茶树CsLEA5基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以茶树‘龙井长叶’为材料,克隆获得了茶树胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因CsLEA5的cDNA序列,该序列全长515 bp,包含一个375 bp的开放阅读框,编码124个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为13.5 kD,理论等电点为5.92。蛋白序列分析结果显示,CsLEA5为高亲水性和稳定性蛋白,且含有一个典型的LEA_3保守结构域,属于LEA蛋白中LEA_3亚家族成员。CsLEA5基因启动子区域包含多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,如乙烯响应元件（ERE）、胁迫响应元件（STRE）、创伤响应元件（WUN motif）及MYB、MYC转录因子识别位点等。qRT PCR分析显示,CsLEA5基因表达具有明显的组织特异性,在叶片中的表达量最高,其次是嫩茎,而在其他组织器官中的表达量较低,且CsLEA5基因表达受低温和干旱胁迫的诱导。研究表明,CsLEA5基因可能在茶树响应低温和干旱胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。该研究对了解茶树抗逆分子机制,筛选抗性候选基因资源提供了重要理论依据。     

小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因克隆及表达分析

植物受到逆境胁迫后,大量逆境响应基因会被诱导表达,LEA蛋白编码基因就是与植物抗旱、抗冷等非生物胁迫密切相关的一类基因.从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一条LEA蛋白编码基因并进行了克隆.序列比对与系统进化分析显示该基因属于LEA3基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA1(GenBank登录号是KC309408).克隆得到该基因gDNA长469bp,包含两个外显子和一个内含子;cDNA长357bp,包含300bp的开放阅读框,推导编码99个氨基酸的蛋白质.利用荧光定量PCR技术对CkLEA1基因在各种逆境胁迫条件的表达情况进行初步研究表明,CkLEA1受干旱、ABA、冷、热、盐和碱等处理不同程度地诱导,推测其与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫的机制有关.     

蓖麻RcMsc2基因功能分析

G2/有丝分裂特异性细胞周期蛋白 2(G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2,Msc2)作为高等植物应对逆境胁迫的关键调控蛋白,参与多个抗逆境胁迫的应答。为探究RcMsc2基因的功能,该研究从蓖麻叶片组织中成功克隆了RcMsc2,并利用生物信息学分析RcMsc2蛋白的结构和潜在功能,同时借助qRT-PCR方法分析RcMsc2基因的组织表达特性和非生物胁迫表达特性。结果表明:(1)RcMsc2基因位于蓖麻第5号染色体长臂,该基因的CDS(coding sequence)区是1 299 bp,编码432个氨基酸。(2)RcMsc2蛋白拥有细胞周期(cyclin)家族特征结构域,是一个不稳定酸性亲水蛋白,无跨膜域和信号肽,相对分子量为49.38 kD。(3)RcMsc2蛋白质的二级、三级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。(4)RcMsc2蛋白与麻风树和巴西橡胶树的CYCB2蛋白的序列同源性最高,且同被聚为Group Ⅱ。(5)35S-RcMsc2-GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞核。(6)RcMsc2基因在蓖麻的所有组织中均有表达且主要在根和茎中发挥作用; 非生物胁迫分析表明RcMsc2基因可以被脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)、盐、干旱和低温处理诱导表达,并且RcMsc2基因对低温胁迫的响应最敏感。综上表明,该研究较全面地分析了RcMsc2基因的结构特征、系统进化和表达模式,为揭示RcMsc2基因在蓖麻的生长发育和应答冷胁迫过程中的功能提供了理论参考。     

垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因克隆及干旱胁迫下的表达分析

晚期胚胎发育丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant,LEA),广泛存在于生物体内,与植物抗逆性密切相关,可在干旱胁迫下保护植物细胞,减少植物损伤。垫状卷柏(Selaginella pulvinata)是一种在干旱胁迫下生存能力极强的蕨类植物,具有很强的恢复能力。为探究垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因在耐旱植物中的分子机制与表达特征,该研究以高耐旱性植物垫状卷柏为实验材料,基于转录组测序结果,采用RT-PCR技术获得SpLEA1基因cDNA序列,采用HiTail-PCR技术获得启动子序列,利用生物信息学对序列进行了分析,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析了SpLEA1基因在干旱胁迫下的表达模式。结果表明:(1)垫状卷柏SpLEA1全长为476 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为279 bp,共编码92个氨基酸,通过在线工具预测到蛋白分子量为9 491.46 Da, 等电点为5.45,蛋白结构预测分析表明该蛋白为亲水性蛋白,含有10个磷酸化位点,二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。(2)预测到SpLEA1蛋白的保守结构域为Lea-5,来源于LEA1家族。基于系统发生树和遗传距离矩阵,发现垫状卷柏SpLEA1与来自鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum )和红车轴草(Trifolium pratense)的Lea-5蛋白同源性较高。(3)对启动子序列进行顺式作用元件的预测分析发现SpLEA1基因启动子含有5类激素响应元件和与干旱胁迫响应有关的功能元件。(4)在自然干旱处理下SpLEA1基因表达上调,并在12 h时达到峰值,在24 h干旱后进行复水处理,表达量显著下调。综上所述,SpLEA1基因在垫状卷柏中很可能参与了干旱胁迫响应机制的相关调控。该结果为进一步研究垫状卷柏SpLEA1基因在干旱胁迫下的功能及其表达调控机制提供了参考。     

