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1.
Species comparisons are a cornerstone of biology and there is a long tradition of using the comparative framework to study the ecology and evolution of plant defensive traits. Early comparative studies led to the hypothesis that plant chemistry plays a central role in plant defence, and the evolution of plant secondary chemistry in response to insect herbivory remains a classic example of coevolution. However, recent comparative work has disagreed with this paradigm, reporting little connection between plant secondary chemicals and herbivory across distantly related plant taxa. One conclusion of this new work is that the importance of secondary chemistry in plant defence may have been generally overstated in earlier research. Here, we attempt to reconcile these contradicting viewpoints on the role of plant chemistry in defence by critically evaluating the use and interpretation of species correlations as a means to study defence–herbivory relationships. We conclude that the notion that plant primary metabolites (e.g. leaf nitrogen content) are the principal determinants of herbivory (or the target of natural selection by herbivores) is not likely to be correct. Despite the inference of recent community‐wide studies of herbivory, strong evidence remains for a prime role of secondary compounds in plant defence against herbivores. 相似文献
2.
Variation in plant traits among plant species may promote the development of a characteristic functional assemblage of insect herbivores associated with each plant species. However, only a small number of studies have detailed the representation of several herbivore guilds among co‐occurring plant species to determine whether the functional structure of herbivorous insect assemblages varies widely and consistently among plant species. The present study provides one of the few published data sets reporting on the density of several guilds of insect herbivores among numerous plant species. Variation in guild associations with plant phenology and season are also described. Insect herbivores were divided into 10 guilds, and the representation of these guilds was examined for 18 co‐occurring plant species. Guild densities and assemblage composition varied significantly among plant species, even when variation over time was taken into account. Variation in guild densities and assemblage composition were not strongly related to the taxonomic relationships of the plants. The highest densities of several guilds occurred in spring and summer, although other guilds were not strongly seasonal. Certain guilds were strongly associated with the presence of new leaves, whereas other guilds appeared to prefer mature leaves. This resulted in assemblage differences between samples containing new and mature leaves and samples containing mature leaves only. Even though the timing and duration of leaf and flower production varied among plant species, this did not explain all variation in guild densities among plant species. It is suggested that additional factors, including plant traits, are contributing to the wide and consistent variation in herbivore assemblage composition among plant species. 相似文献
3.
Shunze Jia Yinghui Li Xiangping Dai Xiaotong Li Yanyan Zhou Yusong Xu Huabing Wang 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(18):9682-9695
4.
Ivo Beyaert Monika Hilker 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2014,89(1):68-81
Insect olfactory orientation along odour plumes has been studied intensively with respect to pheromonal communication, whereas little knowledge is available on how plant odour plumes (POPs) affect olfactory searching by an insect for its host plants. The primary objective of this review is to examine the role of POPs in the attraction of insects. First, we consider parameters of an odour source and the environment which determine the size, shape and structure of an odour plume, and we apply that knowledge to POPs. Second, we compare characteristics of insect pheromonal plumes and POPs. We propose a ‘POP concept’ for the olfactory orientation of insects to plants. We suggest that: (i) an insect recognises a POP by means of plant volatile components that are encountered in concentrations higher than a threshold detection limit and that occur in a qualitative and quantitative blend indicating a resource; (ii) perception of the fine structure of a POP enables an insect to distinguish a POP from an unspecific odorous background and other interfering plumes; and (iii) an insect can follow several POPs to their sources, and may leave the track of one POP and switch to another one if this conveys a signal with higher reliability or indicates a more suitable resource. The POP concept proposed here may be a useful tool for research in olfactory‐mediated plant–insect interactions. 相似文献
5.
