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Wen&#x;Qiang Gao Xiang&#x;Dong Lei Dong&#x;Li Gao Yu&#x;Tang Li 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(23):16806
Forests play a key role in regulating the global carbon cycle, a substantial portion of which is stored in aboveground biomass (AGB). It is well understood that biodiversity can increase the biomass through complementarity and mass‐ratio effects, and the contribution of environmental factors and stand structure attributes to AGB was also observed. However, the relative influence of these factors in determining the AGB of Quercus forests remains poorly understood. Using a large dataset retrieved from 523 permanent forest inventory plots across Northeast China, we examined the effects of integrated multiple tree species diversity components (i.e., species richness, functional, and phylogenetic diversity), functional traits composition, environmental factors (climate and soil), stand age, and structure attributes (stand density, tree size diversity) on AGB based on structural equation models. We found that species richness and phylogenetic diversity both were not correlated with AGB. However, functional diversity positively affected AGB via an indirect effect in line with the complementarity effect. Moreover, the community‐weighted mean of specific leaf area and height increased AGB directly and indirectly, respectively; demonstrating the mass‐ratio effect. Furthermore, stand age, density, and tree size diversity were more important modulators of AGB than biodiversity. Our study highlights that biodiversity–AGB interaction is dependent on the regulation of stand structure that can be even more important for maintaining high biomass than biodiversity in temperate Quercus forests. 相似文献
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Biodiversity is an essential determinant of ecosystem functioning. Numerous studies described positive effects of diversity on the functioning of communities arising from complementary resource use and facilitation. However, high biodiversity may also increase competitive interactions, fostering antagonism and negatively affecting community performance. Using experimental bacterial communities we differentiated diversity effects based on genotypic richness and dissimilarity. We show that these diversity characteristics have opposite effects on ecosystem functioning. Genotypic dissimilarity governed complementary resource use, improving ecosystem functioning in complex resource environments. Contrastingly, genotypic richness drove allelopathic interactions, mostly reducing ecosystem functioning. The net biodiversity effect on community performance resulted from the interplay between the genetic structure of the community and resource complexity. These results demonstrate that increasing richness, without concomitantly increasing dissimilarity, can decrease ecosystem functioning in simple environments due to antagonistic interactions, an effect insufficiently considered so far in mechanistic models of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. 相似文献
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Functional diversity is an important component of biodiversity, yet in comparison to taxonomic diversity, methods of quantifying functional diversity are less well developed. Here, we propose a means for quantifying functional diversity that may be particularly useful for determining how functional diversity is related to ecosystem functioning. This measure of functional diversity “FD” is defined as the total branch length of a functional dendrogram. Various characteristics of FD make it preferable to other measures of functional diversity, such as the number of functional groups in a community. Simulating species' trait values illustrates how the relative importance of richness and composition for FD depends on the effective dimensionality of the trait space in which species separate. Fewer dimensions increase the importance of community composition and functional redundancy. More dimensions increase the importance of species richness and decreases functional redundancy. Clumping of species in trait space increases the relative importance of community composition. Five natural communities show remarkably similar relationships between FD and species richness. 相似文献
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Sébastien Villéger Gaël Grenouillet Sébastien Brosse 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2014,23(12):1450-1460
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Hongxia Chen Linna Ma Xiaoping Xin Junyao Liu Renzhong Wang 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(9):4587-4597
Global climate change is predicted to stimulate primary production and consequently increases litter inputs. Changing precipitation regimes together with enhanced litter inputs may affect plant community composition and structure, with consequent influence on diversity and ecosystem functioning. Responses of plant community to increased precipitation and belowground litter addition were examined lasting 5 years in a semiarid temperate grassland of northeastern China. Increased precipitation enhanced community species richness and abundance of annuals by 16.8% and 44%, but litter addition suppressed them by 25% and 54.5% after 5 years, respectively. During the study period, perennial rhizome grasses and forbs had consistent negative relationship under ambient plots, whereas positive relationship between the two functional groups was found under litter addition plots after 5 years. In addition, increased precipitation and litter addition showed significant interaction on community composition, because litter addition significantly increased biomass and abundance of rhizome grasses under increased precipitation plots but had no effect under ambient precipitation levels. Our findings emphasize the importance of water availability in modulating the responses of plants community to potentially enhanced litter inputs in the semiarid temperate grassland. 相似文献