番茄LeRma1基因的克隆与表达

以番茄‘哈大粉801’为试材,利用RT-PCR技术,克隆得到1个E3泛素蛋白连接酶基因LeRma1（GenBank登录号XM_004243764.1）。对LeRma1基因进行序列分析,并对LeRma1基因在番茄植株的不同部位以及在非生物胁迫（干旱、盐、碱、高温、低温）下的表达和生理特性进行研究,为培育和改良番茄品种提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）序列分析显示,LeRma1基因的cDNA全长序列729 bp,编码242个氨基酸,分子量为27.05 kD,理论pI 7.97;同源分析显示,番茄LeRma1蛋白与马铃薯的一致性最高（91%）。（2）半定量PCR检测表明, LeRma1基因在番茄根、茎、叶、花、果实中均有表达,且表达差异不明显。（3）干旱胁迫下,LeRma1基因在番茄叶片中优势表达,而在整个干旱过程中根部的LeRma1基因表达量变化不明显;抗旱相关基因LEA、 DREB2A、ABI3在干旱胁迫过程中,番茄叶片中均有表达,且其表达量呈上升趋势,而在根部DREB2A、ABI3基因基本没有检测到。（4）干旱胁迫过程中,番茄植株中丙二醛（MDA）含量呈显著升高趋势,质膜系统严重损伤,体内保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性上升,且根部活性总体明显高于叶片。（5）在非生物逆境（盐、碱、高温、低温）胁迫过程中,LeRma1基因在番茄叶片和根部的表达几乎都有增强的趋势,且在叶片中均是胁迫3 h后诱导起始增强表达。研究认为,LeRma1基因是一个受干旱胁迫诱导增强表达的基因,且在叶片中优势表达,说明LeRma1基因对植物耐受干旱胁迫所起的作用存在一定的组织差异性,而且LeRma1基因可能参与番茄的干旱应答及信号转导过程,在番茄抵抗其他非生物胁迫中LeRma1基因也可能具有一定的作用。     

辣椒CaWRKY14转录因子的生物学特性研究

WRKY转录因子是植物响应病原菌胁迫最重要的转录因子之一,且参与抗病反应及信号传导通路的调控。为研究辣椒WRKY基因的生物学特征,以辣椒高抗疫病材料CM334为试材,克隆获得响应疫霉菌诱导的转录因子CaWRKY14。生物信息学分析表明,该基因DNA全长2 530 bp,cDNA全长1 662 bp,含有5个内含子,编码553个氨基酸,含有1个WRKY保守结构域,属于Group Ⅱ(b)。实时荧光定量表达分析表明,CaWRKY14不仅受ABA和疫霉菌胁迫诱导表达,且表达量分别在12 h和24 h时达到峰值,分别是对照的8.54和8.04倍,同时也受高盐、热激和干旱胁迫诱导。利用VIGS技术对CaWRKY14转录因子进行沉默后发现,抗病材料CM334接种疫霉菌后趋于发病。研究表明,CaWRKY14基因在辣椒响应疫霉菌胁迫进程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

牵牛胁迫应答基因PnLOG2的克隆及功能验证

RING型E3泛素连接酶在植物应答非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要功能。该研究从圆叶牵牛中克隆出RING型E3泛素连接酶基因PnLOG2,该基因序列号为XM_019321049.1。利用ORF Finder预测PnLOG2基因编码开放阅读框长度为912 bp (51~992 bp),编码313个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量34.38 kD,理论等电点为5.14。系统发育分析表明,PnLOG2基因与番茄亲缘关系最近。组织特异性分析表明,PnLOG2基因在牵牛不同组织均有表达,在老茎和新叶中表达量较高。qRT PCR分析结果表明,PnLOG2基因在圆叶牵牛根和叶中受干旱、盐碱胁迫诱导显著上调表达。通过异源表达PnLOG2基因于酵母细胞中,发现干旱、盐碱胁迫下PnLOG2基因提高了重组酵母的耐盐和耐旱能力,但降低了对碱的耐受性。该研究初步阐明了PnLOG2基因在干旱、盐碱胁迫下的功能,为进一步研究RING型E3泛素连接酶在非生物胁迫中的机理提供了理论依据。     

番茄转录因子基因SlWRKY6的克隆与原核表达分析

该研究基于番茄基因组数据库SGN(Sol Genomic Network)信息,利用RT PCR从栽培番茄‘M82’(Solanum lycopersicum)中成功克隆到番茄SlWRKY6基因(登录号：Solyc02g080890),通过qRT PCR方法和原核表达初步验证其生物学功能。结果表明：(1)生物信息学分析显示,番茄SlWRKY6基因ORF全长1 653 bp,编码550个氨基酸,其蛋白结构含有1个WRKYGQK保守结构域和C₂H₂锌指结构域,属于IIb类;其基因启动子上游1 500 bp含有多个激素响应元件和非生物胁迫响应元件。(2)进化树分析显示,SlWRKY6与潘那利番茄SpWRKY31 X1(NP_001352691.1)的相似性最高,且定位于细胞核内。(3)qRT PCR结果显示,SlWRKY6基因在番茄根、茎、叶中均有表达,在叶中的表达量最高,且受盐和干旱诱导表达。(4)SDS PAGE及Western blot结果显示,pET 30a SlWRKY6重组蛋白的大小约66 kDa,与预期大小一致。(5)原核表达分析显示,重组菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a SlWRKY6在不同浓度盐(NaCl)和干旱(Mannitol)胁迫下生长速度显著低于对照菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a,且在400 mmol/L NaCl、800 mmol/L甘露醇胁迫条件下最为显著;滴板实验初步验证SlWRKY6转录因子能提高重组菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a SlWRKY6在ABA和pH 9(NaOH)胁迫的耐受性;在400 mmol/L NaCl、pH 5(HCl)、800 mmol/L甘露醇胁迫条件下耐受能力降低。研究表明,SlWRKY6转录因子可能通过参与ABA途径来响应非生物胁迫。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.