A global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andrew Siefert Cyrille Violle Loïc Chalmandrier Cécile H. Albert Adrien Taudiere Alex Fajardo Lonnie W. Aarssen Christopher Baraloto Marcos B. Carlucci Marcus V. Cianciaruso Vinícius de L. Dantas Francesco de Bello Leandro D. S. Duarte Carlos R. Fonseca Grégoire T. Freschet Stéphanie Gaucherand Nicolas Gross Kouki Hikosaka Benjamin Jackson Vincent Jung Chiho Kamiyama Masatoshi Katabuchi Steven W. Kembel Emilie Kichenin Nathan J. B. Kraft Anna Lagerström Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yuanzhi Li Norman Mason Julie Messier Tohru Nakashizuka Jacob McC. Overton Duane A. Peltzer I. M. Pérez‐Ramos Valério D. Pillar Honor C. Prentice Sarah Richardson Takehiro Sasaki Brandon S. Schamp Christian Schöb Bill Shipley Maja Sundqvist Martin T. Sykes Marie Vandewalle David A. Wardle 《Ecology letters》2015,18(12):1406-1419
Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent of ITV compared to interspecific trait variation in plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the relative extent of ITV within and among plant communities worldwide, using a data set encompassing 629 communities (plots) and 36 functional traits. Overall, ITV accounted for 25% of the total trait variation within communities and 32% of the total trait variation among communities on average. The relative extent of ITV tended to be greater for whole‐plant (e.g. plant height) vs. organ‐level traits and for leaf chemical (e.g. leaf N and P concentration) vs. leaf morphological (e.g. leaf area and thickness) traits. The relative amount of ITV decreased with increasing species richness and spatial extent, but did not vary with plant growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns in the relative importance of ITV in plant communities, providing practical guidelines for when researchers should include ITV in trait‐based community and ecosystem studies. 相似文献
6.
Monique J. Rivera Kirsten S. Pelz‐Stelinski Xavier Martini Lukasz L. Stelinski 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(13):4844-4854
Plants can defend themselves against herbivores through activation of defensive pathways and attraction of third‐trophic‐level predators and parasites. Trophic cascades that mediate interactions in the phytobiome are part of a larger dynamic including the pathogens of the plant itself, which are known to greatly influence plant defenses. As such, we investigated the impact of a phloem‐limited bacterial pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), in cultivated citrus rootstock on a well‐studied belowground tritrophic interaction involving the attraction of an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema diaprepesi, to their root‐feeding insect hosts, Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae. Using belowground olfactometers, we show how CLas infection interferes with this belowground interaction by similarly inducing the release of a C12 terpene, pregeijerene, and disconnecting the association of the terpene with insect presence. D. abbreviatus larvae that were not feeding but in the presence of a CLas‐infected plant were more likely to be infected by EPN than those near uninfected plants. Furthermore, nonfeeding larvae associated with CLas‐infected plants were just as likely to be infected by EPN as those near noninfected plants with D. abbreviatus larval damage. Larvae of two weevil species, D. abbreviatus and Pachnaeus litus, were also more attracted to plants with infection than to uninfected plants. D. abbreviatus larvae were most active when exposed to pregeijerene at a concentration of 0.1 μg/μl. We attribute this attraction to CLas‐infected plants to the same signal previously thought to be a herbivore‐induced plant volatile specifically induced by root‐feeding insects, pregeijerene, by assessing volatiles collected from the roots of infected plants and uninfected plants with and without feeding D. abbreviatus. Synthesis. Phytopathogens can influence the structuring of soil communities extending to the third trophic level. Field populations of EPN may be less effective at host‐finding using pregeijerene as a cue in citrus grove agroecosystems with high presence of CLas infection. 相似文献
7.
