Characterization and comparison of adipose tissue‐derived cells from human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues

Different fat depots contribute differently to disease and function. These differences may be due to the regional variation in cell types and inherent properties of fat cell progenitors. To address the differences of cell types in the adipose tissue from different depots, the phenotypes of freshly isolated adipose tissue‐derived cells (ATDCs) from subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissues were compared using flow cytometry. Our results showed that CD31^?CD34⁺CD45^?CD90^‐CD105^?CD146⁺ population, containing vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes, was specifically defined in the SC adipose tissue while no such population was observed in OM adipose tissue. On the other hand, CD31^?CD34⁺CD45^?CD90^?CD105^?CD146^? population, which is an undefined cell population, were found solely in OM adipose tissue. Overall, the SC adipose tissue contained more ATDCs than OM adipose tissue, while OM adipose tissue contained more blood‐derived cells. Regarding to the inherent properties of fat cell progenitors from the two depots, adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) from SC had higher capacity to differentiate into both adipogenic and osteogenic lineages than those from OM, regardless of that the proliferation rates of ADSCs from both depots were similar. The higher differentiation capacity of ADSCs from SC adipose tissue suggests that SC tissue is more suitable cell source for regenerative medicine than OM adipose tissue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The potential of adipose‐derived stem cells in craniofacial repair and regeneration

The recent identification of a mesenchymal stem cell population in adipose tissue has led to an abundance of research focused on the regenerative properties of these cells. As such, adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) and potential therapies in craniofacial regeneration have been widely studied. This review will discuss the identification and potential of ASCs, and specifically, preclinical and clinical studies using ASCs in craniofacial repair. Studies involving ASCs in the repair of defects caused by craniosynostosis and Treacher Collins syndrome will be discussed. A comprehensive review of the literature will be presented, focusing on fat grafting and biomaterials‐based approaches that include ASCs for craniofacial regeneration. (Part C) 96:95–97, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Implications for human adipose‐derived stem cells in plastic surgery

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that possess many of the same regenerative properties as other MSCs. However, the ubiquitous presence of ADSCs and their ease of access in human tissue have led to a burgeoning field of research. The plastic surgeon is uniquely positioned to harness this technology because of the relative frequency in which they perform procedures such as liposuction and autologous fat grafting. This review examines the current landscape of ADSC isolation and identification, summarizes the current applications of ADSCs in the field of plastic surgery, discusses the risks associated with their use, current barriers to universal clinical translatability, and surveys the latest research which may help to overcome these obstacles.     

谷氨酸对大鼠脂肪干细胞诱导分化神经细胞的影响及机制

目的:研究谷氨酸(Glu)对大鼠脂肪干细胞Adipose-derived stem cells(ADCSs)诱导分化神经细胞的作用及机制。方法:取成年大鼠腹股沟脂肪组织进行体外细胞培养,采用免疫组化方法检测证实为ADSCs。对照组为正常培养的ADSCs并诱导分化神经细胞,谷氨酸(Glu)处理组加入不同浓度的Glu,MTT比色法观察脂肪干细胞的存活率。结果:从ADSCs诱导分化的细胞包括神经元及神经胶质细胞,免疫组化结果显示神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)染色阳性和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)染色阳性。Glu处理组给药24h后,与对照组比较ADSCs存活率明显降低,50μmol·L-1Glu组细胞存活率为83.98%,与对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);100及1000μmol·L-1Glu组干细胞存活率(分别为66.82%和17.08%)低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:Glu对ADSCs有损伤作用,随着Glu剂量的增加,ADSCs的存活率逐渐降低,二者呈剂量依赖关系。     

VEGF receptor Flk-1 plays an important role in c-kit expression in adipose tissue derived stem cells

It is known that c-kit(+) cells are increased in heart after infarction. The exact origins of the cardiac c-kit(+) cells remain to be determined. We asked whether adipose tissue could be a potential source of c-kit(+) cells. Our data show that the number of c-kit(+) cells increased in adipose tissue derived stem cells when cultured with conditioned medium from neonatal cardiomyocytes grown under serum deprivation and hypoxia condition. We also found that VEGF receptor Flk-1 is involved in c-kit up regulation via ERK-mediated pathway.     

Adipose-derived stem cells accelerate neovascularization in ischaemic diabetic skin flap via expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

Skin flaps are frequently performed for diabetic patients in spite of countless detrimental effects of diabetes on flap survival, most of which may result from a defective response of the tissues to low oxygen tension. In this study, the authors explored the feasibility of applying human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to increase the viability of random-patterned skin flaps in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. ASCs were isolated from the fresh human lipoaspirates and expanded ex vivo for three passages. After the elevation of caudally based random-patterned skin flaps (3 cm long and 1 cm wide), ASCs suspensions were then injected into the flap (group A). Media containing no ASCs were similarly injected as a control (group B), although nothing was injected into the flap base of mice in control group C. Flap assessments were carried out at post-operative day 7 for evaluation of flap viability. The flap survival rate of group A was significantly higher than those of groups B and C, whereas no difference was observed between groups B and C. Histological examination also demonstrated a statistically significant increase in capillary density in group A over both groups B and C. Furthermore, it was found that ASCs not only augmented the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in flap tissues from dermis of diabetes mice, but also promoted their expression in dermal fibroblasts from diabetic mice. Thus, ASCs could enhance the survival of random-patterned skin flaps in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via elevated expression of HIF-1α.     

Proinflammatory interleukins' production by adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells: the impact of cell culture conditions and cell‐to‐cell interaction

The impact of culture conditions and interaction with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells on the interleukin (IL) gene expression profile and proinflammatory IL‐6 and IL‐8 production by adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) was investigated. A microarray analysis revealed a wide range of IL genes either under standard (20%) or hypoxic (5%) O₂ concentrations, some highly up‐regulated at hypoxia. IL‐6 and IL‐8 production was inversely dependent on cell culture density. In early (first–third) passages, IL‐6 and IL‐8 concentration was higher at 20% O₂ and in late (8th‐12th) passages under 5% O₂. Interaction between ASCs and mononuclear cells in indirect setting was accompanied with a significant decrease of IL‐6 and did not result in the elevation of IL‐8 concentration. Thereby, the production of proinflammatory interleukins (IL‐6 and IL‐8) may be affected by the ASC intrinsic features (density in culture, and duration of expansion), as well as by microenvironmental factors, such as hypoxia and the presence of blood‐borne cells. These data are important for elucidating ASC paracrine activity regulation in vitro. They would also be on demand for optimisation of the cell therapy protocols, based on the application of ASC biologically active substances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. SIGNIFICANCE PARAGRAPH Ex vivo expansion is widely used for increasing the number of adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) and improving of their quality. The present study was designed to elucidate the particular factors influencing the interleukin production in ASCs. The presented data specified the parameters (i.e. cell density, duration of cultivation, hypoxia, etc.) that should be taken in mind when ASCs are intended to be used in protocols implying their paracrine activity. These data would be of considerable interest for researchers and clinicians working in the biomedical science.