利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织炎症及认知功能的影响

目的:研究利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马区炎症因子、神经活性物质及认知功能的影响。方法:60只老龄SD大鼠随机分为3组:异氟醚组、利多卡因+异氟醚组、对照组各20只,建立大鼠吸入麻醉模型。利多卡因+异氟醚组给予静脉注射利多卡因,其他组给予生理盐水作为对照。麻醉结束后24 h Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠认知功能,ELISA法检测大鼠海马组织炎症因子和神经活性物质。结果:与对照组相比,异氟醚组Morris水迷宫逃避潜伏期延长(P0.05),平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数减少(P0.05),海马组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平升高(P0.05),NT-3、NGF、BDNF水平降低(P0.05)。利多卡因明显缩短异氟醚麻醉大鼠的逃避潜伏期并增加其平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数(P0.05),降低海马组织炎症水平(P0.05),升高神经活性物质水平(P0.05)。结论:利多卡因可明显缓解异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织的炎症反应并升高海马组织神经活性物质水平,改善认知功能障碍。     

异氟烷预处理对电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨异氟烷预处理对电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤的保护作用。方法:选取成年雄性SD大鼠48只,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=12),分别为:假辐照组(CON组)、电磁辐照组(EMP组)、异氟烷预处理组(IP组)和异氟烷预处理+电磁辐照组(IP+EMP组)。EMP组场强为400 KV/m,脉冲为200次,连续辐照3天;IP组吸入2.0%异氟醚2h;IP+EMP组吸入2.0%异氟醚2 h,24 h后制备EMP损伤模型。于辐照后24 h处死大鼠,每组随机抽取3只大鼠,取脑组织,采用ELISA法检测大鼠海马IL-6和TNF-α的表达变化;尼氏染色法观察大鼠海马区神经元的凋亡;采用Western blot法检测大鼠海马区BDNF蛋白的表达情况;采用免疫荧光法检测大鼠海马区BDNF细胞水平的表达。结果:与CON组比较,EMP组、IP组、IP+EMP组的IL-6和TNF-α的表达增高,尼氏小体减少,BDNF蛋白及细胞水平的表达均下调(P0.05);与EMP组比较,IP组和IP+EMP组IL-6和TNF-α的表达降低,尼氏小体增多,BDNF蛋白及细胞水平的表达上调(P0.05)。结论:异氟烷预处理可减轻电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤,其机制可能与减轻大鼠炎症反应有关。     

七氟醚对血管痴呆性大鼠海马区细胞凋亡及Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响及相关机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究七氟醚对血管性痴呆（Vascular dementia,VaD）大鼠海马区细胞凋亡及B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白表达的影响及相关机制。方法：60只老年雄性SD大鼠随机平分为两组-七氟醚与对照组,两组大鼠都采用双侧颈动脉缺血再灌注法制作VaD模型,七氟醚组与对照组在建模前分别吸入0.11 %七氟醚与空气各45 min,分别于建模后7 d、14 d与21 d进行Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠的逃避潜伏期;建模后21 d,采用TUNEL法测定各组大鼠海马组织细胞凋亡情况,采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法、硫代巴比妥酸法分别测定血清超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性与丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量,采用Western blot法检测Bax、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达水平。结果：两组各有26只大鼠顺利建立VaD模型,建模后7 d、14 d与21 d,七氟醚组的逃避潜伏期均显著少于对照组(P<0.05);建模后21 d,七氟醚组大鼠海马组织神经元细胞凋亡指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05);建模后21 d,七氟醚组大鼠血清SOD活性显著高于对照组,而MDA含量则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);建模后21 d,七氟醚组大鼠海马组织Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的相对表达水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：七氟醚干预可通过促进VaD大鼠海马组织抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达抑制细胞凋亡,并可平衡大鼠的氧化应激反应水平,从而促进大鼠记忆功能恢复正常。     