Background and AimsSecondary metabolites are integral to multiple key plant processes (growth regulation, pollinator attraction and interactions with conspecifics, competitors and symbionts) yet their role in plant adaptation remains an underexplored area of research. Carnivorous plants use secondary metabolites to acquire nutrients from prey, but the extent of the role of secondary metabolites in plant carnivory is not known. We aimed to determine the extent of the role of secondary metabolites in facilitating carnivory of the Cape sundew, Drosera capensis.MethodsWe conducted metabolomic analysis of 72 plants in a time-series experiment before and after simulated prey capture. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) and the retention time index to identify compounds in the leaf trap tissue that changed up to 72 h following simulated prey capture. We identified associated metabolic pathways, and cross-compared these compounds with metabolites previously known to be involved in carnivorous plants across taxa.Key ResultsFor the first time in a carnivorous plant, we have profiled the whole-leaf metabolome response to prey capture. Reliance on secondary plant metabolites was higher than previously thought – 2383 out of 3257 compounds in fed leaves had statistically significant concentration changes in comparison with unfed controls. Of these, ~34 compounds are also associated with carnivory in other species; 11 are unique to Nepenthales. At least 20 compounds had 10-fold changes in concentration, 12 of which had 30-fold changes and are typically associated with defence or attraction in non-carnivorous plants.ConclusionsSecondary plant metabolites are utilized in plant carnivory to an extent greater than previously thought – we found a whole-metabolome response to prey capture. Plant carnivory, at the metabolic level, likely evolved from at least two distinct functions: attraction and defence. Findings of this study support the hypothesis that secondary metabolites play an important role in plant diversification and adaptation to new environments. 相似文献
8.
Climate projections forecast more extreme interannual climate variability over time, with an increase in the severity and duration of extreme drought and rainfall events. Based on bioclimatic envelope models, it is projected that changing precipitation patterns will drastically alter the spatial distributions and density of plants and be a primary driver of biodiversity loss. However, many other underlying mechanisms can impact plant vital rates (i.e., survival, growth, and reproduction) and population dynamics. In this study, we developed a size‐dependent integral projection model (IPM) to evaluate how interannual precipitation and mollusk herbivory influence the dynamics of a Hawaii endemic short‐lived shrub, Schiedea obovata (Caryophyllaceae). Assessing how wet season precipitation effects population dynamics it critical, as it is the timeframe when most of the foliar growth occurs, plants flower and fruit, and seedlings establish. Temporal variation in wet season precipitation had a greater effect than mollusk herbivory on S. obovata population growth rate , and the impact of interannual precipitation on vital rates shifted across plant ontogeny. Furthermore, wet season precipitation influenced multiple vital rates in contrasting ways and the effect of precipitation on the survival of larger vegetative and reproductively mature individuals contributed the most to variation in the population growth rate. Among all combination of wet season precipitation and herbivory intensities, the only scenario that led to a growing population was when high wet precipitation was associated with low herbivory. Our study highlights the importance of evaluating how abiotic factors and plant–consumer interactions influence an organism across its life cycle to fully understand the underpinning mechanisms that structure its spatial and temporal distribution and abundance. Our results also illustrate that for short‐lived species, like S. obovata, seedling herbivory can have less of an effect on the dynamics of plant populations than decreased interannual precipitation. 相似文献
9.
Paul J. CaraDonna Laura A. Burkle Benjamin Schwarz Julian Resasco Tiffany M. Knight Gita Benadi Nico Blüthgen Carsten F. Dormann Qiang Fang Jochen Fründ Benoit Gauzens Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury Rachael Winfree Diego P. Vzquez 《Ecology letters》2021,24(1):149-161
Most studies of plant–animal mutualistic networks have come from a temporally static perspective. This approach has revealed general patterns in network structure, but limits our ability to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape these networks and to predict the consequences of natural and human‐driven disturbance on species interactions. We review the growing literature on temporal dynamics of plant–animal mutualistic networks including pollination, seed dispersal and ant defence mutualisms. We then discuss potential mechanisms underlying such variation in interactions, ranging from behavioural and physiological processes at the finest temporal scales to ecological and evolutionary processes at the broadest. We find that at the finest temporal scales (days, weeks, months) mutualistic interactions are highly dynamic, with considerable variation in network structure. At intermediate scales (years, decades), networks still exhibit high levels of temporal variation, but such variation appears to influence network properties only weakly. At the broadest temporal scales (many decades, centuries and beyond), continued shifts in interactions appear to reshape network structure, leading to dramatic community changes, including loss of species and function. Our review highlights the importance of considering the temporal dimension for understanding the ecology and evolution of complex webs of mutualistic interactions. 相似文献
10.
