非冬眠期刺猬血液生理生化指标季节变化

目的了解刺猬的血液生理生化参数正常值及其季节性差异。方法采用BC-3000 Plus全自动血液细胞分析仪和BAYER-ADVIA-1650全自动生化分析仪,分别对刺猬的13项生理指标和15项生化指标进行了测定,并比较分析了春季、夏季和秋季的血液生理生化指标。结果刺猬雌体和雄体的平均红细胞体积（MCV）在夏季均显著小于秋季,雄体夏季的平均红细胞血红蛋白（MCH）小于秋季,说明刺猬秋季的血液载氧能力高于夏季。白细胞数目（WBC）没有季节和性别的显著差异,说明刺猬在三个季节的免疫能力差别不大。在血液生化指标中,刺猬（雌雄）春季和秋季的葡萄糖（GLU）含量均显著高于夏季;雌性刺猬春季的谷草转氨酶（AST）显著大于夏季和秋季;雄性刺猬的总胆固醇（CHOL）和低密度脂蛋白（LDLC）均表现为秋季的显著高于春季和夏季的。结论生理生化指标的不同反映了刺猬在活动能力、代谢水平、营养状况、健康状况等方面存在性别和季节性差异。     

远东剌猬和大耳猬的核型分析

远东刺猬和大耳猬的二倍体染色体数目均为2n=48。远东刺猬的核型组成为13m+6sm+3st+1t+XY,NF=92,C带分布于5对近端和亚中着丝粒染色体的长臂,约占整个染色体长臂的1/2至2/3,Ag-NORs位于2—3染色体的长臂端部;大耳猬核型组成为18m+4sm+1st+XY,NF=92,C带分布于17对染色体的着丝粒部位,Ag-NORs位于3—5对染色体上,其中一Ag-NORs位于染色体的长臂中部,两者的核型特征有明显区别。结合前人的工作,作者提出在远东刺猬不同地理居群中至少存在三种不同的核型。本文对普通刺猬属的远东刺猬、东欧刺猬和西欧刺猬的核型以及大耳猬属的大耳猬、达乌尔刺猬和秦岭短棘猬的核型还分别作了比较分析。此外,对远东刺猬联会复合体形态、性染色体的配对行为和SC侧线加厚现象也作了分析讨论。     

一种降刺猬内源性脂蛋白(a)反义靶向连接物

通过酶联免疫法测定了刺猬体内脂蛋白（ａ）的含量,从中选出一些脂蛋白（ａ）水平较高的刺猬,研究脱唾液酸糖蛋白－多聚赖氨酸－反义载脂蛋白（ａ）ＲＮＡ连接物对刺猬内源性脂蛋白（ａ）的降低作用．结果表明,该连接物可明显降低刺猬体内脂蛋白（ａ）的水平,而脱唾液酸糖蛋白－多聚赖氨酸－正义载脂蛋白（ａ）ＲＮＡ连接物对刺猬体内脂蛋白（ａ）无降低作用,无脱唾液酸糖蛋白靶向的反义载脂蛋白（ａ）ＲＮＡ寡核苷酸对刺猬体内脂蛋白（ａ）的降低作用明显低于有脱唾液酸糖蛋白靶向的连接物．连接物几乎不影响刺猬体内的纤维蛋白溶酶原的活性,连接物对刺猬脂蛋白（ａ）的降低作用至少可持续１６ｈ．     

远东刺猬和大耳猬的核型分析

远东刺猬和大耳猬的二倍体染色体数目均为2n=48。远东刺猬的核型组成为13m+6sm+3st+1t+XY,NF=92,C带分布于5对近端和亚中着丝粒染色体的长臂,约占整个染色体长臂的1/2至2/3,Ag-NOR_5,位于2-3对染色体的长臂端部;大耳猬的核型组成为18m+4sm+1st+XY,NF=92,C带分布于17对染色体的着丝粒部位,Ag-NOR_5位于3-5对染色体上,其中—Ag-NOR位于染色体的长臂中部,两者的核型特征有明显区别,结合前人的工作,作者提出在远东刺猬的不同地理居群中至少存在三种不同的核型。本文对普通刺猬属的远东刺猬、东欧刺猬和西欧刺猬的核型以及大耳猬属的大耳猬、达乌尔刺猬和秦岭短棘猬的核型还分别作了比较分析。此外,对远东刺猬联会复合体的形态、性染色体的配对行为和SC侧线加厚现象也作了分析讨论。     