远志皂苷对丙泊酚麻醉所致大鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用及机制

本研究旨在探讨远志皂苷对丙泊酚麻醉所致大鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用及机制。将SD大鼠分别应用远志皂苷(200 mL·kg^-1·d^-1)和/或丙泊酚(60 mL·kg^-1·d^-1)处理3周,通过Morris水迷宫实验来评价认知功能情况,通过苏木精伊红(hematoxylineosin, HE)染色评价组织病理改变。采用原位末端标记技术(TdTmediated dUTP nick and labeling, Tunel)检测大鼠海马神经细胞的凋亡情况。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测氧化损伤指标。采用Western blotting检测Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达。Morris水迷宫实验显示,远志皂苷显著降低了丙泊酚麻醉大鼠的逃避潜伏期,并提高了穿越平台次数(p<0.05)。苏木精伊红(HE)染色显示,远志皂苷可显著降低丙泊酚引起的大鼠海马组织病变程度。原位末端标记技术(Tunel)实验显示,远志皂苷抑制了丙泊酚引起的大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡(p<0.05)。Western blotting检测显示,远志皂苷抑制了丙泊酚对大鼠脑组织中Bcl-2蛋白的下调及Caspase-3的上调(p<0.05)。酶联免疫吸附检测显示,远志皂苷提高了大鼠脑组织中SOD和GSH的水平,并降低了MDA水平(p<0.05)。远志皂苷可显著改善丙泊酚麻醉大鼠的认知功能并降低海马组织病变程度,其机制与抑制海马神经细胞凋亡和减弱氧化损伤有关。     

松节方提取物对炎症动物模型的抗炎作用及机制探讨

该文旨在评价松节方提取物(SJF)的抗炎镇痛作用,尤其是对关节炎的抑制作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。采用二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀模型、醋酸诱导的小鼠疼痛模型、鸡II型胶原(CCII)诱导的大鼠关节炎模型,观察松节方提取物的体内抗炎镇痛活性和抗关节炎的作用,检测大鼠血清TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-10、IL-1β含量,观察大鼠踝关节组织病理学变化。结果表明松节方提取物可减轻上述模型的炎症及疼痛症状,抑制CCII致关节炎大鼠滑膜组织炎性细胞浸润和滑膜组织增生,能显著降低关节炎大鼠血清TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-1β含量,升高血清IL-10含量。说明松节方提取物具有较好的抗炎镇痛作用,可明显抑制CCII所致大鼠关节炎,降低其关节组织损伤程度,其机制可能与调节炎症因子表达相关。     

美洛昔康对Aβ诱导Alzheimer’s disease大鼠脑内炎症损伤的影响

目的：研究美洛昔康对β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）诱导的阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型大鼠脑内炎症损伤的保护作用,并探讨其抑制炎症作用的机制。方法：Aβ1-40海马注射建立AD大鼠模型。免疫组化法观察大鼠海马核因子κBp65（NF-κBp65）和星形胶质细胞（AS）胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）表达变化;Western-blot法测定大鼠皮层组织GFAP的表达;ELISA法检测大鼠皮层组织肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平变化;RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马组织白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）mRNA的表达情况。结果：美洛昔康能抑制AD大鼠海马NF-κBp65和GFAP的表达;降低大鼠皮层TNF-α的含量;抑制AD大鼠海马IL-1βmRNA的表达。结论：美洛昔康通过减少AD模型大鼠海马、皮层组织GFAP表达,抑制AS的增生,降低NF-κBp65的活性,减少炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β的水平,减轻脑内炎症反应。     

建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型及异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响

目的:建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型并探讨吸入麻醉药异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响。方法:Penlon Prima SP麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制带进出气口的麻醉小室。共55只7日龄的SD大鼠用于实验。将其中35只大鼠随机分为7组(n=5)。实验组(Ⅰ-Ⅵ组)异氟醚挥发罐刻度分别为0.125%,0.25%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%;新生大鼠置于自制密封麻醉小室内,分别通入含上述异氟醚浓度的混合气体。对照组(第Ⅶ组)给予未混合异氟醚的30%的氧气。将小室安放于37℃恒温箱内。调节气体流量2L/min。实验组于通入气体5,10,15,30,90,180,360 min(T1-7)时于小室出口处抽取10mL气体,采用气相色谱法测定麻醉小室内异氟醚浓度。于通入气体360 min(T7)自新生大鼠左心室采血行血气分析;另取SD大鼠20只,随机分为对照组(C组,n=10),1.5%异氟醚组(I组,n=10),按上述方法建立异氟醚吸入麻醉模型,麻醉结束后2h处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学法观察C组和I组大鼠大脑海马区Active caspase-3的表达。结果:①麻醉小室出口异氟醚浓度(Y)与麻醉机挥发罐异氟醚浓度(X)的直线回归方程为Y=1.5472X-0.0575(r=0.9993)。②血气分析结果显示:Ⅰ-Ⅵ组与Ⅶ组血气分析组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③免疫组化结果显示:与C组相比,I组大鼠海马Active caspase-3明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制密封带进出气口的麻醉小室成功建立了新生大鼠异氟醚麻醉模型;为进一步研究异氟醚及相关吸入麻醉药对突触发生期的神经毒性提供了实验基础。     

