基于高光谱遥感的小麦冠层叶片色素密度监测

作物叶片色素状况是评价植株光合效率和营养胁迫的重要指标,冠层叶片色素密度（单位土地面积叶片色素总量）的实时无损监测对作物生长诊断、产量估算及氮素管理具有重要意义。以包括不同品质类型（高蛋白、中蛋白和低蛋白）的多个小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的连续2a大田试验为基础,研究了小麦叶片色素密度与冠层高光谱参数的定量关系。结果表明,叶片色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素）密度随施氮水平增加而提高,不施氮处理的叶片色素密度随生育进程而下降,施氮处理的叶片色素密度呈单峰曲线,品种间存在明显差异。群体叶片色素密度的敏感波段主要分布在可见光区,而红边区域导数光谱表现更显著。光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、RVI（810,560）、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb等与叶绿素密度关系较为密切,线性方程决定系数R^2均在0．858以上,而与类胡萝卜素密度关系减弱,决定系数R^2低于0．780,且参数间差异较小。经独立试验资料的检验表明,VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb对不同色素的估测结果较好,预测相对误差RE低于17．6％,虽然对叶绿素b的准确性稍低。总体上,光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb与小麦群体叶片色素密度关系密切,特别是对叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素a＋b的密度可以进行准确可靠的实时监测。     

水稻上部叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型

叶片叶绿素 (Chl) 状况是评价植株光合效率和营养胁迫的重要指标,实时无损监测Chl状况对作物生长诊断及氮素管理具有重要意义.以不同生态点、不同年份、不同施氮水平、不同类型水稻品种的4个田间试验为基础,于主要生育期同步测定了水稻主茎顶部4张叶片的高光谱反射率及Chl含量,并计算了350～2500 nm范围内任意两波段组合而成的比值(SR[λ1,λ2])和归一化(ND[λ1,λ2])光谱指数以及已报道的对Chl敏感的光谱指数,进一步系统分析了叶片Chl含量与上述光谱指数之间的定量关系.结果表明,红边波段的比值和归一化光谱指数可以较好地预测水稻上部4叶的Chl含量(R~2>0.9),但对于不同Chl指标其最佳组合波段有所差异.估算叶绿素a (Chla)、叶绿素总量(Chla+b)和叶绿素b (Chlb)的最佳比值光谱指数分别为SR(724,709)、SR(728,709)和SR(749,745),方程拟合决定系数R~2分别是0.947、0.946、0.905;最佳归一化光谱指数分别为ND(780,709)、ND(780,712)和ND(749,745),R~2分别是0.944、0.943、0.905.引入445 nm波段反射率对上述光谱指数进行修正,可以降低叶片表面反射差异的影响,提高模型的应用范围.利用不同年份独立的试验资料对所建模型进行了检验,结果表明,修正型比值光谱指数 mSR(724,709)、mSR(728,709) 和 mSR(749,745),以及修正型归一化光谱指数mND(780,709)、mND(780,712) 和 mND(749,745) 预测 Chla、Chla+b 和 Chlb 的效果更好,其测试的RMSE分别为 0.169、0.192、0.052、0.159、0.176、0.052,RE分别为8.18%、7.74%、13.01%、8.26%、7.59%、12.96%,均较修正前降低,说明修正后的光谱指数普适性更好.     

Application of Reflectance Spectroscopy for Analysis of Higher Plant Pigments

Nondestructive techniques developed by the authors for assessment of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in higher plant leaves and fruits are presented. The spectral features of leaf reflectance in the visible and near infrared regions are briefly considered. For pigment analysis only reflectance values at several specific wavelengths are required. The chlorophyll (Chl) content over a wide range of its changes can be assessed during leaf ontogeny using reflectance near 700 nm and, in the absence of anthocyanins, at 550 nm. The approaches used for elimination of Chl interference in the analysis of carotenoids (reflectance at 520 nm) and anthocyanins (at 550 nm) are described. The suitability of reflectance spectroscopy for estimates of carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios during leaf senescence and fruit ripening is demonstrated. The algorithms developed for pigment analysis are presented, and the conditions of their applicability are considered. Further perspectives for the application of reflectance spectroscopy including remote sensing for estimation of plant pigment content and physiological states are discussed.     