不同实验生态环境对海刺猬遮蔽行为的影响

研究了较长时间生活在3种不同实验遮蔽条件下海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)的遮蔽行为特点。结果表明:不同生活环境下海刺猬都保持着遮蔽行为。生活在以贝壳作为遮蔽材料环境下(遮蔽组)和以砖块作为掩蔽材料环境下(掩蔽组)的海刺猬初次遮蔽耗时要显著短于生活在无遮蔽(或掩蔽)材料环境下(空白组)的海刺猬(N=3,P<0.05)。3组海刺猬用于遮蔽的贝壳总数和有遮蔽行为的海刺猬总数都呈现先增加后趋于平稳的趋势。掩蔽组有遮蔽行为的海刺猬总数要显著多于遮蔽组和空白组(P<0.05),后两者差异不显著。3组海刺猬用于遮蔽的贝壳总数差异不显著(P>0.05)。海刺猬遮蔽时对两种贝壳(菲律宾蛤仔和贻贝)存在显著的选择差异(P<0.05)。生活环境中一段时间内遮蔽物的缺失并不会使其失去这种行为,但是会在一定程度上影响该行为的强度。因此,光照很可能是海刺猬遮蔽行为的一个进化压力,该行为也许只是作为一种避光策略。海刺猬对遮蔽材料具有显著的选择性,这可能与遮蔽材料自身特征和海刺猬的生理状态相关。     

极端温度对海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)存活、摄食、生长和性腺的影响

在实验室条件下研究了极端温度对海刺猬的存活率、摄食率、生长以及组织器官等方面的影响。实验设置两个处理组温度为30°C和-2℃,对照组为自然水温(19~23℃),每组设置3个重复,每个重复60枚海刺猬,实验周期为56 d。结果表明:高温组海刺猬实验温度升到30℃后2 d内全部死亡,其平均摄食量(5.19±1.31 g·ind-1)极显著小于对照组(15.15±1.58 g·ind-1)(P0.01);低温组和对照组之间海刺猬存活率差异不显著(P0.05);但低温组海刺猬平均摄食量(0.18±0.04 g·ind-1)极显著小于对照组(10.90±0.33 g·ind-1)(P0.01);56 d内低温组海刺猬个体湿重极显著小于对照组(P0.01);低温组海刺猬口器湿重、壳湿重、性腺湿重、壳干重、口器指数、壳指数极显著小于对照组(P0.01),性腺干重、口器干重显著小于对照组(P0.05);但性腺指数与对照组无显著差别(P0.05);低温组海刺猬最大承受压力极显著小于对照组(P0.01);在实验室条件下,海刺猬(2~3 g·ind-1)无法长时间在高温环境(30℃)下存活,而能在低温环境(-2℃)下存活但其摄食、生长和性腺性状影响极显著。     

刺猬的养殖技术

刺猬为猬科野生哺乳动物,广泛分布于我国北方及长江流域,是珍贵的药用兽,具有较高的经济价值。刺猬皮古称仙人衣,为传统名贵中药材,具有行气解毒、镇痛、收敛止血、固精摄尿等功效,主治劳伤咳嗽、反胃吐食、腹痛疝积、痔漏便血、子宫出血、遗精阳痿、遗尿尿频多种疾病。刺猬的心、脑、肝、胆、肾及脂亦可药用,其肉还是难得的野味佳肴。近年来,由于狂滥捕杀,刺猬资源受到严重破坏,为了满足医药市场的需求,人工养殖刺猬势在必行。现将刺猬的养殖技术介绍如下,供参考。     

当索尼克遇见真刺猬

正我是一只真刺猬,很高兴受邀来到超级放映室。各位认识索尼克吗?就是那只身穿蓝衣服,据说跑起来比声音还快的卡通刺猬。最近,随着《刺猬索尼克》真人版大电影在美国上映,这只炫酷的蓝刺猬再度走红,真是可喜可贺呀!然而不知你想过没有,假如索尼克来到森林,见到我这只生活在自然界中的真刺猬,会是怎样一种感受呢?让我们来猜猜看吧!     

冬眠与非冬眠刺猬小肠运动机能与对Ad、Ach反应敏感性比较

对47只冬眠季冬眠阵低温期刺猬的小肠与53只非冬眠季刺猬的小肠,在11.5℃和37℃及离体条件下的收缩强度进行比较,和在37℃条件下对肾上腺素（Ad）、乙酰胆硷（Ach）、心得安（Propranolol）、阿托品（Atr）反应进行比较,表明在11.5℃条件下,冬眠与非冬眠刺猬离体小肠都基本无运动机能,在37℃条件下,冬眠季冬眠阵低温期刺猬离体小肠运动强度明显高于非冬眠季、Ad、Ach、Propranolol、Atr使冬眠季冬眠阵低温期刺猬离体小肠收缩强度变化率明显高于非冬眠季。     

曲阜孔林棘猬生态习性的研究

本文主要探讨了孔林中刺猬的栖息环境、生活习性、繁殖方式、幼子生长发育等情况，这对了解刺猬在自然界的生态作用具有重要意义。     

Differential requirements of the fused kinase for hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila embryo.

The two signalling proteins, Wingless and Hedgehog, play fundamental roles in patterning cells within each metamere of the Drosophila embryo. Within the ventral ectoderm, Hedgehog signals both to the anterior and posterior directions: anterior flanking cells express the wingless and patched Hedgehog target genes whereas posterior flanking cells express only patched. Furthermore, Hedgehog acts as a morphogen to pattern the dorsal cuticle, on the posterior side of cells where it is produced. Thus responsive embryonic cells appear to react according to their position relative to the Hedgehog source. The molecular basis of these differences is still largely unknown. In this paper we show that one component of the Hedgehog pathway, the Fused kinase accumulates preferentially in cells that could respond to Hedgehog but that Fused concentration is not a limiting step in the Hedgehog signalling. We present direct evidence that Fused is required autonomously in anterior cells neighbouring Hedgehog in order to maintain patched and wingless expression while Wingless is in turn maintaining engrailed and hedgehog expression. By expressing different components of the Hedgehog pathway only in anterior, wingless-expressing cells we could show that the Hedgehog signalling components Smoothened and Cubitus interruptus are required in cells posterior to Hedgehog domain to maintain patched expression whereas Fused is not necessary in these cells. This result suggests that Hedgehog responsive ventral cells in embryos can be divided into two distinct types depending on their requirement for Fused activity. In addition, we show that the morphogen Hedgehog can pattern the dorsal cuticle independently of Fused. In order to account for these differences in Fused requirements, we propose the existence of position-specific modulators of the Hedgehog response.     

Cholesterol modification of hedgehog is required for trafficking and movement,revealing an asymmetric cellular response to hedgehog

Hedgehog family members are secreted proteins involved in numerous patterning mechanisms. Different posttranslational modifications have been shown to modulate Hedgehog biological activity. We investigated the role of these modifications in regulating subcellular localization of Hedgehog in the Drosophila embryonic epithelium. We demonstrate that cholesterol modification of Hedgehog is responsible for its assembly in large punctate structures and apical sorting through the activity of the sterol-sensing domain-containing Dispatched protein. We further show that movement of these specialized structures through the cellular field is contingent upon the activity of proteoglycans synthesized by the heparan sulfate polymerase Tout-Velu. Finally, we show that the Hedgehog large punctate structures are necessary only for a subset of Hedgehog target genes across the parasegmental boundary, suggesting that presentation of Hedgehog from different membrane compartments is responsible for Hedgehog functional diversity in epithelial cells.     

Glypican-3 inhibits Hedgehog signaling during development by competing with patched for Hedgehog binding

Loss-of-function mutations in glypican-3 (GPC3), one of the six mammalian glypicans, causes the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome (SGBS), and GPC3 null mice display developmental overgrowth. Because the Hedgehog signaling pathway positively regulates body size, we hypothesized that GPC3 acts as an inhibitor of Hedgehog activity during development. Here, we show that GPC3 null embryos display increased Hedgehog signaling and that GPC3 inhibits Hedgehog activity in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, we report that GPC3 interacts with high affinity with Hedgehog but not with its receptor, Patched, and that GPC3 competes with Patched for Hedgehog binding. Furthermore, GPC3 induces Hedgehog endocytosis and degradation. Surprisingly, the heparan sulfate chains of GPC3 are not required for its interaction with Hedgehog. We conclude that GPC3 acts as a negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling during mammalian development and that the overgrowth observed in SGBS patients is, at least in part, the consequence of hyperactivation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.     

Hedgehog induces opposite changes in turnover and subcellular localization of patched and smoothened

Secreted signaling proteins of the Hedgehog family organize spatial pattern during animal development. Two integral membrane proteins have been identified with distinct roles in Hedgehog signaling. Patched functions in Hedgehog binding, and Smoothened functions in transducing the signal. Current models view Patched and Smoothened as a preformed receptor complex that is activated by Hedgehog binding. Here we present evidence that Patched destabilizes Smoothened in the absence of Hedgehog. Hedgehog binding causes removal of Patched from the cell surface. In contrast, Hedgehog causes phosphorylation, stabilization, and accumulation of Smoothened at the cell surface. Comparable effects can be produced by removing Patched from cells by RNA-mediated interference. These findings raise the possibility that Patched acts indirectly to regulate Smoothened activity.     