高强度间歇运动对脑梗死后大鼠的脑保护作用及HDAC6表达的影响

为了考察高强度间歇运动(HIIE)对脑梗死后大鼠的脑保护作用及组蛋白去乙酰化酶6 (HDAC6)表达的影响。本研究将60只SD大鼠随机分为3组,假手术组、大脑中动脉闭塞模型组和HIIE组,每组20只。HIIE组大鼠在建模48 h后进行4周的高强度间歇运动,其他组大鼠不进行运动。通过神经损伤评分来评价大鼠神经功能,TTC染色检测梗死面积,TUNEL染色测定脑组织的细胞凋亡,RT-PCR和Western blotting检测大鼠海马组织中HDAC6、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的m RNA和蛋白表达。研究发现,高强度间歇运动后,HIIE组的神经损伤评分显著低于模型组(p<0.05)。TTC染色显示,HIIE组的梗死面积比例显著低于模型组(p<0.05)。TUNEL染色显示,HIIE组的海马神经细胞凋亡数显著低于模型组(p<0.05)。RT-PCR和Western blotting结果显示,HIIE组的HDAC6、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6 m RNA和蛋白表达水平均显著低于模型组(p<0.05)。本研究表明,高强度间歇运动可显著改善脑梗死大鼠的神经功能,降低脑梗死面积,抑制海马神经细胞凋亡。高强度间歇运动的神经保护作用机制可能与抑制HDAC6有关。     

七氟醚对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠认知功能及海马S100β及PGRN表达的影响

摘要 目的：探索用七氟醚预处理后脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的认知功能变化情况以及海马细胞内钙结合蛋白（S100β）及颗粒蛋白前体（Progranulin,,PGRN）的表达水平。方法：选取SPF级雄性大鼠36只,按照随机数字表法分为假手术组（A组）、脑缺血再灌注损伤组（B组）、七氟醚预处理组（C组）,每组12只。B组和C组大鼠采用线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血2 h,再灌注24 h,假手术组仅切开不插入线栓。术前七氟醚预处理组大鼠吸入体积分数3 %七氟醚和氧流量为2 L/min的混合气体,持续1 h,假手术组和脑缺血再灌注损伤组单纯吸入2 L /min的氧气。建模完成后采用大鼠神经功能缺损评分（modified neurological severity score,mNSS）评估大鼠的神经功能状况;Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠学习认知功能;Western Blot检测各组大鼠S100β和PGRN的表达情况。结果：（1）B、C组大鼠mNSS评分显著高于A组,C组评分较B组有明显降低（P＜0.05）;（2）与A组相比B、C两组逃逸潜伏期明显延长,C组与B组相比逃逸潜伏期显著缩短（P＜0.05）;（3）B、C组大鼠海马S100β和PGRN的表达较A组有显著上调,其中C组S100β表达较B组显著降低,PGRN表达显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论：本文通过观察七氟醚预处理对CIRI大鼠认知功能及海马S100β和PGRN蛋白表达水平的影响,发现七氟醚预处理对CIRI大鼠认知功能有显著提高,其作用机制与海马S100β和PGRN的表达密切相关,为进一步探索其作用机制提供参考证据。     

异氟醚麻醉通过导致神经干细胞的丢失降低幼鼠的神经发生和认知发育的实验研究

摘要 目的：探讨异氟醚麻醉通过导致神经干细胞的丢失降低幼鼠的神经发生和认知发育。方法：SPF级雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)幼年大鼠(30只)平分为两组-对照组与异氟醚组,对照组吸入30 %氧气,异氟醚组吸入1.5最低肺泡有效浓度(minimum alveolar concentration,MAC)异氟烷,检测两组神经干细胞丢失降低与幼鼠的神经发生、认知发育情况。结果：两组建模后6 h的逃避潜伏期、Longa评分对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),异氟醚组建模后12 h、24 h的逃避潜伏期、Longa评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组建模后6 h、12 h、24 h的下肢动脉血氧饱和度在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。异氟醚组建模后14 d的海马组织葡萄糖调节蛋白8(GRP8)、糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)蛋白相对表达水平都低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：异氟醚麻醉可通过导致神经干细胞的丢失,抑制血清GRP8、GSK-3β的释放,从而影响幼鼠的神经发生和认知发育。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.