- As the Earth's climate continues to change, drought and insect population outbreaks are predicted to increase in many parts of the world. It is therefore important to understand how changes in such abiotic and biotic stressors might impact agroecosystems.
- The plant stress hypothesis predicts that, owing to physiological and biochemical changes, plants experiencing drought will be more susceptible to insect herbivory, which could have synergistic negative effects on plant performance. By contrast, the plant vigor hypothesis predicts that insects will preferentially feed on fast‐growing vigorous plants.
- These hypotheses were tested in a field experiment using 16 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes to determine: (i) the combined effects of drought and herbivory on plant performance; (ii) the impact of drought on soybean resistance to herbivores; and (iii) how genetically variable phenotypic traits in soybean correlate with these responses.
- It was found that drought had a greater effect on soybean performance than herbivory, and drought and herbivory did not interact to impact on any measure of plant performance. Drought caused decreased insect herbivory on average, suggesting that the plant vigor hypothesis is consistent with the effects of drought stress on soybean resistance to leaf‐chewing insect herbivores. This conclusion is further supported by genotypic correlations which show that plant growth rate is positively correlated with the amount of herbivory plants received.
- These results suggest that, although the effects of climate‐associated changes in drought and herbivory will have negative effects on soybean, these potential effects are quantifiable with simple experiments and can be mitigated through continued breeding of varieties that are tolerant and resistant to these abiotic and biotic stressors.
11.
- Host specificity of a guild of sucking insects tapping leaf mesophyll cells (Auchenorrhyncha: Typhlocybinae) was surveyed for the first time in the tropics, on 65 woody species from a lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea (PNG).
- Typhlocybinae species were host specific, feeding on 1–3 (median 1) plant species. Their assemblages did not functionally connect populations of different plant species, as an overwhelming majority (> 99%) of tree species pairs coexisting in the same forest did not share any typhlocybine species.
- Cell‐sucking typhlocybines were more specialised than phloem‐ and xylem‐sucking Auchenorrhyncha. Typhlocybines were also more specialised in PNG than on trees in temperate Europe, even after standardisation for different phylogenetic diversity of tropical and temperate trees.
- The cell‐sucking guild was species poor, with 0–5 (median 1) typhlocybine species per tree species. Their distribution among tree species conformed to a Poisson distribution, suggesting that tropical typhlocybine assemblages are not saturated with species.
- Early succession plants supported a higher number of typhlocybine species than primary forest hosts but this preference could not be explained by successional trends in specific leaf area, foliar nitrogen content, wood density, tree abundance, or tree size.
- The effective specialisation of typhlocybines on 65 plant species E = 0.79 was extrapolated to the entire known flora of PNG and used to estimate that there may be at least 2775 typhlocybine species in PNG, in comparison to the global total of only 4508 taxonomically described species, including merely 40 from PNG.
12.
ERIC F. LOPRESTI PATRICK GROF‐TISZA MORIA ROBINSON JESSIE GODFREY RICHARD KARBAN 《Ecological Entomology》2018,43(2):154-161
1. Abrasive material in the diet of herbivorous organisms comes from a variety of sources, including crystalline silica or calcium in plant tissues, accidentally ingested soil while digging or grazing, and entrapped substrate on the surfaces of plants. A wide variety of plants entrap substrate, usually with glandular trichomes. 2. A previous study demonstrated that entrapped sand provided resistance to herbivory in the field. In this study, the following questions were addressed: how does entrapped sand on Abronia latifolia (Nyctaginaceae) leaves and stems affect preference and performance of a common herbivore, the large‐bodied caterpillar Hyles lineata (Sphingidae); does this effect differ from those experienced by an internally feeding leaf miner? 3. Using a combination of experimental and observational approaches, it was found that sand comprised ～4–5% of ingested weight during normal feeding of H. lineata caterpillars. This entrapped sand caused extensive wear to their mandibles, they avoided sand‐covered plants when given the choice, and the sand negatively impacted performance metrics, including pupal weight, development time, and growth rate. In contrast, a leaf‐mining caterpillar did not have a preference for or against feeding on sandy plants. 4. These results are similar to studies on mandibular wear due to grasses, and herbivorous insects that feed on these two plant groups may have similar morphologies. It is hypothesised that increased wear potential may be a convergent solution to abrasive plants in both mammals (hypsodonty) and insects. 相似文献
13.