Canopy structure,vertical radiation profile and photosynthetic function in a Quercus ilex evergreen forest

The studied evergreen forest dominated by Quercus ilex showed a leaf area index (LAI) of 4.5, of which 61 % was accumulated within the tree layer, 30 % within the shrub layer, and 9 % within the herb layer. The leaves of all the species were ± horizontally oriented (41°), absorbing a relevant percentage of incident irradiance. The high LAI drastically modified the quality and quantity of solar radiation on the forest underground. The spectral distribution of the radiation under the forest was markedly deficient in blue and red wavelengths. The maximum absorption in these spectral bands was found in spring, when net photosynthetic rate (P _N ) was at its maximum, and in summer, when new leaves reached 90 % of their definitive structure. The vertical radiation profile showed an evident reduction of the red-far red ratio (R/FR). Radiation quality and quantity influenced leaf physiology and morphology. Clear differences in leaf size, leaf water content per area (LWC) and specific leaf area (SLA) on the vertical profile of the forest were observed. All the shrub species showed similar SLA (12.02 m2 kg-1, mean value). The ability to increase SLA whilst simultaneously reducing leaf thickness maximized the carbon economy. The high chlorophyll (Chl) content of shrub layer leaves (1.41 g kg-1, mean value) was an expression of shade adaptation. Both leaf morphology and leaf physiology expressed the phenotypic plasticity. Q. ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Pistacia lentiscus of the forest shrub layer showed wide differences in leaf structure and function with respect to the same species developing under strong irradiance (low maquis): a 57 % mean increase of SLA and a 86 % mean decrease of PN. They showed high leaf plasticity. Leaf plasticity implies that the considered sclerophyllous species has an optimum developmental pattern achieving adaptation to environments. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Altitudinal differences in UV absorbance,UV reflectance and related morphological traits of Quercus ilex and Rhododendron ferrugineum in the Mediterranean region

We studied the variations in different physiological parameters associated with UV-B radiation defense: UV-B radiation absorbance, UV-visible spectral reflectance, carotenoids concentration, leaf thickness, SLW (specific leaf weigth) and trichome density in Quercus ilex growing at 200 and 1200 m and Rhododendron ferrugineum growing at 2200 m. We examined the role of these parameters as protection mechanisms in an altitudinal gradient of increasing UV radiation in northern Catalonia and in sun and shade leaves. The concentration of UV-B radiation absorbing pigments was 15% higher in sun leaves of Q. ilex at 1200 m than in those from 200 m altitude. Sun leaves of R. ferrugineum presented concentrations three times higher than those of Q. ilex. Reflectance ranged between 5% (in the region 300–400 nm) and 12% (in the region 280–300 nm). The variation of reflectance with altitude followed an inverse trend respect to absorbance in the 280–300 nm region, with higher values the lower the altitude, but in the 300–400 nm region, reflectance of the lower site was the lowest. In both species and altitudes sun leaves presented higher concentrations of UV-B radiation absorbing pigments and UV reflectance than shade leaves. Quercus ilex trees of the higher location presented higher NDPI (Normalized Difference Pigment Reflectance Index) values, indicating higher carotenoids/chlorophyll a ratio. Actual measurements of carotenoid/chlorophyll a ratio confirmed this pattern. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) presented higher values the higher the location indicating lower photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency. Specific leaf weight (SLW) and leaf thickness were larger in Q. ilex trees of higher location than in those of lower location. In both sites, sun leaves also presented larger SLW values than shade leaves. Adaxial leaf hair density in sun leaves was significantlly higher in the lower location. UV absorption and linked morphological traits (SLW, leaf thickness measured in Q. ilex) presented the larger differences among studied plants at different altitudes and seem to be the dominant UV protecting mechanisms.     

