小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的克生效应及其 对UV-B辐射增强的响应

通过共培养方法,以细胞密度为主要测定指标,研究了小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的克生效应及其对UV-B辐射增强的响应.结果表明：小珊瑚藻的新鲜组织和水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻的生长表现出显著的抑制作用(P＜0.05),说明小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻具有克生效应;而小珊瑚藻干粉末和培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻生长则无明显影响(P>0.05).将小珊瑚藻用不同剂量的UV-B辐射预处理后,再与赤潮异弯藻共培养,除培养水过滤液外,其新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻生长的作用效果均有所改变,高剂量(3.0 J·m^-2)UV-B辐射使小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的抑制作用减弱(P＜0.05),而低剂量(0.9 J·m^-2) UV-B辐射则使抑制作用增强(P＜0.05).     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

入侵种西花蓟马与其它昆虫的种间竞争

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis作为一种重要的入侵害虫,在全球范围的入侵过程中,为获取更多资源以建立自己的种群,势必会和处于同一营养级的昆虫发生种间竞争。本文对近年来有关西花蓟马与其它种蓟马、粉虱及叶螨等昆虫种间竞争的研究进行了综述,分析了温度、CO 2、寄主植物、农药和天敌等主要因素在竞争取代中的作用,并对今后的研究方向以及种间竞争的研究方法进行了讨论,以期为揭示西花蓟马在我国的种群动态和变化规律奠定基础。     

Interspecific Infanticide and Infant‐Directed Aggression by Spider Monkeys (Ateles hybridus) in a Fragmented Forest in Colombia

Interspecific aggression amongst nonhuman primates is rarely observed and has been mostly related to scenarios of resource competition. Interspecific infanticide is even rarer, and both the ultimate and proximate socio‐ecological factors explaining this behavior are still unclear. We report two cases of interspecific infanticide and five cases of interspecific infant‐directed aggression occurring in a well‐habituated primate community living in a fragmented landscape in Colombia. All cases were initiated by male brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus) and were directed toward infants of either red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus: n = 6 cases) or white‐fronted capuchins (Cebus albifrons: n = 1 case). One individual, a subadult spider monkey male, was involved in all but one case of interspecific infanticide or aggression. Other adult spider monkeys participated in interspecific aggression that did not escalate into potentially lethal encounters. We suggest that competition for food resources and space in a primate community living in high population densities and restricted to a forest fragment of ca. 65 ha might partly be driving the observed patterns of interspecific aggression. On the other hand, the fact that all but one case of interspecific infanticide and aggression involved the only subadult male spider monkey suggests this behavior might either be pathological or constitute a particular case of redirected aggression. Even if the underlying principles behind interspecific aggression and infanticide are poorly understood, they represent an important factor influencing the demographic trends of the primate community at this study site. Am. J. Primatol. 74:990‐997, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Development of microsatellite markers in the noxious red tide‐causing algae Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

We isolated 13 polymorphic microsatellites from the noxious red tide‐causing algae, Heterosigma akashiwo. These loci provide a class of highly variable genetic markers as the number of alleles ranged from three to 12 and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.286 to 0.926 and from 0.314 to 0.888, respectively. We consider these loci potentially useful for detailing the genetic structure and gene flow among H. akashiwo populations.     

小麦玉米不同幅宽套作对种群生态关系和作物产量的影响

小麦玉米不同幅宽套作对种群生态关系和作物产量的影响李萍萍陈欣（南京农业大学农学系,２１００１４）ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＢｅｄＷｉｄｔｈｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐａｎｄＹｉｅｌｄｉｎＲｅｌａｙＣｒｏｐｐ...     

珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系

该研究对四川省珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)种群的主要分布区进行调查,分析梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内和种间的竞争关系,探讨竞争强度与径级和距离之间的关系。结果表明:(1)梓叶槭胸径与树高之间存在显著的幂函数关系;种群径级结构呈正态分布,中小径级树木较多,高径级树木较少。(2)梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度(222.87)的15.16%和84.84%,说明竞争主要来自种间。(3)梓叶槭与主要伴生种之间的竞争强度大小依次为柳杉桢楠白栎刺楸灯台树桦木杉木厚朴光皮桦;对象木和竞争木距离与竞争指数之间较好地服从指数函数关系,当对象木与竞争木距离小于1m时,竞争指数可达到5.5,随着距离逐渐增加,其竞争指数相应降低,并最终趋于平缓。(4)竞争强度随对象木胸径的增大而减小,当对象木胸径小于20cm时,受到的竞争压力最大,竞争指数最大的分别是梓叶槭与整个林分(234.98)以及梓叶槭与种间(184.01);当对象木胸径小于10cm时,竞争指数均可以达到18;当对象木胸径大于20cm时,竞争强度变化很小且竞争指数较低;竞争强度与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B)。(5)模型预测结果表明,随着梓叶槭胸径的增加,竞争指数均越来越小,竞争强度呈降低趋势;当梓叶槭胸径为0~5cm时,梓叶槭与整个林分受到的竞争强度最大,竞争指数为7.14,占总竞争强度的50%;当胸径大于20cm时,竞争指数变化不大;该模型能很好的预测梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度。     

Effects of Interspecific Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Their Growth and Physiology

Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were analyzed by flow cytometry and by phytoplankton pulse‐amplitude‐modulated fluorimetry (Phyto‐PAM) in joint cultures as well as in cultures separated by dialysis membranes. Results showed that the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was greater than that of M. aeruginosa, and that the growth of M. aeruginosa but not the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was significantly inhibited by the interactions between M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa. Culture filtrates of these two algae showed no apparent effects on the growth of the competing species. For M. aeruginosa, decreases in esterase activity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and maximum quantum yield were observed in joint cultures, indicating that the metabolic activity and photosynthetic capacity of M. aeruginosa were suppressed. Light limitation from the shading effect of C. pyrenoidosa may be the main reason for such inhibition. For C. pyrenoidosa, esterase activity was suppressed in membrane‐separated and joint cultures, suggesting that C. pyrenoidosa was probably affected by allelopathic substances secreted by M. aeruginosa. However, no significant difference was observed in the chlorophyll a fluorescence and maximum quantum yield of C. pyrenoidosa in the two cultures. In addition, interspecific interactions induced a reduction in size in both M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa, which may contribute to the development of C. pyrenoidosa dominance in the present study. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争

在浙江天目山国家级自然保护区内,选择典型常绿阔叶林设置样地,样地大小100m×100m。用全站仪测定每株树木坐标(x,y,z)。首先,用优势度分析法确定群落优势树种。其次,提出基于Voronoi图的V_Hegyi竞争指数,并对Hegyi、APA和V_Hegyi三种竞争指数进行比较分析。最后,采用V_Hegyi竞争指数分析常绿阔叶林的种内、种间竞争关系。结果表明:常绿阔叶林群落共有11个优势树种即细叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、短尾柯(Lithocarpus brevicau-datus)、豹皮樟(Litsea coreana)、白栎(Quercus fabri)、天目木姜子(Litsea auriculata)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)、榉树(Zelkovaschneideriana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)。比较分析认为,V_Hegyi竞争指数既克服了用固定半径圆确定竞争单元的尺度不统一缺陷,又可进行种内、种间竞争分析,并保持竞争排序的稳定性,因此是优于Hegyi和APA的更合适的竞争指数,所以选择V_Hegyi竞争指数进行优势树种竞争分析。常绿阔叶林优势树种的种内竞争比种间竞争激烈。种内竞争最激烈的优势树种细叶青冈、青冈和短尾柯与其它优势树种的种间竞争强度也是最高的。反之,种内、种间竞争都较弱的优势树种包括豹皮樟、白栎、天目木姜子、黄连木、榉树、杉木、枫香和黄檀。多数优势树种存在1个主要竞争树种,很少有超过3个以上的情形。细叶青冈是群落最占优势的树种,具有最强烈的种内竞争。同时,也是所有其它优势树种的最大竞争者。     