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Shifts in precipitation regimes are an inherent component of climate change, but in low‐energy systems are often assumed to be less important than changes in temperature. Because soil moisture is the hydrological variable most proximally linked to plant performance during the growing season in arctic‐alpine habitats, it may offer the most useful perspective on the influence of changes in precipitation on vegetation. Here we quantify the influence of soil moisture for multiple vegetation properties at fine spatial scales, to determine the potential importance of soil moisture under changing climatic conditions. A fine‐scale data set, comprising vascular species cover and field‐quantified ecologically relevant environmental parameters, was analysed to determine the influence of soil moisture relative to other key abiotic predictors. Soil moisture was strongly related to community composition, species richness and the occurrence patterns of individual species, having a similar or greater influence than soil temperature, pH and solar radiation. Soil moisture varied considerably over short distances, and this fine‐scale heterogeneity may contribute to offsetting the ecological impacts of changes in precipitation for species not limited to extreme soil moisture conditions. In conclusion, soil moisture is a key driver of vegetation properties, both at the species and community level, even in this low‐energy system. Soil moisture conditions represent an important mechanism through which changing climatic conditions impact vegetation, and advancing our predictive capability will therefore require a better understanding of how soil moisture mediates the effects of climate change on biota. 相似文献
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Beta diversity can be measured in different ways. Among these, the total variance of the community data table Y can be used as an estimate of beta diversity. We show how the total variance of Y can be calculated either directly or through a dissimilarity matrix obtained using any dissimilarity index deemed appropriate for pairwise comparisons of community composition data. We addressed the question of which index to use by coding 16 indices using 14 properties that are necessary for beta assessment, comparability among data sets, sampling issues and ordination. Our comparison analysis classified the coefficients under study into five types, three of which are appropriate for beta diversity assessment. Our approach links the concept of beta diversity with the analysis of community data by commonly used methods like ordination and anova . Total beta can be partitioned into Species Contributions (SCBD: degree of variation of individual species across the study area) and Local Contributions (LCBD: comparative indicators of the ecological uniqueness of the sites) to Beta Diversity. Moreover, total beta can be broken up into within‐ and among‐group components by manova , into orthogonal axes by ordination, into spatial scales by eigenfunction analysis or among explanatory data sets by variation partitioning. 相似文献
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YE Stuart JB Losos AC Algar 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1744):4071-4077
Many oceanic islands are notable for their high endemism, suggesting that islands may promote unique assembly processes. However, mainland assemblages sometimes harbour comparable levels of endemism, suggesting that island biotas may not be as unique as is often assumed. Here, we test the uniqueness of island biotic assembly by comparing the rate of species turnover among islands and the mainland, after accounting for distance decay and environmental gradients. We modelled species turnover as a function of geographical and environmental distance for mainland (M-M) communities of Anolis lizards and Terrarana frogs, two clades that have diversified extensively on Caribbean islands and the mainland Neotropics. We compared mainland-island (M-I) and island-island (I-I) species turnover with predictions of the M-M model. If island assembly is not unique, then the M-M model should successfully predict M-I and I-I turnover, given geographical and environmental distance. We found that M-I turnover and, to a lesser extent, I-I turnover were significantly higher than predicted for both clades. Thus, in the first quantitative comparison of mainland-island species turnover, we confirm the long-held but untested assumption that island assemblages accumulate biodiversity differently than their mainland counterparts. 相似文献
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Daijun Liu Marc Estiarte Romà Ogaya Xiaohong Yang Josep Peñuelas 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(10):4267-4279
Global warming and recurring drought are expected to accelerate water limitation for plant communities in semiarid Mediterranean ecosystems and produce directional shifts in structure and composition that are not easily detected, and supporting evidence is scarce. We conducted a long‐term (17 years) nocturnal‐warming (+0.6°C) and drought (?40% rainfall) experiments in an early‐successional Mediterranean shrubland to study the changes in community structure and composition, contrasting functional groups and dominant species, and the superimposed effects of natural extreme drought. Species richness decreased in both the warming and drought treatments. Responses to the moderate warming were associated with decreases in herb abundance, and responses to the drought were associated with decreases in both herb and shrub abundances. The drought also significantly decreased community diversity and evenness. Changes in abundance differed between herbs (decreases) and shrubs (increases or no changes). Both warming and drought, especially drought, increased the relative species richness and abundance of shrubs, favoring the establishment of shrubs. Both warming and drought produced significant shifts in plant community composition. Experimental warming shifted the community composition from Erica multiflora toward Rosmarinus officinalis, and drought consistently shifted the composition toward Globularia alypum. The responses in biodiversity (e.g., community biodiversity, changes of functional groups and compositional shifts) were also strongly correlated with atmospheric drought (SPEI) in winter–spring and/or summer, indicating sensitivity to water limitation in this early‐successional Mediterranean ecosystem, especially to natural extreme droughts. Our results suggest that the shifts in species assembles and community diversity and composition are accelerated by the long‐term nocturnal‐warming and drought, combined with natural severe droughts, and that the magnitude of the impacts of climate change is also correlated with the successional status of ecosystem. The results thus highlight the necessity for assessing the impacts on ecosystemic functioning and services and developing effective measures for conserving biodiversity. 相似文献