Chlorophyll and light gradients in sun and shade leaves of Spinacia oleracea

Abstract. Light gradients were measured and correlated with chlorophyll concentration and anatomy of leaves in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Light gradients were measured at 450, 550 and 680 nm within thin (455 μm) and thick (630 μm) leaves of spinach grown under sun and shade conditions. The light gradients were relatively steep in both types of leaves and 90% of the light at 450 and 680 nm was absorbed by the initial 140 μm of the palisade. In general, blue light was depleted faster than red light which, in turn was depleted faster than green light. Light penetrated further into the thicker palisade of sun leaves in comparison to the shade leaves. The distance that blue light at 450 nm travelled before it became 90% depleted was 120 μm in sun leaves versus 76 μm in shade leaves. Red light at 680 nm and green light at 550 nm travelled further but the trends were similar to that measured at 450nm. The steeper light gradients within the palisade-of shade leaves were caused by increased scattering of light within the intercellular air spaces and/or cells which were less compact than those in sun leaves. The decline in the amount of light within the leaf appeared to be balanced by a gradient in chlorophyll concentration measured in paradermal sections. Progressing from the adaxial epidermis, chlorophyll content increased through the palisade and then declined through the spongy mesophyll. Chlorophyll content was similar in the palisade of both sun and shade leaves. Chloroplast distribution within both sun and shade leaves was relatively uniform so that the chlorophyll gradient appeared to be caused by greater amounts of chlorophyll within chloroplasts located deeper within the leaf. These results indicate that the anatomy of the palisade may be of special importance for controlling the penetration of photo-synthetically active radiation into the leaf. Changing the structural characteristics of individual palisade cells or their arrangement may be an adaptation that maximizes the absorption of light in leaves with varying mesophyll thickness due to different ambient light regimes.     

Evaluation of reflectance spectroscopy indices for estimation of chlorophyll content in leaves of a tropical tree species

The effectiveness of eight spectral reflectance indices for estimating chlorophyll (Chl) content in leaves of Eugenia uniflora L., a tropical tree species widely distributed throughout the world and a key species for ecosystem restoration projects, was evaluated. Spectral reflectance indices were tested using sun and shade leaves with a broad variation in leaf mass per area (LMA). Shortly after plants were exposed to chilling temperatures, there was a dramatic visible change in some sun leaves from green to red. Prior to testing Chl-related reflectance indices, the green and red leaves were separated according to the anthocyanin reflectance index (ARI). Slightly green to dark green leaves corresponded to an ARI value less than 0.11 (n = 107), whereas slightly red to red leaves corresponded to an ARI value greater than 0.11 (n = 35). To estimate leaf Chl, two simple reflectance indices (SR₆₈₀ and SR₇₀₅), two normalized difference indices (ND₆₈₀ and ND₇₀₅), two modified reflectance indices (mSR₇₀₅ and mND705), a modified Chl absorption ratio index (mCARI₇₀₅) and an index insensitive to the presence of anthocyanins (CI_re) were evaluated. Good estimates of leaf Chl content were obtained using the reflectance indices tested regardless of the presence of anthocyanins and changes in LMA. Based on the coefficients of determination (r ²) and the root mean square errors (RMS?_c) the best results were obtained with reflectance indices measured at wavelengths of 750 and 705 nm. Considering the performance of the models the best reflectance indices to estimate Chl contents in E. uniflora leaves with a broad variation in LMA and anthocyanin contents was SR₇₀₅ and mCARI₇₀₅.     

不同光质对烟草叶片生长及光合作用的影响

通过对烟草植株覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,研究了光质对烟叶生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明,与白膜处理相比,红膜与蓝膜处理下的烟草叶片较厚,比叶面积较小,叶绿素a/b比值、净光合速率、可变荧光强度（Fv）和最大荧光强度（Fm）的比值Fv/Fm（PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光饱和点和CO2饱和点均较高。黄膜处理下的叶片较白膜处理的更薄,净光合速率、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、光饱和点、CO2饱和点均较低。紫膜处理的叶片比叶面积比白膜处理的小,净光合速率和Fv/Fm比白膜的大。实验结果表明红光、蓝光和紫光促进了烟叶的生长,这种促进作用是与其高光合效率紧密相连的;而黄光对烟叶的生长有一定程度的抑制作用。     