Influence of Heterodera glycines on Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition Associated with Glycine max and Chenopodium album

The influence of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) on the interspecific and intraspecific competition associated with Glycine max (soybean) and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was studied in 1988 and 1989 in three de Wit replacement series experiments in growth chambers and microplots. Glycine max was grown alone (1 plant/experimental unit), in intraspecific competition (2 plants/experimental unit), in interspecific competition with C. album, and in presence or absence of H. glycines. No significant effects of H. glycines and C. album on G. max growth were observed 14 days after planting. By 42 days after planting, both H. glycines and C. album had a negative (P = 0.05) influence on the growth of G. max. Relative crowding coefficients for G. max were lower and deviated (P = 0.05 and P = 0.001) from 1.0 in the presence of H. glycines, compared to that of C. album and early emerged C. album in the absence of the nematode, respectively. Glycine max, therefore, became less competitive than C. album. There was a trend that the presence of H. glycines decreased the competitiveness of G. max on measures of the aggressivity and relative mixture response. Heterodera glycines decreased the aggressivity of G. max (ca. 150-350%) and increased the relative effects of intraspecific interference on G. max (ca. 10-50%) and interspecific interference (ca. 60-350%) after 42 days of plant growth, compared with plants grown in the absence of H. glycines. No H. glycines x C. album interactions were detected. Observations showed that H. glycines and early emerged C. album inhibited the growth of G. max 5-13%, as measured by plant dry weight.     

Interspecific crossing between blue‐tailed damselflies Ischnura elegans and I. senegalensis in the laboratory

Ischnura species (Odonata) are among the most common damselflies in the world, which often exhibit female color polymorphisms. One morph, called androchrome, is similar to males in its color pattern, whereas the other morphs, generally referred to as gynochromes, exhibit female‐specific colors. In several Ischnura species, the female polymorphism is heritable, although molecular and genetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. The dominant‐recessive patterns of the female color morphs may differ between species. For example, androchromic females are dominant to gynochromic females in Ischnura elegans, whereas androchromic females are recessive in Ischnura senegalensis. Here we report a case of interspecific hybridization between a gynochrome female of I. elegans and a male of I. senegalensis in the laboratory. We obtained 61 hybrid adult offspring, of which all 31 females were of gynochrome morph. DNA analyses of the hybrids confirmed that nuclear DNA sequences were derived from both parent species, whereas mitochondrial DNA sequences were maternally inherited. In the hybrids, the postocular spots of female heads, the shape of male appendages, and the color of female's cerci resembled those of I. elegans, whereas the size of abdominal blue spots was similar to that of I. senegalensis. The shape of prothorax and basal abdominal markings were intermediate in females. The larval developmental traits and the morphological changes in the final larval instar of the hybrids were similar to those of I. senegalensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hybrids between two damselfly species with different dominant‐recessive patterns of female color morphs.     

地上-地下植食性天敌对入侵植物空心莲子草与本地种莲子草种间关系的影响

生物入侵是全球生物多样性的主要威胁,外来种与本地种的种间竞争能力会影响其能否成功入侵.本研究选用入侵植物空心莲子草和其本地同属种莲子草为对象,探究其专食性天敌莲草直胸跳甲与南方根结线虫对空心莲子草与莲子草的生长及种间关系的影响.结果 表明:与无天敌胁迫相比,线虫处理显著降低了莲子草的株高(28.1％),但显著增加了空心...     

Interspecific interactions under fertilization among Elymus nutans,Festuca sinensis and Festuca ovina on the eastern Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau

A field replacement experiment was used to study the interspecific interaction among three perennial grasses (Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis and Festuca ovina) that are distributed widely on the east Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau. The experiment consisted of four different species mixtures at four seeding densities and two fertilizer levels. Above‐ground biomass, relative yield and complementary effect were determined from harvested shoot dry weights. The results showed that above‐ground biomass was greater in all species mixtures than in monocultures. The difference between the observed and expected relative yield was greater than zero in all mixtures for E. nutans and was greater than zero in the F. sinensis/F. ovina mixture, but was below zero in all other mixtures for F. sinensis, and was below zero in all mixtures for F. ovina. The complementary effect was more negative across all seeding densities except at a seeding density of 400 seeds/m², and was negative across all mixtures except the F. sinensis/F. ovina mixture. In addition, fertilization had an insignificant impact on the relative yield, but a significant impact on the complementary effect. Fertilization enhanced negative interspecific interaction among the species.     

The effects of salinity on the cellular permeability and cytotoxicity of Heterosigma akashiwo

A laboratory study using the fish‐killing raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was conducted to examine its capability to grow at salinities below oceanic, and to test the perceived relationship between reduced salinities and increased cytotoxicity. A nonaxenic strain of H. akashiwo isolated from the U.S. Pacific Northwest was exposed to a combination of three salinity (32, 20, and 10) and five temperature (14.7°C, 18.4°C, 21.4°C, 24.4°C and 27.8°C) conditions. Our results demonstrate that cell permeability and cytotoxicity are strongly correlated in unialgal cultures of H. akashiwo, which both increased as salinity decreased from 32 to 10. Furthermore, over a broad median range of salinities (10 and 20), neither temperature nor specific growth rate was correlated with cytotoxicity. However, in cultures grown at the salinity of 32, both temperature and specific growth rate were inversely proportional to toxicity; this relationship was likely due to the effect of contamination by an unidentified species of Skeletonema in those cultures. The presence of Skeletonema sp. resulted in a cytotoxic response from H. akashiwo that was greater than the response caused by salinity alone. These laboratory results reveal the capability of H. akashiwo to become more toxic not only at reduced salinities but also in competition with another algal species. Changes in cell permeability in response to salinity may be an acclimation mechanism by which H. akashiwo is able to respond rapidly to different salinities. Furthermore, due to its strong positive correlation with cytotoxicity, cellular permeability is potentially associated with the ichthyotoxic pathway of this raphytophyte.     

接种AM真菌对玉米和油菜种间竞争及土壤无机磷组分的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,分别模拟单作、间作和尼龙网分隔种植,比较接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae对菌根植物玉米和非菌根植物油菜生长和磷吸收状况的影响,并分析土壤中各无机磷组分的变化。结果发现,接种AM真菌可以促进土壤中难溶性磷(Ca₁₀-P和O-P)向有效态磷转化,并显著降低总无机磷含量 (P<0.05),显著提高菌根植物玉米的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),特别是在间作体系中使玉米的磷营养竞争比率显著提高了45.0%-104.1% (P<0.05),显著降低了油菜的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),从而增强了了菌根植物的竞争优势,降低了非菌根植物与菌根植物的共存能力。揭示了石灰性土壤中AM真菌对植物物种多样性的影响,有助于更加全面地理解AM真菌在农业生态系统中的作用。     

微生物共同作用下的铁皮石斛组培苗生长效应研究

植物体和植物根际均是复杂的微生态系统,其内栖息着关系复杂的共生微生物,共同影响植物的生长发育.为探讨混合接种真菌与细菌对兰科植物生长的影响,筛选出真菌与细菌的优势促生组合,本研究选取经分离、筛选获得的4株促生内生真菌(铁皮石斛内生真菌C22、C35,美花石斛内生真菌L12、L28)和3株促生内生细菌(铁皮石斛菌内生细菌TX-7、TX-16、TX-19),以"真菌+细菌"的方式混合接种于铁皮石斛无菌组培苗中,共培养120 d.结果获得了3组优势组合:C22+TX-19、L28+TX-16和L28+TX-19,它们对铁皮石斛组培苗的生长均表现出正效应,其中C22+TX-19和L28+TX-19对促进组培苗生物量的增长具有协同效应,L28+TX-19对提高组培苗的根分枝率具有协同效应,3个组合对增加组培苗的分蘖数和根尖数均表现为累加效应.研究结果表明,内生真菌与内生细菌的共同作用可显著促进铁皮石斛的生长,混合接种有可能更大地发挥微生物的效能.     

