大花栀子植物挥发物成分测定及其日变化分析

为探究大花栀子植物挥发物成分组成及其一天内早、中、晚的差异,采用热脱附气质联用技术对其进行香气成分的分析。结果表明:全天从其花朵中共鉴定出62种成分,主要为萜烯类、酯类、醇类物质,且不同时间其成分差异显著,如早、中、晚3个时间段,β-蒎烯相对含量分别为1.93%、1.69%、8.81%,顺式-β-罗勒烯分别为28.22%、4.35%、16.47%。3-蒈烯(3.45%)、异丁子香酚(0.21%)等只在早上检出;月桂烯(0.38%)、伞花烃(2.46%)等只在晚上检出;芳樟醇、金合欢烯等在早上和午间两个时间段相对含量较高,而在晚上却未检测出。从植物VOCs角度结合其日变化动态,为大花栀子园林配置及其综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

西藏虎头兰花香成分分析

以盛花期的西藏虎头兰花为试材,采用手动固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱一质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定其一天内不同时间及不同花器官释放的花香成分及其相对含量。一天中三个时间点10∶00、14∶00和18∶00的西藏虎头兰花香分别鉴定出88种、87种和83种化合物,在花器官花瓣、唇瓣和合蕊柱中分别鉴定出72种、66种和62种化合物;包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、萜烯类、烷烃类、醚类、呋喃类、酚类和芳香族十类化合物。全花花香成分主要是α-蒎烯,松萜和对甲酚;花瓣主要花香成分α-蒎烯,松萜和β-蒎烯;唇瓣主要花香成分对甲酚、α-蒎烯,松萜;合蕊柱主要花香成分对甲酚、己醛、1-己醇。结果表明,西藏虎头兰一天内不同时间段花香成分种类逐渐减少;花器官花香成分从合蕊柱向花瓣种类逐渐增加,说明其主要香气释放部位为花瓣;在不同时间段及花器官中,萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质无论种类数量还是相对含量都占有很大比重,说明萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质是西藏虎头兰花香的主要组成成分。     

油松萜烯成分变化与红脂大小蠹的反应特性

采用顶空采样方法,比较健康油松、人工损伤油松以及抗性油松在单萜烯成分组成上的差异。GC-MS分析表明,在自然状况下,油松树干释放的萜烯类成分很少,以α-蒎烯占绝对优势(>97%);人工损伤后,油松萜烯类成分明显增多,除α-蒎烯为主要成分外,还包括β-蒎烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、萜品油烯、β-水芹烯、长叶烯等;而抗性油松萜烯类成分更为复杂。对3类油松主要单萜类成分的相对含量方差分析表明,α-蒎烯的相对含量呈显著降低;3-蒈烯在损伤寄主中相对含量最高,在抗性寄主中相对含量与自然状态下没有差异。柠檬烯、莰烯、萜品油烯在抗性寄主中相对比率显著增加。而β-蒎烯、月桂烯、β-水芹烯相对含量在3个处理中变化不大。在此基础上,比较红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte对油松主要单萜类成分的触角电位及嗅觉行为反应。结果表明,室内触角电位、嗅觉试验与先前林间试验结果相一致,即红脂大小蠹对(+)-3-蒈烯表现出最强的电生理和行为反应。对R-(+)-α-蒎烯和S-(-)-α-蒎烯研究发现,红脂大小蠹对α-蒎烯2个对映体的触角电位、嗅觉行为无显著不同。结合油松单萜类含量变化特点与红脂大小蠹行为反应,认为3-蒈烯相对含量上升可能作为易感寄主特点;而柠檬烯、莰烯、萜品油烯相对比率增加则代表了抗性或者非适合寄主的特征。     

应用固相微萃取技术分析番茄与天竺葵活体植株的挥发物

应用固相微萃取技术 (SPME)和自行设计的挥发物收集装置对番茄和天竺葵的活体植株所释放的挥发性有机物 (BVOCs)进行了色谱分析。鉴定出番茄植株挥发物主要组成物质为α 蒎烯、α 萜品烯、水芹烯和桧烯等 ,天竺葵挥发物主要组成物质为α 蒎烯、莰烯、β 蒎烯、β 香叶烯、苎烯、石竹烯和α 草烯等。而作为对照的常规通气吸附法则由于背景噪声复杂而未能有效鉴别出这两种植物活体植株的挥发物组成。实验表明 ,本研究中建立的技术和装置能直接检测芳香植物活体所释放的挥发物的成分 ,并具有操作简便 ,无有机溶剂 ,重复性好等优点 ,适用于活体植物挥发性次生代谢物的相关研究     