Acclimation of Myrtus communis to contrasting Mediterranean light environments - effects on structure and chemical composition of foliage and plant water relations

Leaf anatomical and chemical characteristics, water relations and stomatal regulation were studied in the shrub Myrtus communis growing under two contrasting Mediterranean light environments (full light versus 30% of full light) during the spring-summer period. These studies aimed to assess plant response to the combined effects of light and water availability. Foliar morphology, anatomy and chemistry composition acclimated positively to light conditions. Leaves of sun-exposed plants were thicker (38.7%) than those of shaded plants, mainly due to increased palisade parenchyma thickness, had a higher nitrogen concentration and stomatal density than the shade ones, which maximized foliar area (>SLA) and Chl/N molar ratio to improve light interception. Chlorophyll concentration per leaf area (Chl(a)) was always higher in sun leaves while, as expressed on dry mass (Chl(m)), significant differences were only apparent in September, shade leaves presenting higher values. During the summer period Chl(a) and Chl(m) markedly declined in sun leaves and remained unchanged in shade ones. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b was not affected either by the light intensity or by the season. Shade leaves presented generally a higher concentration of soluble carbohydrates per dry mass. No significant differences in starch concentration were apparent between sun and shade leaves and a gradual depletion occurred during the water stress period. Maximum stomatal conductances correlated positively with predawn water potential. Throughout the season, sun plants always presented higher leaf conductance to water vapour and lower minimum leaf water potentials, indicating an interaction of light-environment on these water relation parameters. Stomatal closure constitutes a mechanism to cope with diurnal and seasonal water deficits, sun plants presenting a more efficient control of water losses during water deficiency period. In addition, both sun and shade plants evidenced leaf osmotic adjustment ability in response to water stress, which was greater in sun ones.     

Spectral reflectance indices and pigment functions during leaf ontogenesis in six subtropical landscape plants

Pigment combinations are regulated during leaf ontogenesis. To better understand pigment function, alterations in chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations were investigated during different leaf development stages in six subtropical landscape plants, namely Ixora chinensis Lam, Camellia japonica Linn, Eugenia oleina Wight, Mangifera indica L., Osmanthus fragrans Lowr and Saraca dives Pierre. High concentrations of anthocyanin were associated with reduced chlorophyll in juvenile leaves. As leaves developed, the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of all six species increased while anthocyanin concentration declined. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of Φ_PSII (effective quantum yield of PSII) and of NPQ (non-photochemical fluorescence quenching) and determination of electron transport rate-rapid light curve (RLC) showed that maximum ETR (leaf electron transport rate), Φ_PSII and the saturation point in RLC increased during leaf development but declined as they aged. Juvenile leaves displayed higher values of NPQ and Car/Chl ratios than leaves at other developmental stages. Leaf reflectance spectra (400–800 nm) were measured to provide an in vivo non-destructive assessment of pigments in leaves during ontogenesis. Four reflectance indices, related to pigment characters, were compared with data obtained quantitatively from biochemical analysis. The results showed that the ARI (anthocyanin reflectance index) was linearly correlated to anthocyanin concentration in juvenile leaves, while a positive correlation of Chl NDI (chlorophyll normalized difference vegetation index) to chlorophyll a concentration was species dependent. Photosynthetic reflectance index was not closely related to Car/Chl ratio, while a structural-independent pigment index was not greatly altered by leaf development or species. Accordingly, it is suggested that the high concentration of anthocyanin, higher NPQ and Car/Chl ratio in juvenile leaves are important functional responses to cope with high radiation when the photosynthetic apparatus is not fully developed. Another two leaf reflectance indices, ARI and Chl NDI, are valuable for in vivo pigment evaluation during leaf development.     

Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration

A number of studies have linked responses in leaf spectral reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance to physiological stress. A variety of stressors including dehydration, flooding, freezing, ozone, herbicides, competition, disease, insects, and deficiencies in ectomycorrhizal development and N fertilization have been imposed on species ranging from grasses to conifers and deciduous trees. In all cases, the maximum difference in reflectance within the 400-850 nm wavelength range between control and stressed states occurred as a reflectance increase at wavelengths near 700 nm. In studies that included transmittance and absorptance as well as reflectance, maximum differences occurred as increases and decreases, respectively, near 700 nm. This common optical response to stress could be simulated closely by varying the chlorophyll concentration of model leaves (fiberglass filter pads) and by the natural variability in leaf chlorophyll concentrations in senescent leaves of five species. The optical response to stress near 700 nm, as well as corresponding changes in reflectance that occur in the green-yellow spectrum, can be explained by the general tendency of stress to reduce leaf chlorophyll concentration.     

荆条叶性状对野外不同光环境的表型可塑性

光照是影响植物生长和分布的重要环境因子。对生长在野外5种不同光环境下(林外、阔叶林林缘、阔叶林林下、针叶林林窗和针叶林林下)的荆条的叶片进行取样研究,通过对光合作用光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光、叶绿素含量、叶片氮磷含量以及叶片形态的测量,来反映荆条对不同光环境的表型可塑性。研究结果表明,荆条叶片对于野外不同的光环境具有很好的适应机制,叶片功能性状受到结构性状的调节。低光下通过高的比叶面积(SLA)、单位质量叶绿素含量、光系统II最大量子产量,低的暗呼吸速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、叶绿素a,b的比值来提高对光能的利用效率,维持生长;高光下则通过与SLA有关的叶片结构的变化对光合作用进行调节。大多数的叶性状只受到日光照总量的影响,SLA的大小与日最高光强有关,可以对不同日变化模式的光照做出迅速的响应,是适应不同光照的敏感指标。尽管光照是不同光环境下影响荆条叶性状的主要环境因子,土壤养分含量同样会对叶性状产生影响,高土壤养分下的高叶长与叶柄长的比值体现了植物对资源获取和支撑结构之间分配的权衡。     

On the limits of applicability of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of chlorophyll a/b ratio

The concentration limits for spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determinations of the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio in barley leaves were studied using 80% acetone extracts at room temperature. The optimum sample absorbances (at 663.2 nm – maximum of the Q_Y) band of Chl a) for the Chl a/b determination were determined. For given spectrometers and sample positions, these absorbances ranged between 0.2 and 1.0 and 0.008–0.1 for the absorption and fluorescence methods, respectively. Precision of the measurements and the distorting effects are discussed. The lower limits of both absorption and fluorescence methods depend on sensitivity of the spectrometers for the Chl b detection. The spectrophotometric determination of Chl a/b ratio at higher Chl concentrations can be distorted by the chlorophyll fluorescence signal. The extent of this distortion depends on sample-detector geometry in any given type of the spectrometer. The effect of inner filter of Chl molecules and the detection instrumental function affect the value of the upper limit for the spectrofluorimetric method. Both methods were applied to estimate the Chl a/b ratio in pigment extracts from greening barley leaves, which are characterized by a low Chl concentration and a high Chl a/b ratio at the beginning of greening process.     

基于因子分析的苜蓿叶片叶绿素高光谱反演研究

因子分析是一种能够将具有错综复杂关系的变量归结为少数几个综合因子的多变量统计分析方法,在降低数据维数的同时又可以保存足够的信息,这为处理信息量丰富但冗余较大的高光谱数据提供了一种有效方法。本文利用2010年9月23日采集的16个样点的苜蓿叶片反射率及叶绿素含量数据,采用因子分析方法,分别提取苜蓿叶片反射率光谱400～900nm,以及可见光400nm～760nm和近红外760～900nm光谱区的公共因子,分析因子载荷分布、载荷总量对公共因子与叶绿素含量相关性的影响。利用逐步回归法建立基于公共因子的叶片叶绿素反演模型,并将反演模型与光谱指数建立的模型进行对比。研究表明,1）公共因子与叶片叶绿素的相关性,在更大程度上是与该因子在各个波段上载荷分布有关,而不是总载荷量;2）对波谱进行分区建立的反演模型略优于全区因子分析建立的反演模型;3）与常用于叶片叶绿素含量反演的光谱指数CARI、MCARI、mND680、mND705、mSR705、TVI、DmSR、BGI、BRI相比,因子分析建立的叶绿素反演模型精度更高。     

Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species.

