Expression of the murine transcription factor SOX3 during embryonic and adult neurogenesis

Previous studies have shown that Sox3 is expressed in nascent neuroprogenitor cells and is functionally required in mammals for development of the dorsal telencephalon and hypothalamus. However, Sox3 expression during embryonic and adult neurogenesis has not been examined in detail. Using a SOX3-specific antibody, we show that murine SOX3 expression is maintained throughout telencephalic neurogenesis and is restricted to progenitor cells with neuroepithelial and radial glial morphologies. We also demonstrate that SOX3 is expressed within the adult neurogenic regions and is coexpressed extensively with the neural stem cell marker SOX2 indicating that it is a lifelong marker of neuroprogenitor cells. In contrast to the telencephalon, Sox3 expression within the developing hypothalamus is upregulated in developing neurons and is maintained in a subset of differentiated hypothalamic cells through to adulthood. Together, these data show that Sox3 regulation is region-specific, consistent with it playing distinct biological roles in the dorsal telencephalon and hypothalamus.     

肝脏发育过程中转录因子的调控

肝脏的发育经历了一系列内胚层和中胚层之间复杂的相互作用,其中转录因子扮演着重要角色。肝脏发育主要可分为两个阶段,首先是前肠内胚层感受心脏中胚层的信号而建立响应态(competence),肝向特化基因逐渐表达并形成新生肝芽。此阶段受到转录调控网络的控制,其中FoxA家族,锌指结构转录因子GATA4/6,同源结构域因子Hhex、Onecut1、Onecut2和Prox1发挥了重要的作用。其次是肝脏内细胞群体如肝细胞和胆管细胞的分化成熟阶段。这个过程的完成主要受肝富集转录因子HNF1α、HNF4、HNF6和C/EBPα的调控。本文概述了肝脏发育中复杂的转录调控网络及其发挥的作用。     

Functional roles of Otx2 transcription factor in postnatal mouse retinal development

We previously reported that Otx2 is essential for photoreceptor cell fate determination; however, the functional role of Otx2 in postnatal retinal development is still unclear although it has been reported to be expressed in retinal bipolar cells and photoreceptors at postnatal stages. In this study, we first examined the roles of Otx2 in the terminal differentiation of photoreceptors by analyzing Otx2; Crx double-knockout mice. In Otx2+/-; Crx-/- retinas, photoreceptor degeneration and downregulation of photoreceptor-specific genes were much more prominent than in Crx-/- retinas, suggesting that Otx2 has a role in the terminal differentiation of the photoreceptors. Moreover, bipolar cells decreased in the Otx2+/-; Crx-/- retina, suggesting that Otx2 is also involved in retinal bipolar-cell development. To further investigate the role of Otx2 in bipolar-cell development, we generated a postnatal bipolar-cell-specific Otx2 conditional-knockout mouse line. Immunohistochemical analysis of this line showed that the expression of protein kinase C, a marker of mature bipolar cells, was significantly downregulated in the retina. Electroretinograms revealed that the electrophysiological function of retinal bipolar cells was impaired as a result of Otx2 ablation. These data suggest that Otx2 plays a functional role in the maturation of retinal photoreceptor and bipolar cells.     

SOX9 regulates prostaglandin D synthase gene transcription in vivo to ensure testis development

In mammals, male sex is determined by the Y-chromosomal gene Sry (sex-determining region of Y chromosome). The expression of Sry and subsequently Sox9 (SRY box containing gene 9) in precursors of the supporting cell lineage results in the differentiation of these cells into Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells in turn orchestrate the development of all other male-specific cell types. To ensure that Sertoli cells differentiate in sufficient numbers to induce normal testis development, the early testis produces prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), which recruits cells of the supporting cell lineage to a Sertoli cell fate. Here we show that the gene encoding prostaglandin D synthase (Pgds), the enzyme that produces PGD(2), is expressed in Sertoli cells immediately after the onset of Sox9 expression. Promoter analysis in silico and in vitro identified a paired SOX/SRY binding site. Interestingly, only SOX9, and not SRY, was able to bind as a dimer to this site and transactivate the Pgds promoter. In line with this, a transgenic mouse model showed that Pgds expression is not affected by ectopic Sry expression. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that SOX9 but not SRY binds to the Pgds promoter in vivo.     

Multifunctionality of the LEC1 transcription factor during plant development

LEC1 acts as a key regulator of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, but is involved in a wide range of functions, all the way from embryo morphogenesis to seed maturation. New data show that LEC1, partially in conjunction with abscisic acid, affects auxin synthesis, and both brassinosteroid and light signaling. The phenotype of LEC1 overexpressors confirms LEC1's known participation in the regulation of somatic embryogenesis, but also indicates additional roles in embryonic and extra-embryonic cell elongation. Here we present an integrated model of LEC1 function and suggest potential directions to be taken in future research in this important area of plant science.