枫香叶采后挥发物表征及影响因子研究

以枫香(Liquidambar formosana)叶为材料,采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对不同发育程度、干燥时间、储存方式及萃取温度下枫香叶挥发性成分进行分析,以揭示枫香叶释放挥发性有机化合物数量及不同采后处理下挥发物的消长规律。结果表明：(1)枫香叶释放的萜烯类化合物以α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、柠檬烯为主;(2)嫩叶挥发性成分种类较成熟叶高,莰烯、β-萜品烯、罗勒烯仅存在于嫩叶,3-蒈烯、γ-松油烯仅存在于成熟叶;(3)干燥时间对枫香叶挥发性化合物影响较大,挥发物种类随干燥时间延长呈逐渐下降趋势,但主要的萜烯类化合物在不同干燥时间内均能被检测到,表现相对稳定;(4) –5 ℃及17 ℃储存可保留更多挥发性化合物,室温保存则失去较多化合物,但主要的萜烯类化合物在不同储存方式下均可被检测到;(5) 90 ℃高温萃取可获得更多的挥发性化合物,但70 ℃萃取得到的萜烯类化合物相对含量较高,室温萃取所得化合物种类虽最少,但更能反映园林应用中枫香叶芳香物质挥发的实际情况。研究结果可为枫香叶的采后处理及高值化资源利用提供参考。     

嘉宝果不同发育期花果叶的挥发性成分分析

为了解嘉宝果(Myrciaria cauliflora)的挥发性成分,利用顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用技术对其不同发育期的花、果、叶的挥发性成分进行测量。结果表明,萜烯类是花、果、叶的主要挥发性成分,随开花进程呈增加趋势,随果实和叶片成熟进程而下降,单萜类是其中的优势成分,主要有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯等;花苞期、初花期和嫩叶以β-蒎烯含量最高,盛花期和老叶以α-蒎烯最高,末花期和果实中均以D-柠檬烯含量最高,嫩叶中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的总含量高达62.07%。酯类在花期中以初花期含量最高(16.92%),在果实中以完熟期含量最高(14.81%),老叶中酯类含量(4.35%)显著高于嫩叶(0.26%)。因此,α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯是花、果、叶共有主香成分,柳酸甲酯和苯乙醇是花苞期和初花期特征主香成分,毕澄茄烯是完熟果特征风味物质,β-石竹烯是嫩叶特征主香成分,桉叶油醇和β-胡椒烯是老叶特征主香成分。     

云南切梢小蠹对初侵害云南松挥发物的电生理和行为反应

云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanensis(Kirkendall and Faccoli)是一种蛀害云南松Pinus yunnanensis的本土害虫.为深入了解其寄主选择机制,用顶空动态法和浸提法分别提取了初侵染云南松针叶和松脂的挥发性化合物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、气相色谱-昆虫触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)、生测法鉴定和筛选了对云南切梢小蠹具有活性功能的成分.结果表明:云南松针叶和松脂中共有18种化合物,均为萜烯类物质,但两者化学成分的构成有显著差异.针叶中单萜类占99.98％,主要是 α-蒎烯(80.82％)、β-蒎烯(8.78％)、D-柠檬烯(4.77％)、莰烯(2.86％)和β-月桂烯(1.42％),而松脂以单萜类和双萜类为主,前者以α-蒎烯(21.38％)、3-蒈烯(21.42％)和异松油烯(2.78％)为主要成分,后者仅有长叶松酸(51.13％)一种.云南切梢小蠹对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、γ-萜品烯和4-烯丙基苯甲醚有触角电位反应,其中α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和γ-萜品烯具引诱作用,4-烯丙基苯甲醚和β-蒎烯则为驱避功能.研究可为开发植物源引诱剂或与性信息素结合进行种群监测和诱杀提供科学依据.     

