微丝骨架调控植物免疫机制的研究进展

植物病害是威胁农业生产的重要因素之一,会造成严重的粮食安全问题以及经济损失.植物对病原微生物的抵抗依赖于自身的先天免疫系统(plant innate immunity),主要包括分子模式触发免疫(pattern-triggered immunity, PTI)和效应因子触发免疫(effector-triggered immunity, ETI)两个层次.研究表明,微丝骨架在植物免疫中扮演重要角色,其通过自身动态重排来应对病原微生物的侵染,破坏宿主微丝会显著降低植物的抗病能力.本文重点介绍了植菌互作过程中的微丝骨架动态、参与调控植物免疫的微丝结合蛋白、调控微丝骨架的上游免疫信号以及微丝骨架动态在植物免疫中的生物学功能等的相关研究,并对微丝调控植物免疫的未来研究方向提出了展望.     

花粉管中的微丝和微管

对花粉管中的微丝和微管研究的几个问题的进展进行了综述,包括微丝和微管在花粉管中的分布;微丝和微管在花粉管胞质流动、细胞器运动以及花粉管生长中的作用等几个方面,并对今后这些方面研究的重要总是进行了论述。     

肌球蛋白研究进展

肌球蛋白是一种马达蛋白（ｍｏｔｏｒｐｒｏ－ｔｅｉｎ）,由Ｋｕｅｈｎｅ于１８６４年在研究骨骼肌收缩时发现并命名［１］。肌球蛋白是一种超家族的蛋白质,共分为１１类,其中１０类为非传统肌球蛋白（ｕｎｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｍｙｏｓｉｎ）,另一类肌球蛋白Ⅱ称...     

Formin的功能与疾病

Formin是一种保守的肌动蛋白成核因子,其中只有少数Formin没有肌动蛋白成核能力。Formin家族包括DAAM(dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis)和INF(inverted formin)等成员。DAAM1表达上调会导致机体功能紊乱,进而导致特发性肺动脉高压、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、胃癌的发生。DAAM2在机体内功能失调会导致髓鞘结构异常、类固醇耐药性肾病综合征、肾细胞癌、胰腺癌等疾病的发生。INF2表达上调可以诱导线粒体的分裂,促进细胞的增殖迁移,促进局灶节段性肾小球硬化、子宫内膜癌、甲状腺癌等疾病的发展。Formin的功能与人类疾病的发生和发展密切相关。本文综述了近年来Formin的研究进展及其与人类疾病之间的联系,为Formin相关疾病的深入研究和治疗提供参考和依据。     

MACF1与成骨细胞骨架之间的相互关系研究

采用激光共聚焦显微术研究微管微丝交联因子（MACF1）与成骨样细胞（MD63及MC3T3）微丝／微管骨架、黏着斑之间的相互关系．结果表明,MACF1不连续地分布于微管纤维上,与微丝骨架部分共定位于胞质中,在很多的成骨细胞中可见MACF1分布于骨架相关的粘着斑处：细胞松弛素B影响了MACF1在成骨细胞中的分布,并有使其向细胞核周围及核内转位的趋势．秋水仙素对MACF1的分布无明显的影响．转染了siRNA—MACFl的MG．63细胞微丝骨架纤维分布不连续、微管骨架纤维分布紊乱．这些结果提示MACF1不仅起交联微丝及微管细胞骨架的作用．而且还可稳定细胞骨架：成骨细胞MACF1的分布更依赖于微丝骨架的完整性．     

Perspectives on the origin of microfilaments,microtubules, the relevant chaperonin system and cytoskeletal motors--a commentary on the spirochaete origin of flagella

The origin of cytoskeleton and the origin of relevant intracelluar transportation system are big problemsfor understanding the emergence of eukaryotic cells. The present article snmmarized relevant information of evidences and molecular traces on the origin of actin, tubulin, the chaperonin system for folding them,myosins, kinesins, axonemal dyneins and cytoplasmic dyneins. On this basis the authors proposed a seriesof works, which should be done in the future, and indicated the ways for reaching the targets.These targets are mainly: 1) the reconstruction of evolutionary path from MreB protein of archaeal ancestor ofeukaryotic cells to typical actin; 2) the finding of the MreB or MreB-related proteins in crenarchaea andusing them to examine J. A. Lake‘‘s hypothesis on the origin of eukaryote from “eocytes“ (crenarchaea);3) the examinations of the existence and distribution of cytoskeleton made of MreB-related protein withincoccoid archaea, especially in amoeboid archaeon Thermoplasm acidophilnm; 4) using Thermoplasma asa model of archaeal ancestor of eukaryotic cells; 5) the searching for the homolog of ancestral dynein inpresent-day living archaea. During the writing of this article, Margulis‘‘ famous spirochaete hypothesis onthe origin of flagella and cilia was unexpectedly involved and analyzed from aspects of tubulin.% dyneinsand spirochaetes. Actually, spirochaete cannot be reasonably ass,med as the ectosymbiotic ancestor of eukaryotic flagella and cilia, since their swing depends upon large amount of bacterial flagella beneath theflexible outer wall, but not depends upon their intracelluar tubules and the assumed dyneins. In this case,if they had “evolved“ into cilia and lost their bacterial fiagella, they would immediately become immobile!In fact, tubulin and dynein-like proteins have not been found in any spirochaete.     

植物微管和微丝骨架研究的进展

从以上叙述的资料中可以看出,近年来在植物微管蛋白的分离及其化学性质、微管的组织中心、微管的异质性、微丝的分布,以及微管和微丝骨架的功能及基因调节等方面的研究取得不少新的进展;特别是从植物中直接分离微管蛋白取得成功、以及微管蛋白异型、微管冷稳定性与植物抗寒性的关系及微丝分布广泛性等的发现,对植物细胞骨架的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

福尔马林固定微丝蚴免疫酶染色试验检测丝虫抗体的初步观察

以马来丝虫微丝蚴为固相抗原,做免疫酶染色试验(IEST)检测丝虫病人血清抗体,具有较好的效果。但是,微丝蚴固相抗原在常温下极易腐败变质,影响了其在基层的推广应用。我们用福尔马林处理抗原后,在常温下保存60天,IEST的效果仍较满意。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism