大鼠甘氨肽酰化单氨酶基因的克隆与表达

本文采用原位杂交及ＰＣＲ方法,从大鼠脑ｃＤＮＡ库中,筛选到３个大鼠甘氨肽酰化单氧酶基因片段。经ＤＮＡ全序列分析表明,它们跨越ｒＰＡＭ－２全部编码区。通过点突变,ＰＣＲ重组技术等,分别拼接出此双功能酶的ｒＰＨＭ,ｒＰＳＡＬ及其ｒＰＡＭ全构建了多种大肠杆菌表达质粒。     

化学法合成RGD三肽的研究

采用二环己基碳二亚胺法（DCC）合成了二肽Gly-Asp（OBzl）2,然后利用混合酸酐法得到全保护RGD三肽：Boe-Arg（Nq）-Gly-Asp（OBzl）2三肽;最后在Pd／C的催化加氢下,将保护基一起脱掉而得到RGD三肽的粗品。具体研究了合成二肽及三肽的主要影响因素及其优化条件。在优化条件下,获得三肽的结晶干品,总得率为57.2％。     

甘氨酰组氨酰赖氨酸 (GHK)的液相合成及其酶促降解

甘氨酰组氨酰赖氨酸 (GHK )是 1973年由Pickart等首先从人血浆中分离得到的一种三肽 .最初实验发现 ,GHK能增加大鼠正常肝细胞的存活率及促使肝癌细胞的生长 ,并刺激这些细胞DNA和RNA的合成 ,因此被称为肝细胞生长因子[1,2 ] .GHK和二价铜离子有很强的亲和力 ,能自发地与其形成络合物 (GHK Cu) .最新研究还表明 ,GHK及GHK Cu可促使神经细胞、免疫相关细胞和肾小球细胞的生长、分裂和分化[3 ] .GHK Cu可以在纤维原细胞培养液中促进或抑制金属蛋白酶的合成[4] .由于GHK分子中有 2个碱性氨基酸 ,给人工合成带来了许多困难 .我们…     

肽键的统计分析和蛋白质的二级结构

 本文对蛋白质序列的肽键进行了统计分析,计算了二肽构象参数P_α、P_β、P_c和三肽构象参数Q_α、Q_β、Q_c。在此基础上提出了由氨基酸序列预测二级结构的规则。预测的正确率达90％,优于Chou-Fasman方法。这个结果表明二肽(三肽)关联在形成蛋白质二级结构中具有明显的重要性。     

前列腺癌细胞中雄激素调控核糖体蛋白和氨酰-tRNA合成酶蛋白棕榈酰化修饰

作者对雄激素R1881或DMSO处理的LNCaP细胞进行炔基棕榈酸代谢标记,之后利用点击化学反应形成的共价键富集棕榈酰化修饰蛋白,并对富集蛋白进行质谱定量分析,从而筛选、鉴定棕榈酰化修饰水平受雄激素诱导的蛋白。结果发现,雄激素在LNCaP细胞内促进核糖体蛋白RPL12、RPS4X和谷氨酰脯氨酰-tRNA合成酶(EPRS)棕榈酰化修饰,在细胞上清中促进甘氨酰-tRNA合成酶(GARS)棕榈酰化修饰。对RPL12、RPS4X和EPRS棕榈酰化调控机制的研究将为前列腺癌的治疗提供新的指导思路;雄激素诱导下细胞内RPL12、RPS4X和EPRS棕榈酰化修饰水平的升高可以作为相关的肿瘤标志物,细胞上清中GARS棕榈酰化修饰水平的升高对于前列腺癌的早期筛查具有重要的参考价值。     

N-甲基-2-溴代吡啶卤化盐在多肽合成中的应用

本文介绍了N-甲基-2-溴代吡啶卤化盐在多肽合成中应用的研究结果。N-保护氨基酸的三级铵盐在二氯甲烷或二甲基甲酰胺中与N-甲基-2-溴代吡啶卤化盐反应,先形成N-甲基-2-溴代吡啶卤化盐酯的活化中间体,然后在第二分子的三级胺的存在下与氨基酸或肽的酯缩合得到N-保护的肽酯。用该试剂进行缩合反应具有反应速度快、缩合率高、副产物容易去除等优点。我们用这个方法合成了一系列二肽衍生物,并用逐步递增法合成了亮氨酸脑啡肽(五肽)。N-保护的氨基酸活化后与胺基组分缩合成肽酯,其收率一般都在85%左右。     

八肋游仆虫氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因序列分析

氨酰-tRNA合成酶 (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, aaRS) 是蛋白质生物合成中的关键酶,能够催化特定的氨基酸和相应tRNA结合。为了研究八肋游仆虫氨酰 tRNA合成酶(Euplotes octocarinatus aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, EoaaRS)基因的种类、数目、结构及起源,本研究利用生物信息学方法,对八肋游仆虫大核基因组编码的aaRS进行了系统分析。结果表明,八肋游仆虫大核基因组共包含45个aaRS基因,可编码20种不同的aaRS蛋白。其中,EoGlnRS和EoAlaRS仅由1个基因编码,其余EoaaRS均由多个基因编码。亚细胞定位分析显示,仅8个EoaaRS具有线粒体导肽,对应于6种EoaaRS。此外,基于核酸序列分析显示,多个EoaaRS在翻译过程中需要发生编程性核糖体移码,才能形成结构完整的蛋白质产物。结构域分析表明,部分EoaaRS存在特殊结构域,暗示其可能具有氨酰化以外的新功能。进化分析揭示,2个EoGlyRS起源于古菌,而2个EoLysRS起源于细菌。本研究为后续探讨低等真核生物aaRS的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

人源色氨酰tRNA合成酶H130R突变体的酶活和初步晶体学分析（英文）

色氨酰t RNA合成酶(tryptophanyl-t RNA synthetase,Trp RS)催化色氨酸的活化及其特异性t RNA的氨酰化,为蛋白质合成提供原料。在IFN-γ刺激下,人源细胞中的Trp RS通过结合血红素增强其氨酰化活性,以调节吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶表达水平增高所引起的色氨酸缺失。体外研究发现,锌离子和血红素竞争性结合人源Trp RS以增强其氨酰化活性。然而,由于一个氨基酸位点H130R的突变,牛和鼠的Trp RS以及人的H130R突变体都不再受锌离子和血红素的影响,并具有高氨酰化活性。H130R Trp RS模拟了一种结合着锌离子或血红素的高活性构象,但目前还没有对这种构象的结构描述。为了阐明H130R决定Trp RS氨酰化活性种属特异性的原因,以及锌离子和血红素的结合位点,作者对人H130R Trp RS进行了活性分析和初步晶体学研究,此工作将为锌离子和血红素调节Trp RS氨酰化活性的机制研究奠定基础。     

镇痛多肽——内吗啡肽-1的人工合成及活性研究

 用液相合成方法合成了具有镇痛作用的μ阿片受体的内源性配体——内吗啡肽 - 1(endomorphin- 1 ) ,该四肽为 Tyr- Pro- Trp- Phe NH2 .液相合成法是在氨基酸的 N端用 Boc(叔丁氧羰酰基 )作保护基 ,C端用 HOSu(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 )活化 ,与未加保护基的氨基酸在碱性条件下接肽 .先分别合成 C端二肽和 N端二肽 ,再缩合为四肽 ,产物的保护基用盐酸脱帽去除 .中间产物用薄层层析和熔点鉴定其纯度 ,最终得到了高纯度的四肽 .小白鼠脑室注射 (i.c.v)测定表明 ,8.2 5nmol剂量给药 ,其镇痛活性为 87% ,明显高于吗啡 (morphine) .     

甜味剂L-天冬氨酰-D,L-氨基丙二酸甲基葑基双酯的合成及其代谢的研究

N-苄氧羰基-β-苄基L-天冬氨酸和N-苄氧羰基-D,L-氨基丙二酸甲基葑基双酯用混合酸酐法缩合成保护的二肽,经钯黑脱保护基后得L-天冬氨酰-D,L-氨基丙二酸甲基葑基双酯,这个二肽的甜度高、甜质好、无苦后味。通过大白鼠的组织(脑、心、肾、脾、胰、胃、肠、肝)匀浆对此二肽甜味剂的分解代谢的研究说明,它能分解成为L-天冬氨酸、甘氨酸及葑醇,并通过体内代谢又可成为谷氨酸和丙氨酸等一般的氨基酸。因而,极其可能作为一个有实用价值而无毒性的甜味剂,应用于糖尿病、肥胖病等患者以及其他方面。     

The carboxyl-terminal tripeptide serine-lysine-leucine of firefly luciferase is necessary but not sufficient for peroxisomal import in yeast.