秦岭油松针叶挥发性物质的成分分析

采用水蒸（蒸馏法和GC／MS方法对秦岭林区油松针叶挥发成分进行分析测定,鉴定出油松针叶中65种挥发性成分,其化学成分以萜烯类(79．39%)、酯类(9．16％)、醇类(10．36％)、醛类(0．25%)等为主,化合物则以α-蒎烯(5．92％)、β-蒎烯(6．09％)、乙酸龙脯酯(8．69%)、β-石竹烯(28．62%)、α-石竹烯(5．97%)、α-杜松醇(3．27％)、异杜松醇(3．44％)、萜烯醇(2．2j％)、杜松二烯(11．33%)为主。     

粤北阴香不同器官中精油成分研究

采用水蒸汽同步蒸馏法分别对采自粤北的阴香的果、叶、枝条提取精油,并用气质联用仪对所提取的精油进行了成分分析和鉴定。共鉴定了41种成分,主要成分为龙脑（68．5％～73．8％）、芳香醇、丁子香烯、橙花叔醇、榄香烯、柠檬醛、莰烯、葑醇、愈创烯、香叶烯、枞萜、萜品醇、蒎烯等。阴香不同器官（果、叶、枝）中的精油成分及所占比例均有差异。     

受害马尾松、湿地松挥发性化学物质的释放

萜烯类化合物是针叶树防御昆虫为害的重要组分。对盆栽马尾松、湿地松进行未受害、接虫咬食为害、人工剪叶处理后,用TCT-GC-M S分析了叶片挥发物的成分及相对含量。结果表明:人工剪叶后马尾松挥发物相对含量除α-蒎烯降低外,其余都有所升高,但挥发性化学物质相对含量出现高峰的时间没有规律性;虫害后,挥发物的相对含量除水芹烯降低外,其余均在1h升高,同时检测到p-薄荷-1.4(δ)-二烯,但其变化较小。湿地松受害后检测到7种挥发性化学物质,除人工剪叶后α-蒎烯、虫害后α-蒎烯、水芹烯相对含量降低外,其它挥发物的相对含量在不同的时间内都有所升高。β-蒎烯在两种松树受害后都有显著的变化,马尾松中的石竹烯没有明显的变化,氨茴酸-3,5-二甲基-3-乙烯基-4-己烯酯、大香叶烯D只在湿地松中检测到,而且其变化显著。     

Spatial fragrance patterns in flowers of Silene latifolia: Lilac compounds as olfactory nectar guides?

Floral odour can differ qualitatively and quantitatively between different parts of the flowers, and these spatial fragrance patterns within the flowers can be used by pollinators for orientation on flowers. Here we present results of spatial fragrance patterns within flowers of the dioecious Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Volatiles were collected and analysed using a highly sensitive dynamic headspace method, which allows dramatically reducing the sample time. From all flower parts, especially the petals and the anthophore emitted the typical flower volatiles of S. latifolia. However, compounds emitted from the petals differed from compounds emitted by the anthophore. The anthophore emitted the monoterpenoids lilac aldehydes and alcohols, whereas, all other typical scent compounds (e.g. benzoids, other monoterpenoids) were emitted by the petals. Lilac aldehydes are known to be behaviourally very attractive for noctuid moths, and they may serve as nectar guides in S. latifolia.     

Chemical analysis of the essential oil of Ferula glauca L. (Apiaceae) growing in Marche (central Italy)

Ferula glauca L. (Apiaceae), formerly believed a subspecies of Ferula communis L., but at the present considered a distinguishable species, was studied for the first time for volatiles from leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. The chemical analysis of the essential oil obtained from different populations growing in Marche (central Italy) was performed by GC-FID and GC–MS. The differences in composition detected between F. glauca and F. communis made the volatile fraction a reliable marker to distinguish between them, and confirmed the botanical data at the base of their discrimination. In particular, the oils obtained from leaves and roots, contained as major compounds (E)-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, myristicin and elemicin, that can be useful as marker components. Finally, the oils contained some daucane derivatives, that were detected also in F. communis and responsible for important biological properties.     

Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)

To improve our understanding of the floral biology, pollination, and systematics of the genus Narcissus, a comparative study was made of flower volatiles from nine species native to southern Spain using headspace collection and GC-MS analysis. The species fell into three fragrance types based on the identity of their major volatiles. In all but one species the fragrances consisted mainly of monoterpene isoprenoids mixed with benzenoids: in six species trans-ß-ocimene occurred in high proportions, in two others it was lacking; the last species had a fragrance dominated by fatty acid derivatives, mixed with terpenoids. Two of the species showed marked intraspecific variation in many of their volatiles. When the volatile data matrix of all species was subjected to cluster analyses and the resulting phenetic trees compared with currently recognized taxonomic groups, there was no congruence at the subgeneric level. However, there was considerable agreement at the sectional level, although in most sections we studied only a single species. This apparent agreement was stronger when the volatiles were analyzed according to shared biosynthetic pathways rather than treated individually, pointing to the higher value of using biosynthetic pathways for uncovering and confirming phenetic, and probable evolutionary, relationships among species. In terms of possible selective pressures from pollinators in shaping fragrance chemistry, available information on the pollination of our species suggested an association between fragrance and types of pollinators. Two pollinator-fragrance groups were apparent: (1) species pollinated by insects that include butterflies and moths displayed fragrances containing volatiles typical of moth-pollinated flowers, most particularly indole combined with high amounts of esters, and (2) species visited exclusively by insects other than butterflies and moths, especially by bees and flies, had fragrances lacking this combination of volatiles. Narcissus assoanus was unusual among our species in having both fragrance chemotypes. Future pollination studies of Narcissus in the field are needed to test the reliability and predictability of the proposed fragrance-pollinator associations.     