Hélène Deraison Isabelle Badenhausser Nicolas Loeuille Christoph Scherber Nicolas Gross 《Ecology letters》2015,18(12):1346-1355
Understanding the consequences of trophic interactions for ecosystem functioning is challenging, as contrasting effects of species and functional diversity can be expected across trophic levels. We experimentally manipulated functional identity and diversity of grassland insect herbivores and tested their impact on plant community biomass. Herbivore resource acquisition traits, i.e. mandible strength and the diversity of mandibular traits, had more important effects on plant biomass than body size. Higher herbivore functional diversity increased overall impact on plant biomass due to feeding niche complementarity. Higher plant functional diversity limited biomass pre‐emption by herbivores. The functional diversity within and across trophic levels therefore regulates the impact of functionally contrasting consumers on primary producers. By experimentally manipulating the functional diversity across trophic levels, our study illustrates how trait‐based approaches constitute a promising way to tackle existing links between trophic interactions and ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
14.
The invasive brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Stål, and the southern green stink bugs (SGSBs), Nezara viridula L., are widely distributed in Europe, even if the date of introduction and the diet differ. Saliva of Hemipteran pests plays essential roles in the interaction between insects and their host plants. The salivary proteomes of several aphid species have been studied and found to differ according to the species, while no comparative investigation between phytophagous stink bugs has been performed yet. Here, the salivary proteins from two bugs, BMSB and SGSB, are analyzed using LC‐MS/MS. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD011920 and PXD011976. A total of 238 and 305 proteins are identified in salivary glands of BMSB and SGSB, respectively. In comparison with salivary proteome from other Hemiptera, the most striking feature of the salivary gland proteomes of SGSB and BMSB is the similar pattern of protein functions between both species. Some of the proteins are speculated to play a significant role in plant–insect interactions. The results herein provide a framework for future research to elucidate the molecular basis of differential impact of piercing–sucking insects on host plants. 相似文献
15.
Hayley Craig John Paul Kennedy Donna J. Devlin Richard D. Bardgett Jennifer K. Rowntree 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(24):13957
Loss of plant biodiversity can result in reduced abundance and diversity of associated species with implications for ecosystem functioning. In ecosystems low in plant species diversity, such as Neotropical mangrove forests, it is thought that genetic diversity within the dominant plant species could play an important role in shaping associated communities. Here, we used a manipulative field experiment to study the effects of maternal genotypic identity and genetic diversity of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle on the composition and richness of associated soil bacterial communities. Using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) community fingerprinting, we found that bacterial community composition differed among R. mangle maternal genotypes but not with genetic diversity. Bacterial taxa richness, total soil nitrogen, and total soil carbon were not significantly affected by maternal genotypic identity or genetic diversity of R. mangle. Our findings show that genotype selection in reforestation projects could influence soil bacterial community composition. Further research is needed to determine what impact these bacterial community differences might have on ecosystem processes, such as carbon and nitrogen cycling. 相似文献
16.
