【目的】揭示柞蚕培养蝉花各部分的代谢组差异,为合理利用人工培养柞蚕蝉花提供理论依据。【方法】用基于HPLC-DAD-TOF/MS代谢组学方法,比较人工培养柞蚕蝉花的虫体、体表菌丝和孢梗束的代谢组差异。【结果】人工培养柞蚕蝉花不同部位代谢组差异显著。蝉花虫体内虽然充满菌丝(菌核),但次生代谢产物并不多,仅二氢神经酰胺和植物鞘胺醇等少数化合物较其他部位多,表明虫体内物质以大分子储藏物质为主。虫体内的植物鞘胺醇含量较高,与蝉棒束孢受柞蚕蛹的免疫损伤有关。虫体表面菌丝中被检测到大量次生代谢产物,这可能是因为虫体内分解的营养成分会优先被菌丝吸收。孢梗束的次生代谢产物相对较少。【结论】柞蚕蝉花不同部位的代谢物显著不同,其虫体表面菌丝次生代谢产物较多,具有较大的代谢物利用潜力。     

蝉棒束孢显微形态变异式样

【目的】揭示蝉棒束孢居群形态性状的变异式样。【方法】通过对15个居群,75个蝉棒束孢菌株17个显微形态性状的观察和测量,采用SAS 8.1软件对蝉棒束孢显微形态性状数据进行描述性、巢式方差和Q聚类分析,获得蝉棒束孢显微形态变异数据。【结果】蝉棒束孢具有大小两型分生孢子,产孢细胞的形态可分为葫芦状和瓶状2种类型;蝉棒束孢在PDA培养基中易形成数量众多的厚垣孢子,菌丝间多能形成融合菌丝,并可观察到少量的融合菌丝在厚垣孢子与菌丝间、产孢细胞间形成。描述性分析表明,蝉棒束孢居群17个形态性状的变异系数(CV)在13.07%–104.09%之间,在物种水平上表现出丰富的变异;巢式方差分析表明,蝉棒束孢显微形态性状在居群间平均方差分量占总变异的11.29%,居群内个体间平均方差分量占总变异的15.27%,菌株内观察值间平均方差分量占总变异的73.44%。【结论】蝉棒束孢菌株形态性状变异丰富,是形态性状变异的主要来源,蝉棒束孢居群显微形态性状不存在明显的地理相关性。     

Anatomy and fine structure of the alimentary canal of the spittlebug Lepyronia coleopterata (L.) (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea)

The alimentary canal of the spittlebug Lepyronia coleopterata (L.) differentiates into esophagus, filter chamber, midgut (conical segment, tubular midgut), and hindgut (ileum, rectum). The filter chamber is composed of the anterior extremity of the midgut, posterior extremity of the midgut, proximal Malpighian tubules, and proximal ileum; it is externally enveloped by a thin cellular sheath and thick muscle layers. The sac-like anterior extremity of the midgut is coiled around by the posterior extremity of the midgut and proximal Malpighian tubules. The tubular midgut is subdivided into an anterior tubular midgut, mid-midgut, posterior tubular midgut, and distal tubular midgut. Four Malpighian tubules run alongside the ileum, and each terminates in a rod closely attached to the rectum. Ultrastructurally, the esophagus is lined with a cuticle and enveloped by circular muscles; its cytoplasm contains virus-like fine granules of high electron-density. The anterior extremity of the midgut consists of two cellular types: (1) thin epithelia with well-developed and regularly arranged microvilli, and (2) large cuboidal cells with short and sparse microvilli. Cells of the posterior extremity of the midgut have regularly arranged microvilli and shallow basal infoldings devoid of mitochondria. Cells of the proximal Malpighian tubule possess concentric granules of different electron-density. The internal proximal ileum lined with a cuticle facing the lumen and contains secretory vesicles in its cytoplasm. Dense and long microvilli at the apical border of the conical segment cells are coated with abundant electron-dense fine granules. Cells of the anterior tubular midgut contain spherical secretory granules, oval secretory vesicles of different size, and autophagic vacuoles. Ferritin-like granules exist in the mid-midgut cells. The posterior tubular midgut consists of two cellular types: 1) cells with shallow and bulb-shaped basal infoldings containing numerous mitochondria, homocentric secretory granules, and fine electron-dense granules, and 2) cells with well-developed basal infoldings and regularly-arranged apical microvilli containing vesicles filled with fine granular materials. Cells of the distal tubular midgut are similar to those of the conical segment, but lack electron-dense fine granules coating the microvilli apex. Filamentous materials coat the microvilli of the conical segment, anterior and posterior extremities of the midgut, which are possibly the perimicrovillar membrane closely related to the nutrient absorption. The lumen of the hindgut is lined with a cuticle, beneath which are cells with poorly-developed infoldings possessing numerous mitochondria. Single-membraned or double-membraned microorganisms exist in the anterior and posterior extremities of the midgut, proximal Malpighian tubule and ileum; these are probably symbiotic.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of the alimentary canal of the cicada Platypleura kaempferi (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