Variation in highbush blueberry floral volatile profiles as a function of pollination status, cultivar, time of day and flower part: implications for flower visitation by bees

Background and Aims

Studies of the effects of pollination on floral scent and bee visitation remain rare, particularly in agricultural crops. To fill this gap, the hypothesis that bee visitation to flowers decreases after pollination through reduced floral volatile emissions in highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum, was tested. Other sources of variation in floral emissions and the role of floral volatiles in bee attraction were also examined.

Methods

Pollinator visitation to blueberry flowers was manipulated by bagging all flowers within a bush (pollinator excluded) or leaving them unbagged (open pollinated), and then the effect on floral volatile emissions and future bee visitation were measured. Floral volatiles were also measured from different blueberry cultivars, times of the day and flower parts, and a study was conducted to test the attraction of bees to floral volatiles.

Key Results

Open-pollinated blueberry flowers had 32 % lower volatile emissions than pollinator-excluded flowers. In particular, cinnamyl alcohol, a major component of the floral blend that is emitted exclusively from petals, was emitted in lower quantities from open-pollinated flowers. Although, no differences in cinnamyl alcohol emissions were detected among three blueberry cultivars or at different times of day, some components of the blueberry floral blend were emitted in higher amounts from certain cultivars and at mid-day. Field observations showed that more bees visited bushes with pollinator-excluded flowers. Also, more honey bees were caught in traps baited with a synthetic blueberry floral blend than in unbaited traps.

Conclusions

Greater volatile emissions may help guide bees to unpollinated flowers, and thus increase plant fitness and bee energetic return when foraging in blueberries. Furthermore, the variation in volatile emissions from blueberry flowers depending on pollination status, plant cultivar and time of day suggests an adaptive role of floral signals in increasing pollination of flowers.     

Analysis of the volatile components of five Turkish Rhododendron species by headspace solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS)

Volatile constituents of various solvent extracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, H2O) of 15 different organs (leaves, flowers, fruits) of five Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) growing in Turkey were trapped with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 200 compounds were detected and identified from organic extracts, while the water extracts contained only traces of few volatiles. The CH2Cl2 extract of the R. luteum flowers was found to exhibit the most diverse composition: 34 compounds were identified, with benzyl alcohol (16.6%), limonene (14.6%) and p-cymene (8.4%) being the major compounds. The CH2Cl2-solubles of R. x sochadzeae leaves contained only phenyl ethyl alcohol. This study indicated appreciable intra-specific variations in volatile compositions within the genus. Different anatomical parts also showed altered volatile profiles. This is the first application of HS-SPME-GC-MS on the volatiles of Rhododendron species.     

五种红树植物叶片结构的比较研究

以木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)、海芒果(Cerbera manghas)、杨叶肖槿(Thespesia populnea)五种红树植物为材料,采用常规石蜡切片法对它们的叶片横切面结构进行显微观察,比较真红树植物和半红树植物叶片结构的特点及变化规律,研究红树植物叶对盐浸环境的适应性。结果表明:除杨叶肖槿为异面叶、掌状网脉外;拉关木为等面叶、羽状脉,其它三种植物为异面叶、羽状网脉;五种材料具4级叶脉,3级、4级脉具明显维管束鞘。木榄、桐花树、拉关木、杨叶肖槿1级脉为半周韧无限维管束,海芒果1级脉为外韧无限维管束。五种材料叶肉具有分泌腔,除海芒果外,具有含晶体细胞;木榄、桐花树有内皮层,拉关木有贮水组织;桐花树、海芒果有含单宁细胞;桐花树、拉关木、杨叶肖槿有盐腺。这五种植物的叶片结构体现出不同植物对盐浸环境适应性的特征。相比较而言,真红树植物的特化结构较半红树植物多。     