Melinda L. Moir Lesley Hughes Peter A. Vesk Mei Chen Leng 《Ecology and evolution》2014,4(8):1295-1312
Coextinction (loss of dependent species with their host or partner species) presents a threat to untold numbers of organisms. Climate change may act synergistically to accelerate rates of coextinction. In this review, we present the first synthesis of the available literature and propose a novel schematic diagram that can be used when assessing the potential risk climate change represents for dependent species. We highlight traits that may increase the susceptibility of insect species to coextinction induced by climate change, suggest the most influential host characteristics, and identify regions where climate change may have the greatest impact on dependent species. The aim of this review was to provide a platform for future research, directing efforts toward taxa and habitats at greatest risk of species loss through coextinction accelerated by climate change. 相似文献
17.
Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants (or intact parts of a plant) are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore‐inducible plant volatiles (HIPVs) from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV‐mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non‐HIPV‐mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant–insect interactions. 相似文献
18.
We compared the effects of a sesquiterpene (ST, cacalol) and a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA, seneciphylline), both occurring in Adenostyles alliariae, on food choice and performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores which are all known to feed or live on A. alliariae. In choice experiments we investigated whether the compounds were preferred, deterrent or had no effect. All specialist species Aglaostigma discolor (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), Oreina cacaliae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and O. speciosissima avoided feeding when confronted with the combination of compounds. Only larvae of A. discolor avoided the single ST treatment as well. Larvae of the generalist species Callimorpha dominula (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), Cylindrotoma distinctissima (Diptera, Tipulidae) and Miramella alpina (Caelifera, Acrididae) generally avoided feeding from PA, ST and PAST treatments. The only exception were caterpillars of C. dominula which were indiscriminate towards PA when naive, and preferred to feed on the PA treatment when they had experienced the compound before. Performance, measured as the growth of larvae on the different treatments in a no choice situation over a period of 10–17 days, was not different between treatments in the specialist leaf beetles O. cacaliae and O. speciosissima. Their avoidance of the combination treatment in the choice experiments had no obvious effect on growth when forced to feed from the treatment. In the generalist C. dominula only the high concentration combination treatment (PAST) reduced growth of the larvae due to decreased consumption. In C. distinctissima we found reduced growth in all treatments except one (PA3%). Poor growth performance in C. distinctissima was due to postingestive physiological effects of all treatments and additionally to consumption reduction in high‐dose ST treatments. Genetic variability (broad sense heritability) of growth performance metabolism varied in accordance with the specialization degree of the species. O. cacaliae, the most specialized species, had no significant heritability; O. speciosissima, the less specialized specialist, had a heritability of 0.46; C. dominula, the PA adapted generalist species, had a heritability of 0.64; C. distinctissima, the generalist with no apparent adaptations, had a heritability of 0.84. 相似文献
19.
Katherine E. Clark Rex M. Brennan Katrin MacKenzie Scott N. Johnson 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2012,14(2):157-163
- 1 The vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a major pest of horticultural crops worldwide, with root‐feeding larvae causing most damage. Adult oviposition aboveground may therefore influence levels of damage as the larvae are relatively immobile after oviposition.
- 2 The present study investigated feeding and oviposition behaviour on red raspberry Rubus idaeus using intact plants, ensuring that choices reflected the realistic differences in cultivar appearance and chemical composition. Previous studies investigating vine weevil feeding and oviposition on other crops have used excised plant material, which may inadvertently influence behaviour.
- 3 Adult weevils significantly preferred to feed on particular cultivars in the choice experiment (e.g. Tulameen), although they consumed significantly more foliage (0.22–1.03 cm2/day) on different raspberry cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy, Glen Rosa and a wild accession) in no‐choice situations.
- 4 In choice experiments, weevils tended to avoid laying eggs on some cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy and the wild accession). The number of eggs laid (1.91–4.32 eggs per day) did not, however, differ significantly between the cultivars in a no‐choice situation. Foliar nitrogen and magnesium concentrations were positively, although weakly, correlated with the total number of eggs laid.
- 5 The present study highlights the importance of considering both choice and no‐choice tests when assessing crop susceptibility to attack because weevils may avoid feeding on certain cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy) when given a choice, although this would cause significant damage to such cultivars if they were grown in monoculture (i.e. when there is no alternative).
20.