肠道细菌产酸克雷伯氏菌及其挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果

【目的】明确肠道细菌产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii的引诱效果,并鉴定和验证该菌挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果。【方法】在无寄主植物和有寄主植物（巨蜂葡萄）的条件下,测定并分析产酸克雷伯氏菌和NB培养基(对照)的上清液对斑翅果蝇成虫的诱集比例以及被引诱成虫的雌雄性比;利用气相色谱质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分别鉴定产酸克雷伯氏菌和NB培养基(对照)上清液中的挥发性物质,并检测浓度较高的4种产酸克雷伯氏菌挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果。【结果】产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液对斑翅果蝇成虫具有引诱作用。其中,无寄主植物条件下,产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液对雄虫引诱作用强于对雌虫,但是在有寄主植物条件下产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液诱集的雌雄成虫数量差异不显著。在产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液中检测到21种挥发性物质,其中浓度较高的为3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-苯乙醇、乙酸异戊酯和吲哚,斑翅果蝇成虫对3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-苯乙醇和吲哚具有趋向性,而对乙酸异戊酯则有趋避性,且3-甲基-1-丁醇可吸引更多的雄虫。【结论】肠道微生物产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液可用于引诱斑翅果蝇成虫,3-甲基-1-丁醇是产酸克雷伯氏菌代谢物中引诱雄虫的重要物质。本研究为斑翅果蝇的防治提供了参考依据。     

食物中添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇发育与肠道细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】明确食物中添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii发育及肠道细菌结构的影响,并筛选与斑翅果蝇糖代谢相关的肠道细菌种类。【方法】将添加不同浓度葡萄糖(0, 5%和10%)的食物饲喂斑翅果蝇的常规饲养品系和去除肠道微生物后的无菌品系,观察其生长发育情况以及体内葡萄糖含量的变化,并利用PacBio测序平台对各处理斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫的肠道细菌进行多样性分析。【结果】与对照组相比,5%葡萄糖处理组斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系幼虫存活率和成虫羽化率分别提高60.44%和123.79%, 10%葡萄糖处理组幼虫存活率提高87.87%,但添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇无菌品系的发育无显著影响。无菌斑翅果蝇成虫无法利用葡萄糖,其体内葡萄糖含量明显高于常规饲养品系成虫体内的。肠道细菌多样性分析表明,斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫肠道优势菌属主要为葡萄杆菌属Gluconobacter和醋杆菌属Acetobacter,食物中添加葡萄糖显著增加了肠道菌群多样性指数,醋杆菌属、普罗维登斯菌属Providencia和摩根氏菌属Morganella的丰度明显增加。斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫肠道优势种为乳酸乳球菌L...     

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的致病性及分型研究进展

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌是一种广泛存在于自然界的条件性致病菌,可感染人和动物,引起人类腹泻和食物中毒,强毒株常会使动物出现败血症甚至急性死亡。目前,关于弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对水产动物致病性的报道较多,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对人的危害性却未被充分认识。因此,近年来受弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染的病例有加重的趋势。文章主要对弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的致病性及其分型研究进展进行综述,旨在为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的溯源、鉴定及防控提供技术指导。     

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离鉴定与PCR-SSCP分析

利用营养琼脂、MaC培养基从草鱼肠道中分离到3株细菌,暂时编号为TC-1、TC-2和TC-3,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征、药敏试验、动物试验、构建系统发育进化树及PCR-SSCP分析等系统鉴定,结果表明3株菌株均为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌（Citrobacter freundii）,其中TC-2菌株对小鼠、斑马鱼有致病性;3株杆菌均对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星等多种药物敏感;系统发育分析表明,3株弗氏柠檬酸杆菌16S rDNA序列与DSM30039模式株同源性分别为99.59%、99.47%和99.53%,且位于系统发育树的同一分支;进一步采用V3区PCR-SSCP分析结果显示弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SSCP图谱中菌株间带型存在差异。     

患病大鲵中弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】确定导致大鲵(Andrias davidianus)细菌性感染死亡的病原。【方法】从大鲵肝脏中分离细菌,通过Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统及分子生物学方法对纯培养的细菌进行鉴定,再用大鲵和鲫鱼分别进行人工感染试验,以确定分离菌的致病性,同时对分离到的病原菌进行药物敏感试验。【结果】从患病大鲵肝脏中分离到一株致病菌JZ01,经人工感染健康大鲵,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病鲵体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。该致病菌对健康鲫鱼也有致病性。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16S rDNA基因序列和系统发育分析都表明,此致病菌为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。药物敏感性试验表明,该菌株对氨曲南、头孢三嗪、先锋噻肟等9种药物高度敏感。【结论】弗氏柠檬酸杆菌是大鲵的一种致病菌。本文在国内外首次报道了该菌对大鲵具有致病性。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌耐氧产氢及其可溶性氢酶耐氧特性研究