The alimentary canal of cicada Platypleura kaempferi is described. It comprises the oesophagus, filter chamber, external midgut section and hindgut. The elongate oesophagus expands posteriorly, with its posterior end constricting to become a bulb. The filter chamber consists of two parts: a very thin sheath and a filter organ. The filter organ is composed of the anterior and posterior ends of the midgut (internal midgut section), and the internal proximal ends of the Malpighian tubules. The external midgut section differentiates into a collapsed sac and a midgut loop. The latter is divided into three distinct segments. The hindgut contains a dilated rectum and a long narrow ileum. The distal portions of the four Malpighian tubules are enclosed in a peritoneal sheath together with the distal ileum before reaching to the rectum. Ultrastructurally, the oesophagus and the hindgut are lined with a cuticle. The filter chamber sheath consists of cells with large irregular nuclei. Filamentous substances coat the microvilli of the cells of the internal midgut section. The posterior end of the midgut comprises two types of cells, with the first type of cells containing many vesicles and scattered elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The anterior and posterior segments of the midgut loop cells have ferritin‐like granules. The ileum cells have well‐developed apical leaflets associated with mitochondria. Accumulations of virus‐like particles enclosed in the membrane are observed in the esophagus, conical segment, mid‐ and posterior segments of the midgut loop.     

Water and ion regulation in cicadas in relation to xylem feeding

Cicadas feed on xylem fluid. This is hypotonic to the haemolymph and contains high concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphate ions. The urine contains the same ions in the same proportions but in slightly lower concentrations. Amino acids and sucrose are present in xylem fluid and traces of amino acids are also found in urine.Water is rapidly shunted from foregut to hindgut via the filter chamber. Injection of xylem fluid into the oesophagus results in an immediate tenfold increase in flow rate in the ileum. The osmotic pressure of xylem fluid in the filter chamber rapidly rises whilst the osmotic pressure in the anterior part of the ileum rapidly falls.Absorption of nutrients and ions into the haemolymph probably occurs in the conical segment and anterior tubular midgut. Storage excretion of divalent ions occurs in the mid-midgut and ions may be transported from the haemolymph into the posterior tubular midgut.The Malpighian tubules secrete a fluid slightly hypertonic to blood containing K⁺ (42 mM/l.] and Na⁺ (14 mM/l.).The osmotic pressures within the internal Malpighian tubules and internal midgut in the filter chamber are considerably higher than the osmotic pressure of the xylem fluid when it first enters the filter chamber proper. Passive osmosis will occur and water will be shunted into the ileum.Reabsorption of K⁺ and Na⁺ occurs in the ileum.     

Studies on water and ion transport in homopteran insects: ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the cicadoid and cercopoid midgut

The midgut of cicadoid and cercopoid insects is differentiated at the anatomical, ultrastructural and cytochemical levels into a conical segment, anterior, mid, and posterior midgut. The cells of the conical segment and anterior midgut are cytochemically very similar. They differ in ultrastructure, the anterior midgut cells having a submicrovillar row of mitochondria and a very marked mucoprotein coat investing the microvilli. The mid-midgut contains mineral spherites, which are formed in cisternae in the endoplasmic reticulum, and ferritin. The posterior midgut differs cytochemically from the anterior midgut and the cells are characterized by deep narrow basal invaginations and the absence of a mucoprotein coat investing the microvilli. It is suggested that nutrient absorption occurs in the conical segment and anterior midgut. Ion absorption may also occur in the anterior midgut. Storage excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate occurs in the mid-midgut. Ferritin is also stored here but may be found in other regions of the midgut, particularly in the cicada. The posterior midgut may be involved in ion secretion which could be related to filter chamber function.     