Firefly luciferase is imported into peroxisomes in insects, mammals, plants, and yeast, which implies that the mechanism of protein translocation into peroxisomes has been conserved during eukaryotic evolution. The carboxyl-terminal tripeptide serine-lysine-leucine in luciferase acts as a peroxisomal import signal in mammalian cells. We have investigated whether this tripeptide is also involved in translocation of firefly luciferase into peroxisomes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We show by gene fusion experiments that the carboxyl-terminal 104 amino acids of luciferase can direct a heterologous protein to yeast peroxisomes. Luciferase mutant proteins were tested for their ability to be imported into yeast peroxisomes in vivo. We demonstrate that mutations in the carboxyl-terminal serine-lysine-leucine tripeptide abolish translocation of the protein into yeast peroxisomes. However, when a passenger protein was tagged at its carboxyl terminus with this tripeptide the fusion protein did not go to peroxisomes. These results indicate that, in yeast, the tripeptide is necessary but not sufficient for peroxisomal import.     

Influence of mannosylation on immunostimulating activity of adamant-1-yl tripeptide

The mannosylated derivative of adamant-1-yl tripeptide (D-(Ad-1-yl)Gly-L-Ala-D-isoGln) was prepared to study the effects of mannosylation on adjuvant (immunostimulating) activity. Mannosylated adamant-1-yl tripeptide (Man-OCH(2) CH(Me)CO-D-(Ad-1-yl)Gly-L-Ala-D-isoGln) is a non-pyrogenic, H(2) O-soluble, and non-toxic compound. Adjuvant activity of mannosylated adamantyl tripeptide was tested in the mouse model with ovalbumin as an antigen and in comparison to the parent tripeptide and peptidoglycan monomer (PGM, β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-D-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln-mesoDAP(εNH(2) )-D-Ala-D-Ala), a well-known effective adjuvant. The mannosylation of adamantyl tripeptide caused the amplification of its immunostimulating activity in such a way that it was comparable to that of PGM.     

Heterocycle-peptide hybrid compounds. Aminotriazole-containing agonists of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1).

The thrombin receptor PAR-1 is activated by alpha-thrombin to stimulate cells, including platelets, through the tethered-ligand sequence SFLLRN. We have discovered a novel series of heterocycle-peptide hybrids comprised of a tripeptide segment, such as Cha-Arg-Phe, and an N-terminal heterocyclic group, many of which behave as full PAR-1 agonists. Certain compounds with an aminotriazole group, such as 4 and 16, are nearly as potent as SFLLRN-NH2 in inducing platelet aggregation. Also, some arylethenoyl "N-capped" compounds, such as 52 and 57, exhibit mixed PAR-1 agonist-antagonist activity.     

Synthesis of sequential oligopeptides and polypeptide having the sequence of L-alanyl-L-leucylglycine

A series of sequential oligopeptides having simple nonpolar side chains, Nps-(L -Ala-L -Leu-Gly)_n- OEt has been prepared by a stepwise fragment-condensation method using Nps-L -alanyl-L -leucylglycine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which was prepared by the Nps-N-carboxy α-amino-acid-anhydride method. The success of the synthesis of the peptide having a high-molecular weight, such as octadecapeptide, results from the highest solubility of the tripeptide unit, L -alanyl-L -leucylglycine. The sequential polypeptide having the same tripeptide sequence was also prepared by polycondensation of the tripeptide N-hydroxy-succinimide ester.     

Coassemble dopamine and GHK tripeptide into fluorescent nanoparticles for pH sensing

Fluorescent nanostructures have been widely applied to biomedical researches and clinical diagnosis such as biolabeling/imaging/sensing and have even acted as therapy reagents. Peptide‐based fluorescent nanostructures attract recent interest from biomedical researchers. Inspired by the natural existence of GHK‐Cu complex with a growth factor‐like effect in human blood, here we have developed a novel approach for designing nanosensors through the co‐assembling of two kinds of biomolecules. By making best use of both π‐π stacking between carbon rings and the easy‐oxidation property of an important transmitter molecule, dopamine (DA), we successfully built up a supersensitive and robust fluorescent pH nanosensor by co‐assembling oxidized DA (DA_ox) with a tripeptide GHK. The GHK‐DA_ox nanostructures have a quantum yield of 20.82%, which might be the brightest one among all the current co‐assembling structures merely through unmodified biomolecules. We envision this approach could open a new avenue for not only hybrid nanostructure construction, but also may inspire the bioengineering of in vivo luminescent probes.     