目的：考察产酸克雷伯氏菌（KZebsielaloxytocaHPl）耐氧产氢特性及其可溶性氢酶的氧耐受特性。方法：研究K．oxytocctHPl在不同气相氧浓度条件下利用葡萄糖（1％,m/v）、丙酮酸钠（0．5％,m／v）及甲酸（0．1％,v／v）等底物产氢活性的以及K．oxyto-07,HPl可溶性氢酶在空气及氧饱和溶液中催化产氢活性。结果：K．oxytocaHP1在葡萄糖（1％,m/v）底物中具有较高耐氧产氢活性,6h内在气相氧浓度为5％、10％和21％条件下的氢产量分别为厌氧条件下的20．9％、13．7％、8．3％;K．oxytoca HP1可溶性氢酶在空气中孵育12h后,其活性残余85．4％,在氧饱和溶液中活性损失一半约3h。结论：试验结果提示K．oxytoca HP1具有耐氧产氢特性,其可溶性氢酶具有较高氧耐受性,在氢能源的开发中具有潜在的应用前景。     

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌植酸酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质研究

从弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)中分离纯化了一种植酸酶并进行了酶学性质研究,其反应最适pH为4.0~4.5,最适温度为40℃,在37℃下以植酸钠为底物的Km值为0.85nmol/L,Vmax为0.53IU/(mg.min),具有较好的抗胰蛋白酶的能力。酶蛋白的分子量大小约为45kDa,成熟酶蛋白N端序列为QCAPEGYQLQQVLMM。     

弗氏柠檬酸菌甘油脱水酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

以弗氏柠檬酸菌（Citrobacter freundii）基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR得到甘油脱水酶（glycerol dehydratase）基因dhaB、dhaC、dhaE,克隆到表达载体pSE380上,得到重组质粒pSn-dhaBCE。将此重组质粒转化到E．coli JM109中,重组菌株SDS-PAGE结果显示有明显的61kD、22kD、16kD三条特异性蛋白条带出现。重组菌株经诱导表达,酶活力为11．59U／mL。     

一株产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵培养基优化

为提高产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的发酵水平,通过单因素优化,研究培养条件、碳源、氮源、无机盐对产酸克雷伯氏菌活菌量的影响,利用响应面分析法对影响产酸克雷伯氏菌活菌量的关键因子进行优化,30 L发酵罐进行扩大培养。得出最佳配方（质量分数）：黄豆饼粉2.19%,玉米粉1.0%,蔗糖1.10%,硫酸铵0.06%,玉米浆干粉0.5%,蛋白胨0.05%,硫酸镁0.04%,磷酸二氢钾0.02%,氯化钠0.080%,硫酸锰0.03%,pH 7.0~7.4。活菌量稳定在2.0×10¹⁰  cfu/mL以上,能够满足生产要求,为产酸克雷伯氏菌作为微生物菌肥的应用提供参考。     

铃木氏果蝇不同地理种群中Wolbachia的检测和系统发育分析

铃木氏果蝇Drosophila suzukii是原产于东南亚地区的重要果树害虫, 近年来传入北美和欧洲等地区造成严重的危害。本研究利用Wolbachia的16S rDNA和wsp基因特异引物（分别为16S-F/16S-R和81F/691R）对铃木氏果蝇7个地理种群（中国的5个种群、 韩国的1个种群和美国的1个种群）的Wolbachia进行了PCR检测并对检测结果进行了比较; 对感染个体体内Wolbachia的16S rDNA基因片段进行测序, 确定了我国铃木氏果蝇体内Wolbachia的分类地位。基于Wolbachia的16S rDNA基因特异引物检测结果发现, 我国5个铃木氏果蝇种群广泛感染Wolbachia（感染率36.7%~80.0%）, 而韩国和美国2个种群均未检测到该菌的感染。而利用wsp基因特异引物无法检测到该菌。基于Wolbachia的16S rDNA基因构建系统发育树表明, 我国铃木氏果蝇种群感染的Wolbachia全部属于A组。这些结果为研究Wolbachia感染对铃木氏果蝇生物学及生态学的影响奠定了基础。     

Oviposition and development potential of the spotted‐wing drosophila,Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), on uninjured Campbell Early grape