The differential pigment composition and photosynthetic activity of sun and shade leaves of deciduous (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata) and coniferous (Abies alba) trees was comparatively determined by studying the photosynthetic rates via CO(2) measurements and also by imaging the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio (R(Fd)), which is an in vivo indicator of the net CO(2) assimilation rates. The thicker sun leaves and needles in all tree species were characterized by a lower specific leaf area, lower water content, higher total chlorophyll (Chl) a+b and total carotenoid (Cars) content per leaf area unit, as well as higher values for the ratio Chl a/b compared to the much thinner shade leaves and needles that possess a higher Chl a+b and Cars content on a dry matter basis and higher values for the weight ratio Chls/Cars. Sun leaves and needles exhibited higher rates of maximum net photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation (P(Nmax)) measured at saturating irradiance associated with higher maximum stomatal conductance for water vapor efflux. The differences in photosynthetic activity between sun and shade leaves and needles could also be sensed via imaging the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio R(Fd), since it linearly correlated to the P(Nmax) rates at saturating irradiance. Chl fluorescence imaging not only provided the possibility to screen the differences in P(N) rates between sun and shade leaves, but in addition permitted detection and quantification of the large gradients in photosynthetic rates across the leaf area existing in sun and shade leaves.     

CO2 浓度升高对两种沈阳城市森林树种光合特性的影响

利用开顶式气室, 研究了CO2浓度升高条件下城市森林主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaefomis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)主要光合特性的变化。结果表明, 整个生长季, CO2浓度升高(700 mmol.mol-1)条件下2树种叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均接近或高于相应对照(自然CO2浓度)值, 但不同树种增加的幅度不同; 而2树种的叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值对CO2浓度升高反应不一, 表现为CO2浓度升高条件下油松的叶绿素含量较对照值高, Chl a/Chl b值降低, 银杏的叶绿素含量为前期升高, 后期降低, Chl a/Chl b值变化与之正好相反, 说明城市森林组成树种对CO2浓度升高的响应具有复杂性。CO2浓度升高条件下, 两树种均未发生光合适应现象。     

Reflectance Variation within the In-Chlorophyll Centre Waveband for Robust Retrieval of Leaf Chlorophyll Content

The in-chlorophyll centre waveband (ICCW) (640–680 nm) is the specific chlorophyll (Chl) absorption band, but the reflectance in this band has not been used as an optimal index for non-destructive determination of plant Chl content in recent decades. This study develops a new spectral index based solely on the ICCW for robust retrieval of leaf Chl content for the first time. A glasshouse experiment for solution-culture of one chlorophyll-deficient rice mutant and six wild types of rice genotypes was conducted, and the leaf reflectance (400–900 nm) was measured with a high spectral resolution (1 nm) spectrophotometer and the contents of chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb) and chlorophyll a+b (Chlt) of the rice leaves were determined. It was found that the reflectance curves from 640 nm to 674 nm and from 675 nm to 680 nm of the low-chlorophyll mutant leaf were drastically steeper than that of the wild types in the ICCW. The new index based on the reflectance variation within ICCW, the difference of the first derivative sum within the ICCW (DFDS_ICCW), was highly sensitive (r = −0.77, n = 93, P<0.01) to Chlt while the mean reflectance (R_ICCW) in the ICCW became insensitive (r = −0.12, n = 93, P>0.05) to Chlt when the leaf Chlt was higher than 200 mg/m². The best equations of R-ICCW and DFDS_ICCW yielded an RMSE of 78.7, 32.9 and 107.3 mg/m², and an RMSE of 37.4, 16.0 and 45.3 mg/m⁻², respectively, for predicting Chla, Chlb and Chlt. The new index could rank in the top 10 for prediction of Chla and Chlt as compared with the 55 existing indices. Additionally, most of the 55 existing Chl-related VIs performed robustly or strongly in simultaneous prediction of leaf Chla, Chlb and Chlt.     

穿透雨减少下锐齿栎叶片光合色素季节动态及其反射光谱响应

通过林地穿透雨排除的方法模拟降雨减少,测定河南宝天曼自然保护区锐齿栎叶片光合色素含量与反射光谱的季节变化,对减雨处理造成的光合色素变化及其反射光谱的变化进行了定量分析,并探讨了水分控制条件下反射光谱对叶片光合色素变化的响应机制.结果表明: 锐齿栎叶片的光合色素含量和色素比率均呈现明显的季节变化.减雨样地与对照样地叶片的光合色素含量和比率在生长季的各个时期存在差异,其中,叶片叶绿素b(Chl b)含量的差异显著,说明Chl b对减雨处理的敏感性最高,叶片类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的差异较小,说明Car对减雨处理的敏感性相对较弱.550 nm处的光谱反射率对色素季节变化的响应最敏感,以其构造的简单比值指数(SR_750,550)与叶片Chl a、Chl b、总Chl和Car含量的正相关关系显著,光化学反射指数(PRI)与叶片Car/Chl的负相关关系显著.550 nm处的光谱反射率对减雨处理造成的色素变化响应最为敏感.SR_750,550对减雨处理造成的叶片Chl a、Chl b和总Chl的含量变化表现敏感(P<0.01),对Chl a/b的变化不敏感.PRI对减雨处理造成的叶片Car/Chl变化表现敏感(P<0.01).     

Assessing leaf pigment content and activity with a reflectometer

This study explored reflectance indices sampled with a 'leaf reflectometer' as measures of pigment content for leaves of contrasting light history, developmental stage and functional type (herbaceous annual versus sclerophyllous evergreen). We employed three reflectance indices: a modified normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an index of chlorophyll content; the red/green reflectance ratio ( R _RED: R _GREEN), an index of anthocyanin content; and the change in photochemical reflectance index upon dark–light conversions (ΔPRI), an index of xanthophyll cycle pigment activity. In Helianthus annuus (sunflower), xanthophyll cycle pigment amounts were linearly related to growth light environment; leaves in full sun contained approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves in deep shade, and at midday a larger proportion of these pigments were in the photoprotective, de-epoxidized forms relative to shade leaves. Reflectance indices also revealed contrasting patterns of pigment development in leaves of contrasting structural types (annual versus evergreen). In H. annuus sun leaves, there was a remarkably rapid increase in amounts of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments along a leaf developmental sequence. This pattern contrasted with that of Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak, a sclerophyllous evergreen), which exhibited a gradual development of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments along with a pronounced peak of anthocyanin pigment content in newly expanding leaves. These temporal patterns of pigment development in Q. agrifolia leaves suggest that anthocyanins and xanthophyll cycle pigments serve complementary photoprotective roles during early leaf development. The results illustrate the use of reflectance indices for distinguishing divergent patterns of pigment activity in leaves of contrasting light history and functional type.     

Chlorophyll b is involved in long-wavelength spectral properties of light-harvesting complexes LHC I and LHC II.

Chlorophyll (Chl) molecules attached to plant light-harvesting complexes (LHC) differ in their spectral behavior. While most Chl a and Chl b molecules give rise to absorption bands between 645 nm and 670 nm, some special Chls absorb at wavelengths longer than 700 nm. Among the Chl a/b-antennae of higher plants these are found exclusively in LHC I. In order to assign this special spectral property to one chlorophyll species we reconstituted LHC of both photosystem I (Lhca4) and photosystem II (Lhcb1) with carotenoids and only Chl a or Chl b and analyzed the effect on pigment binding, absorption and fluorescence properties. In both LHCs the Chl-binding sites of the omitted Chl species were occupied by the other species resulting in a constant total number of Chls in these complexes. 77-K spectroscopic measurements demonstrated that omission of Chl b in refolded Lhca4 resulted in a loss of long-wavelength absorption and 730-nm fluorescence emission. In Lhcb1 with only Chl b long-wavelength emission was preserved. These results clearly demonstrate the involvement of Chl b in establishing long-wavelength properties.