Effect of UV‐B radiation on the content of UV‐B absorbing compounds and photosynthetic parameters in Parmotrema austrosinense from two contrasting habitats

• We studied the resistance of Parmotrema austrosinense to UV‐B stress. We focused on the effects of a high dose UV‐B radiation on the content of chlorophylls, carotenoids and UV‐B screening compounds.
• Photosynthetic parameters were measured by chlorophyll fluorescence (potential and effective quantum yields, photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching) and evaluated in control and UV‐B‐treated lichens. Lichens from two different locations in Cordoba, Argentina, were selected: (i) high altitude and dry plots at (Los Gigantes) and (ii) lowland high salinity plots (Salinas Grandes).
• UV‐B treatment led to a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments and UV‐B screens (absorbance decrease in 220–350 nm) in the samples from Salinas Grandes, while in Los Gigantes samples, an increase in UV‐B screen content was observed. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed a UV‐B‐induced decline in F_V/F_M, Φ_PSII and qP indicating limitation of primary photosynthetic processes in photosystem II (PSII) of symbiotic alga, more pronounced in Salinas Grandes samples. Protective mechanism of PSII were activated by the UV‐B treatment to a higher extent in samples from Salinas Grandes (NPQ 0.48) than in Los Gigantes samples (NPQ 0.26).
• We concluded that site‐related characteristics, and in particular different UV‐B radiation regimen, had a strong effect on resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus of P. austrosinense to UV‐B radiation.

     

不同营养条件对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争参数的影响

以东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻为研究对象,采用室内单种培养和混合培养,设置不同的氮、磷营养条件,研究了不同营养条件对两种微藻的生长状况和种间竞争参数的影响.结果表明:随着氮、磷浓度的增加,两种藻的最大生物量均呈增加趋势,混合培养中两种微藻的比生长率低于单独培养.在混合培养中,生长前期中肋骨条藻是优势种,随着培养时间的延长,东海原甲藻成为优势种,且优势种发生变化的时间与营养条件有关.混合培养中,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间在0.5 ～4.9 d,中肋骨条藻为0～2.6d,东海原甲藻拐点出现时间晚于中肋骨条藻.在各营养条件下,东海原甲藻对中肋骨条藻的竞争抑制参数β均高于中肋骨条藻对东海原甲藻的竞争抑制参数α,当N为128μmol·L-1、P为32 μmol·L-1时,东海原甲藻的竞争能力是中肋骨条藻的3.8倍,两者差异最为明显.     

Interspecific Aggression and Resource Monopolization of the Invasive Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes in Malaysian Borneo

Invasions by introduced ant species can be ecologically destructive and affect a wide range of taxa, particularly native ants. Invasive ant species often numerically dominate ant communities and outperform native ant species in effective resource acquisition. Here, we describe interactions between the invasive ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith) and resident ant species in disturbed habitats in NE Borneo. We measured interference competition abilities of A. gracilipes by performing arena bioassays between two A. gracilipes colonies and seven local ant species, and measured its effective resource competition at baits within supercolonies and at supercolony boundaries. Furthermore, we compared ant species diversity and composition at baits among (A) core areas of A. gracilipes supercolonies, (B) supercolony boundaries and (C) outside supercolonies. Anoplolepis gracilipes was behaviorally dominant over most ant species except Oecophylla smaragdina. Within supercolonies, A. gracilipes discovered all food baits first, and monopolized the vast majority throughout the course of the experiment. At supercolony boundaries, A. gracilipes discovered baits later than resident ant species, but subsequently monopolized half of the baits. Furthermore, the activity and diversity of the ant community within A. gracilipes supercolonies was lower than at its boundaries and outside supercolonies, and the ant communities differed significantly between infested and noninfested areas. Our study supports the hypothesis that successful establishment of A. gracilipes in anthropogenically disturbed habitats may negatively affect resident ant communities through high levels of direct interspecific aggression and almost complete monopolization of resources within high‐density supercolonies.