新疆阿魏雄性不育的细胞形态学研究

新疆阿魏是特产于我国新疆的伞形科阿魏属多年生一次结实草本植物,属于国家二级保护的濒危植物。其种群中除了该科植物典型的雄全同株个体以外,还具有一定数量雄性不育的雌株。为了探究新疆阿魏的雄性不育现象及其影响因素,该文从细胞形态学角度对种群中的雌株以及雌花的形态特征进行了观测,采用石蜡切片技术对功能性雌花雄蕊的花药败育过程进行了观察。结果表明：(1)雌株3月底萌动,4月中旬进入花期,5月底果实成熟;物候期与雄全同株个体相同。(2)植株高度(71.00±10.92) cm和直径(71.67±17.64) cm、一级分支(23.83±2.04);基生叶长(33.41±11.63) cm、宽(24.47±8.60) cm;在植株大小、基生叶大小等方面雌株与雄全同株个体无差异。(3)在雌株上,一级分支和二级分支均为雌花序,均可结实;雌花序的伞幅数/每复伞花序(13.22±4.70)、花数/每花序(12.03±2.30)、总花数/每复伞花序(159.08)均高于两性花序;雌株比雄全同株个体产生更多可结实的花,形成更多具有杂种优势的异交后代。(4)雌花序中,花排列紧密,花间距小于两性花序和雄花序;开花时...     

Potential semiochemicals in urine from free ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo Pallas, 1780)

Urine deposition has been observed as an important scent-marking behaviour among wolverines (Gulo gulo, Mustelinae, Mustelidae). Solid phase microextraction (SPME) of headspace volatiles of the urine from free ranging wolverines were examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Urine samples were collected directly from the bladder of live-trapped animals or from frozen samples deposited in snow. Nineteen potential semiochemicals were identified in the headspace from 22 urine samples. The composition of these volatile compounds varied by type and amount with each sample, but a number of chemicals were regularly found in many samples. The most commonly found constituents were the ketones; 2-heptanone, 4-heptanone and 4-nonanone; and the terpenes: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool and geraniol. Mammalian urinary discharge of ingested α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and other hydrocarbon terpenes is unusual, as these compounds are usually oxidized before excretion. The source of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes likely includes conifer needles, as they have been found in wolverine scat.     

Allelopathic effects of fruits of the Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius on growth, leaf production and biomass of seedlings of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the black mangrove Avicennia germinans

Exotic plant species can negatively affect native flora and fauna by changing the diversity and productivity of the system and altering successional processes. The novel weapons hypothesis has been suggested as one mechanism for invasion and spread of exotic plant species. It states that exotic species with “new weapons”, such as allelopathic chemicals, may have greater impacts on species in the invaded range without co-evolved defense strategies against the exotic chemicals. In Florida, one successful exotic species, Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper), has invaded nearly every habitat throughout the state. Past studies have documented allelopathic properties of S. terebinthifolius negatively impacting the growth of native terrestrial flora. Here we document the effect of S. terebinthifolius for the first time on mangrove systems. We examined growth and survival of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) and Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) seedlings when exposed to a range of densities of intact and crushed S. terebinthifolius fruits (0, 25, 50) at two different salinities (15, 30 ppt). We also documented the natural density of S. terebinthifolius fruits beneath the tree canopy after fruit production in mangrove habitat. Growth and biomass were significantly reduced in A. germinans when exposed to the highest density of intact S. terebinthifolius fruits growing in 30 ppt saltwater. Trials with intact fruits had no significant effects on R. mangle; however, crushed fruits significantly decreased growth, and leaf production. The ecological importance of the different effects of crushed and intact fruits is supported by field observations which found equal or greater numbers of crushed fruits compared to intact fruits beneath the tree canopy of female S. terebinthifolius. In addition, abiotic factors, such as salinity, may interact with allelopathic chemicals in natural systems and needs to be addressed when planning future allelopathic studies.     

Fig volatiles: Their role in attracting pollinators and maintaining pollinator specificity

Each fig tree species (Ficus) is totally dependent on a specific species of wasp for pollination and the larvae of these wasps only develop in the ovules of their specificFicus host. Because the fig crop on any particular tree is generally highly synchronized, the shortlived female wasps must leave their natal tree in order to find figs which are suitable for oviposition. Chemical volatiles produced by figs when they are ready for pollination are thought to be the means by which the wasps detect a suitable host. Gas chromatograms of the fig volatiles of 7 species ofFicus showed them to be species specific. Age related changes in the volatile profiles were noted as extra volatiles are produced when the figs were ready for pollination.