A mouse prostate cancer model induced by Hedgehog overexpression

Summary Hedgehog is a regulatory protein during embryonic development and its abnormal activation in adult tissues has been implicated in tumorigenesis within sites where epithelial–mesenchymal interactions take place. In the prostate, Hedgehog signaling activation was observed during advanced cancer progression and metastasis, but whether Hedgehog overexpression can initiate prostate tumorigenesis remains unknown. We introduced a Hedgehog-expressing vector by intra-prostate injection and electroporation to address the effects of Hedgehog overexpression. The manipulation caused lesions with characteristic prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or even prostatic cancer (CaP) phenotypes within 30 days, with Hedgehog overexpression demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot detections. The tumorigenic phenotypes were confirmed by discontinuity of basal cell marker p63, mix-up of CK-8/CK-18 positive epithelial cells in the stoma as well as absence of α-SMA positive fibro-muscular sheath. Comparable Hedgehog overexpression was found in human CaP specimen. Thus, Hedgehog overexpression induced prostate tumorigenesis starting from the normal status. Furthermore, a mouse prostate cancer model induced by Hedgehog overexpression was established and may be used for testing novel therapeutical approaches targeting at Hedgehog signaling pathway.These authors have contributed equally to this work.     

Sterol and oxysterol synthases near the ciliary base activate the Hedgehog pathway

Vertebrate Hedgehog signals are transduced through the primary cilium, a specialized lipid microdomain that is required for Smoothened activation. Cilia-associated sterol and oxysterol lipids bind to Smoothened to activate the Hedgehog pathway, but how ciliary lipids are regulated is incompletely understood. Here we identified DHCR7, an enzyme that produces cholesterol, activates the Hedgehog pathway, and localizes near the ciliary base. We found that Hedgehog stimulation negatively regulates DHCR7 activity and removes DHCR7 from the ciliary microenvironment, suggesting that DHCR7 primes cilia for Hedgehog pathway activation. In contrast, we found that Hedgehog stimulation positively regulates the oxysterol synthase CYP7A1, which accumulates near the ciliary base and produces oxysterols that promote Hedgehog signaling in response to pathway activation. Our results reveal that enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in the ciliary microenvironment promote Hedgehog signaling, shedding light on how ciliary lipids are established and regulated to transduce Hedgehog signals.     

Hedgehog signaling regulates expansion of pancreatic epithelial cells

Embryonic Hedgehog signaling is essential for proper tissue morphogenesis and organ formation along the developing gastrointestinal tract. Hedgehog ligands are expressed throughout the endodermal epithelium at early embryonic stages but excluded from the region that will form the pancreas. Ectopic activation of Hedgehog signaling at the onset of pancreas development has been shown to inhibit organ morphogenesis. In contrast, Hedgehog signaling components are found within pancreatic tissue during subsequent stages of development as well as in the mature organ, indicating that a certain level of pathway activation is required for normal organ development and function. Here, we ectopically activate the Hedgehog pathway midway through pancreas development via expression of either Sonic (Shh) or Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) under control of the human Pax4-promoter. Similar pancreatic defects are observed in both Pax4-Shh and Pax4-Ihh transgenic lines, suggesting that regulation of the overall level of Hedgehog activity is critical for proper pancreas development. We also show that Hedgehog signaling controls mesenchymal vs. epithelial tissue differentiation and that pathway activation impairs formation of epithelial progenitors. Thus, tight control of Hedgehog pathway activity throughout embryonic development ensures proper pancreas organogenesis.     

Robustness of positional specification by the Hedgehog morphogen gradient

Spatial gradients of Hedgehog signalling play a central role in many patterning events during animal development, regulating cell fate determination and tissue growth in a variety of tissues and developmental stages. Experimental evidence suggests that many of the proteins responsible for regulating Hedgehog signalling and transport are themselves targets of Hedgehog signalling, leading to multiple levels of feedback within the system. We use mathematical modelling to analyse how these overlapping feedbacks combine to regulate patterning and potentially enhance robustness in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Our results predict that the regulation of Hedgehog transport and stability by glypicans, as well as multiple overlapping feedbacks in the Hedgehog response network, can combine to enhance the robustness of positional specification against variability in Hedgehog levels. We also discuss potential trade-offs between robustness and additional features of the Hedgehog gradient, such as signalling range and size regulation.