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为明确高寒草甸土壤细菌物种组成及功能结构对草地环境恶化的响应规律, 本文采用高通量基因测序技术对高寒草甸未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极重度退化草地土壤细菌的组成、格局和功能进行了研究。结果表明: 高寒草甸土壤优势细菌为酸杆菌门、放线菌门、浮霉菌门、变形菌门和疣微菌门, 在土壤细菌中占比分别为16%‒18%、9%‒12%、12%‒14%、23%‒29%和11%‒12%。退化草地中土壤细菌物种组成明显改变, 变形菌门细菌丰度降低, 酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门丰度增加, 不同草地科水平细菌丰度差异因土层而异。草地退化对细菌Chao1指数无影响, 轻度退化提高了细菌Simpson指数, 重度退化草地土壤细菌Shannon-Wiener指数最高。Faprotax细菌功能分组以化能异养、硝化作用、亚硝酸盐氧化及硫代谢作用为主, 草地退化改变了微生物介导的碳循环、氮循环、硫循环、铁循环和锰循环。重度及极重度退化提高了细菌氨氧化功能作用, 降低了硫化物、亚硝酸盐氧化及尿素水解作用; 草地退化过程中细菌化能异养、芳香族化合物降解及反硝化作用功能等均呈先降低后升高的变化趋势, 中度退化阶段是微生物群落生态功能结构转变的拐点。高寒草甸退化改变了土壤细菌的群落及功能结构, 土壤含水量、pH、总有机碳、全氮、全钾和有效氮磷比是土壤细菌群落及功能结构变化的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
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Minsheng You 《Insect Science》1997,4(3):238-248
Abstract The present paper deals with the characteristics of species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in different rice fields and at various growing stages of rice based on the data ob tained from field surveys and the measurement of the community diversity. The field surveys were carried out in three different locations which represented three typical rice-growing habitats: mountainous, plain and hilly fields in the suburb of Fuzhou, Fujian Province in 1994. Shannon-Wiener's (1949) average information content(H), Hurlbert's(1971) probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) and Pielou's (1966) formula of equitability (E) were used to measure the diversity of the arthropod communities in the ecosystem of rice fields. The result showed that the species richness of herbivorous insects, carnivorous insects, spiders and total species in the community varied with different fields because of the influence of environmental variables in the habitats, and fluctuated with various growing stages of rice due to the variation of crop nourishment. Changes in the index values of H, PIE and E indicated that the cornmunity diversity and equitability also varied with space (habitats formed by the rice fields) and time (growing stages of rice). The author thinks that the results of the study could be applied to predict and forecast the population dynamics of rice pests, and to develop the rational program of integrated pest management in the specific rice fields. Discussions are also given in some detail on the methodology of measurement of the species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in rice fields. 相似文献
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Christopher M. Swan Bryan L. Brown Carrie A. DePalma 《International Review of Hydrobiology》2009,94(4):452-471
Understanding how species loss influences ecosystem function is a contemporary issue in ecology. However, most research has focused on species loss at one trophic‐level. We explored the relationship between functional diversity (FD) and species richness separately for trees and aquatic leaf‐shredding detritivores. For trees, we collected information on species‐specific leaf tissue chemistry and species co‐occurrences in the mid‐Atlantic region (USA). For shredders, we used a published trait database with information on communities from 38 streams in the same region. We used a clustering algorithm to estimate FD for each community and for randomly assembled communities. If FD was high, we concluded that species loss was important to change in function; if low, species were functionally redundant and insensitive to species loss. We found tree FD to be significantly different than expected, but shredders exhibited FD levels similar to patterns based on random assembly. Furthermore, there were more leaf species exclusively associated with very high or very low levels of functional diversity compared to shredders. This approach revealed greater implications for leaf than shredder species loss for litter breakdown. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
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Andrés Baselga 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2012,21(12):1223-1232
Aim Beta diversity can be partitioned into two components: dissimilarity due to species replacement and dissimilarity due to nestedness ( Baselga, 2010 , Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19 , 134–143). Several contributions have challenged this approach or proposed alternative frameworks. Here, I review the concepts and methods used in these recent contributions, with the aim of clarifying: (1) the rationale behind the partitioning of beta diversity into species replacement and nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity, (2) how, based on this rationale, numerators and denominators of indices have to match, and (3) how nestedness and nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity are related but different concepts. Innovation The rationale behind measures of species replacement (turnover) dictates that the number of species that are replaced between sites (numerator of the index) has to be relativized with respect to the total number of species that could potentially be replaced (denominator). However, a recently proposed partition of Jaccard dissimilarity fails to do this. In consequence, this partition underestimates the contribution of species replacement and overestimates the contribution of richness differences to total dissimilarity. I show how Jaccard dissimilarity can be partitioned into meaningful turnover and nestedness components, and extend these new indices to multiple‐site situations. Finally the concepts of nestedness and nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity are discussed. Main conclusions Nestedness should be assessed using consistent measures that depend both on paired overlap and matrix filling, e.g. NODF, whereas beta‐diversity patterns should be examined using measures that allow the total dissimilarity to be separated into the components of dissimilarity due to species replacement and dissimilarity due to nestedness. In the case of multiple‐site dissimilarity patterns, averaged pairwise indices should never be used because the mean of the pairwise values is unable to accurately reflect the multiple‐site attributes of dissimilarity. 相似文献