Fine Structure of the Midgut and Hindgut in Lepidocampa weberi (Insecta,Diplura)

The fine structure of the alimentary canal, especially the midgut and hindgut of Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura: Campodeidae) is described. The general organization of the canal is similar to that of Campodea. The midgut epithelium is composed of columnar apical microvillated cells. Each nucleus contains a single intranuclear crystal. Close to the pyloric region, the posterior midgut cells are devoid of microvilli and intranuclear crystals. There is no special pyloric chamber as in Protura or pyloric cuticular ring as in Collembola but a morphological transformation from midgut to hindgut cells. Eight globular Malpighian papillae, consisting of distal microvillated cells and flat proximal cells, open into the gut lumen via ducts formed by hindgut cells. The structure of the hindgut is complicated and can be divided into three segments. The anterior hindgut cells have an irregular shape and compact cytoplasm. A striking interdigitation between the large bottle-shaped epithelial cells and longitudinal muscle cells occurs in the middle segment of the hindgut. The thick cuticle gives rise to long spikes projecting into the gut lumen. The posterior hindgut cells possess the morphological features for water reabsorption. Some hypotheses are advanced about the function of the different regions of the gut.     

太白蝎蛉消化道形态学与组织学研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜, 在形态学和组织学水平上研究了太白蝎蛉Panorpa obtusa Cheng成虫消化道的结构。结果表明： 蝎蛉消化道由前肠、中肠、和后肠组成。前肠包括咽喉、食道、和前胃, 但没有嗉囊,其中咽喉可分为骨化的前咽和附着扩肌的后咽（咽喉唧筒）; 前胃壁很厚,内膜上长有许多排列整齐、紧密的棕色胃刺,司过滤、暂时储存和磨碎食物的功能; 前肠末端有6个贲门瓣伸入中肠。中肠较长且膨大,其肠壁细胞由柱状细胞和再生细胞组成; 肠壁细胞外分别为环肌和纵肌,无胃盲囊,也未观察到围食膜。6根棕红色的马氏管位于中、 后肠分界处。后肠分为不对称的“V”字型回肠、环状结肠、以及膨大透明的直肠, 直肠内壁上有6个交替排列的直肠垫。最后简要讨论了蝎蛉消化道的结构与功能,及其在蝎蛉科昆虫分类中的意义。     

Ultrastructure of the digestive system of the Le fhopper Euscelidius variegatus Kirshbaum (Homoptera : Cicadellidae), with and without congenital bacterial infections

In the digestive system of Euscelidius variegatus Kirshbaum (Homoptera : (Cicadellidae), the close apposition of the anterior midgut with its posterior tabular midgut forms a filter chamber, which shunts excess water in the imbibed plant sap to the hindgut. Leafhoppers congenitally infected with a parasitic enteroform bacterium (designated BEV) had slightly atrophied digestive systems. There were numerous bacteria within the cells of the filter chamber, conical segment, and tubular midgut. Bacteria within the epithelium cells were usually enclosed within lysosomes. Epithelium cells swollen with large numbers of bacteria, had deteriorated cell membranes, and bacteria had erupted into the gut lumen. Leafhoppers not infected by BEV, harbored bacteria in the gut lumen, but not intracellularly within gut cells.     

Studies on water and ion transport in homopteran insects: ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the cicadoid and cercopoid Malpighian tubules and filter chamber

The filter chamber is a complex junction of anterior and posterior extremities of the midgut and Malpighian tubules. The sac-like anterior extremity, or filter chamber proper, comprises two cell types. These are large cuboidal cells which secrete a mucoprotein, and extremely thin cells which have regular tubular invaginations of the basal plasma membrane. The posterior extremity of the midgut and the internal Malpighian tubules coil round the filter chamber proper. They consist of thin epithelial cells identical in ultrastructure. The basal plasma membrane in these cells is formed into leaflets. A thin cellular sheath and thick muscle layers surround the filter chamber. The filter chamber proper is lined by the mucoprotein secretion of the cuboidal cells. This secretion appears to bind potassium ions. ATPase and alkaline phosphatase cannot be detected in the filter chamber epithelia. The structure and cytochemistry of the filter chamber suggests that water flows from filter chamber proper to midgut and Malpighian tubules by passive osmosis. This may be facilitated by ion binding in the filter chamber proper and by hydrostatic pressure engendered by contraction of the muscular coat. The Malpighian tubules appear to be structurally and chemically adapted for ion secretion by active transport and possibly for reabsorption in the Malpighian duct segment.     

长足大竹象消化道不同分段菌群异质性及竹木质纤维素降解能力

[目的]长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti消化道共生菌群参与了竹纤维素的降解.本研究旨在揭示长足大竹象幼虫消化道不同分段共生菌群异质性及木质纤维素的降解能力.[方法]通过对16S rRNA测序对长足大竹象幼虫消化道分段口器(YB)、前肠(YFG)、中肠(YMG)和后肠(YHG)进行菌群组成分析及功能...