The spotted‐wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), originally distributed across a few Asian countries including South Korea, has invaded North America and Europe but is absent from Australia. In order to export the South Korean grape cultivar Campbell Early to Australia, its potential to serve as an oviposition and development medium for SWD must first be determined. In this study, we determined the oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early, after elucidating the SWD life cycle and establishing an artificial diet‐based mass‐culturing system. An investigation of the life cycle under five temperature regimes (16, 19, 22, 25 and 28°C) showed that the durations of the egg, larval and adult stages were shortened when temperature was increased from 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28°C, but pupal duration was shortest at 25°C and extended again at 28°C. A test of oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early grape clusters showed oviposition of 30.8 ± 6.8 eggs per cluster of injured grapes and 157.7 ± 16.2 eggs on a culture dish of artificial diet. However, in a similar experiment using uninjured grape clusters, only a single egg was deposited on the grape skin, which soon dried. In light of these results, newly harvested grapes left at vineyards during daily harvests are unlikely to serve as an oviposition and development medium for SWD, as long as the grapes remain uninjured.     

Response of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to extreme heat and dryness

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【Aim】 To demonstrate the effect of transgenic Bt-crop on the bionomics of the tachinid fly Exorista civilis Rondani, the parasitism rate and life history parameters of E. civilis developed from larvae of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker), fed on artificial diets with Cry1Ab toxin were investigated in laboratory. 【Methods】 M. separata larvae were fed on diets containing 0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/g of Cry1Ab toxin, respectively, and used as the host for E. civilis. The parameters related to the parasitism and the growth and development of E. civilis on the host were observed and recorded. 【Results】 The results showed that the parasitism rate and fecundity of the fly on M. separata larvae feeding on diets containing various doses of Cry1Ab protein were insignificantly different (P≥0.05), suggesting that host selective behavior of the E. civilis is not affected by the dose of Bt-toxin in the caterpillar. The developmental period (egg-larva, pupa, adult oviposition and generation), emergence rate, sex ratio, and fecundity of E. civilis developed from M. separata larvae treated by various concentrations of Cry1Ab toxin were insignificantly different (P≥0.05). However, the survival rate of the maggots in the host feeding on diet containing 3.125 μg/g of Cry1Ab toxin was significantly greater than that of the control and the rest treatments (P<0.05), while insignificantly different among the remained 4 treatments (P≥0.05). The pupal weight significantly declined as the concentration of Cry1Ab toxin fed by their hosts increased (P<0.05). The pupal weight in the control group was 49.8 mg, while that in treatment groups of 6.25 and 25 μg/g Cry1Ab toxin was only 41.0 and 36.7 mg, respectively. 【Conclusion】 These results indicate that parasitizing host M. separata larvae fed with Cry1Ab toxin has no dramatically negative effect on parasitoid E. civilis. This study provides a basis for the evaluation of the risk of transgenic Bt-crops on the tachinid parasitoids in fields.     

绿原酸对美国白蛾幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响

【目的】明确植物次生代谢物质绿原酸对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响。【方法】将含不同浓度绿原酸(0, 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.500%, 1.000%和2.000%)的人工饲料饲养美国白蛾幼虫,测定各组中5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率, 各组中5龄幼虫在取食48 h时的营养效应指标,0.500%绿原酸处理组中幼虫(3龄幼虫开始)的生长发育,以及在取食36 h时各组中5龄幼虫肠道中的解毒相关蛋白活性。【结果】绿原酸处理组中美国白蛾5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率随着人工饲料中绿原酸浓度的增大而逐渐升高,且显著高于对照组(取食含10% DMSO人工饲料的)。绿原酸对美国白蛾5龄幼虫的营养效应指标有显著影响,各处理组幼虫的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于对照组,食物转化率显著低于对照组,除0.125%绿原酸处理组外,其余处理组幼虫的食物利用率和相对生长速率也显著低于对照组。0.500%绿原酸处理使美国白蛾3-5龄幼虫发育历期比对照组显著延长28.24%(3.7 d),老熟幼虫(6-7龄幼虫)的发育历期缩短8.97%(0.7 d),且幼虫总成活率、化蛹率、羽化率、雌雄性比及产卵量等各项指标均显著低于对照组。不同浓度绿原酸处理对美国白蛾幼虫肠道中的细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT)和ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporters)的活性具有显著影响,但对羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性未见显著影响。【结论】绿原酸可影响美国白蛾幼虫的存活率、食物利用效率、生长发育和繁殖,而美国白蛾幼虫可能通过调节食物利用率和诱导其解毒相关蛋白活性从而对食物中绿原酸产生适应性。