Stimulating effect of pyroglutamylglutamylprolineamide,a prostatic,TRH-related tripeptide,on mouse sperm capacitation and fertilizing ability in vitro

Pyroglutamylglutamylprolineamide, a prostatic tripeptide with structural similarities to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), has been found in the seminal plasma of several mammalian species, suggestive of a biological function relating to spermatozoa. Using chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence analysis and in vitro fertilization, we have obtained evidence that the tripeptide stimulates mouse sperm capacitation and fertilizing ability in vitro. The tripeptide at concentrations from 5–500 nM was added to sperm suspensions and cells were assessed with CTC after 40 min, insufficient time for complete capacitation by a majority of spermatozoa under standard conditions of incubation. Concentrations of 25 nM and higher significantly promoted capacitation, as evidenced by a decrease in the proportion of acrosome-intact F pattern spermatozoa, characteristic of uncapacitated cells, and an increase in the proportion of acrosome-intact B pattern spermatozoa, characteristic of capacitated cells. However, there was no significant stimulation of acrosomal exocytosis. These results suggested that peptide-treated cells would be more fertile than their untreated counterparts. This was confirmed using in vitro fertilization, where the presence of 100 nM peptide during sperm preincubation and gamete coincubation significantly stimulated fertilizing ability (peptide, 56.5% of oocytes fertilized; controls, 26.5%). Comparison of the prostatic tripeptide and TRH effects on capacitation revealed that TRH at a concentration of 250 nM was as effective as the prostatic tripeptide in promoting the F & B transition but was less effective or ineffective at lower concentrations. In vitro fertilization assessment of the two peptides, at 100 nM, revealed that only the prostatic tripeptide significantly stimulated fertility. Again, this was consistent with the CTC analyses. Because the prostatic tripeptide can stimulate sperm function in vitro, it is possible that it plays a similar role in vivo and promotes fertilizing ability of ejaculated spermatozoa. We therefore propose that this tripeptide be referred to as fertilization promoting peptide (FPP). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Influence of Mannosylation on Immunostimulating Activity of Adamant‐1‐yl Tripeptide

The mannosylated derivative of adamant‐1‐yl tripeptide (D ‐(Ad‐1‐yl)Gly‐L ‐Ala‐D ‐isoGln) was prepared to study the effects of mannosylation on adjuvant (immunostimulating) activity. Mannosylated adamant‐1‐yl tripeptide (Man‐OCH₂CH(Me)CO‐D ‐(Ad‐1‐yl)Gly‐L ‐Ala‐D ‐isoGln) is a non‐pyrogenic, H₂O‐soluble, and non‐toxic compound. Adjuvant activity of mannosylated adamantyl tripeptide was tested in the mouse model with ovalbumin as an antigen and in comparison to the parent tripeptide and peptidoglycan monomer (PGM, β‐D ‐GlcNAc‐(1→4)‐D ‐MurNAc‐L ‐Ala‐D ‐isoGln‐mesoDAP(εNH₂)‐D ‐Ala‐D ‐Ala), a well‐known effective adjuvant. The mannosylation of adamantyl tripeptide caused the amplification of its immunostimulating activity in such a way that it was comparable to that of PGM.     

On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria.

The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system. The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g. tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine. On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e. 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-[4,5-d]-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid. Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above. Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system. Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms. Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect. The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps. Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine.     

Inhibition of beta(2) integrin-mediated leukocyte cell adhesion by leucine-leucine-glycine motif-containing peptides

Many integrins mediate cell attachment to the extracellular matrix by recognizing short tripeptide sequences such as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid and leucine-aspartate-valine. Using phage display, we have now found that the leukocyte-specific beta(2) integrins bind sequences containing a leucine-leucine-glycine (LLG) tripeptide motif. An LLG motif is present on intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, the major beta(2) integrin ligand, but also on several matrix proteins, including von Willebrand factor. We developed a novel beta(2) integrin antagonist peptide CPCFLLGCC (called LLG-C4), the structure of which was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. The LLG-C4 peptide inhibited leukocyte adhesion to ICAM-1, and, interestingly, also to von Willebrand factor. When immobilized on plastic, the LLG-C4 sequence supported the beta(2) integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion, but not beta(1) or beta(3) integrin-mediated cell adhesion. These results suggest that LLG sequences exposed on ICAM-1 and on von Willebrand factor at sites of vascular injury play a role in the binding of leukocytes, and LLG-C4 and peptidomimetics derived from it could provide a therapeutic approach to inflammatory reactions.