恒河猴主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的多态性研究概述

恒河猴是应用最广泛的非人灵长类实验动物,其MHC基因是一个庞大的与免疫功能密切相关的基因群（也称为Mamu基因）,在进化过程形成了Mamu基因不同的存在状态,使得不同个体的Mamu基因在数量和功能上有所差异,同时有些个体还产生了特异性的MHC基因,它的多态性和免疫反应的复杂性相对应。因此,恒河猴MHC多态性的研究,有助于生物科学的发展及指导以恒河猴为动物模型的各种实验。本文主要阐述了恒河猴Mamu基因的结构和功能,以及部分MHC等位基因与疾病的关系,并简要描述了中国恒河猴特异性的MHC基因。     

MHC Class Ib grc—G／C基因的研究进展

ＭＨＣ的ｃｌａｓｓ基因,可分为经典的ｃｌａｓｓ Ｉ和非经典的ｃｌａｓｓＩ,后者称ｃｌａｓｓ Ｉｂ。ｃｌｓｓ Ｉ与β／β Ｔ细胞相关在细胞表面高密度表达,ｃｌａｓｓ Ｉｂ在细胞表面弱表达,其功能尚不清楚,ｃｌａｓｓ Ｉｂ的基因区域中含有一个ｇｒｃ区域,ｇｒｃ基因的ｒｃｃ,ｆｔ,ｄｗ－３三组基因组成。     

主要组织相容性复合体—T细胞受体与病毒抗原肽

近年来有关主要组织相容性复合体－Ｔ细胞受体（ＭＨＣ－ＴＣＲ）与病毒抗原肽复合体的研究进展迅速,三者之间在空间结构上相互识别和结合,可以诱导病毒特异性ＣＤ８＾＋ＣＴＬ的产生,有可能利用病毒抗原肽作疫苗,清除胞内病毒颗粒。     

灵长类主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类基因进化概述

主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）是和免疫反应直接相关的基因群。MHC I类分子的多态性和病原体的多变性相对应,它是个体在重大传染疾病中存活下来的重要依据。在灵长类动物进化过程中,由于分化时间的差异和生存压力的不同,造成了各物种MHC I类基因不同的存在状态,使它们的MHC I 类基因在基因数量和基因功能上有所差异,同时还产生了物种特异性基因。本文描述了灵长类MHC I类基因的总体变化特征,并着重讨论了6个典型MHC I 类基因在各典型灵长类物种中的特点及关联性。     

扬子鳄种群MHC Ⅱ类B基因第3外元多态性分析

分析了取自安徽宣城野生种群、安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心和浙江长兴养殖种群的14条扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第3外元的多态性。在这些扬子鳄样本中共检测到34个单倍型,每个亚种群内检测到的单倍型数量分别为15,9和10个,与其他一些动物如哺乳动物和鲤科鱼类相比,扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第3外元多态性较高。另外,非同义替换率显著小于同义替换率,这可能表明扬子鳄种群MHCⅡ类B基因第3外元的多态性不是由平衡选择保持的。Tajima的中性检测拒绝了扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第3外元多态性是由遗传漂变引起的零假设。D=-0．401也暗示了扬子鳄种群中存在较多的稀有变异。同时我们也分析了核苷酸多样性和系统发生关系,结果表明扬子鳄的3个种群遗传多样性无显著性差异。     

MHC DQA基因的分子进化研究：Ⅰ.等位基因多态性保持机制及GC含量对…

对７种哺乳动物ＭＨＣ ＤＱＡ座位的２３个等位基因不同外显子,抗原识别位点和ＥＮ２的非ＡＲＳ的核苷酸同义替换率和异义替换率进行了分析,发现在ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１的７个等位基因之间和Ｉａ Ａａ８个等位基因之间,即同一物种ＤＱＡ１座位内,ＡＲＳ的ＰＮ均显著高于Ｐｓ２倍以上,表现超显性选择;而不同物种ＤＱＡ基因（ＤＱＡ１或ＤＱＡ２）或同一物种的ＤＱＡ基因（ＤＱＡ１和ＤＱＡ２）的ＡＲＳ之间和各比较组的ＮＡＥＮ２     

紫红笛鲷MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ多克隆抗体的制备

目的：制备紫红笛鲷主要组织相溶性复合体MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ多克隆抗体,为蛋白水平研究紫红笛鲷MHC II分子提供理论和实践依据。方法：从已有的紫红笛鲷cDNA文库菌中分别克隆其MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ分子的部分开放阅读框,与PQE-30构建表达载体,转入大肠杆菌E.coli M15以IPTG诱导表达;纯化得到的重组蛋白与弗氏佐剂混合乳化后注射新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,再以酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）和免疫印迹（Western blot）检测所获抗血清的效价及效果。结果：①重组表达和纯化得到紫红笛鲷MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ部分肽链。②制备的紫红笛鲷MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ兔抗血清效价都大于1：25600,达到预期水平。③以获得的紫红笛鲷MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ兔抗血清分别与紫红笛鲷头肾巨噬细胞蛋白进行免疫印迹,显示两种抗血清能分别杂合出各自的目标蛋白,说明制备的多克隆抗体实际应用效果良好。结论：紫红笛鲷MHC Ⅱα和MHC Ⅱβ多克隆抗血清制备成功。     

3个不同尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)群体MHC ⅡA基因多态性和遗传分化

MHC ⅡA作为主要组织相容性复合体的重要成分之一,在鱼类的免疫系统中发挥重要作用,具有高度多态性。本研究从广东省3个不同养殖地区的91尾尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的个体中获得了MHC ⅡA的第二外显子区域序列共501条,长度为647～742 bp。对该序列进行分析,共发现12个不同的等位基因。三个群体中核苷酸序列变异百分比为34.73%～60.78%,氨基酸变异百分比为68.24%～78.82%,其中惠州群体的变异比例最高(60.78%和78.82%)。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分析表明:惠州群体的遗传多样性最为丰富。群体间分化指数(Fst)、中性检测(Tajima检测)、平均基因流、平均K2-P遗传距离和AMOVA分析的各项数据表明MHC ⅡA基因的第二外显子区域在3个不同群体间遗传分化不显著,存在一定的基因交流。本研究发现的MHC ⅡA基因的高度多态性及遗传结果,为尼罗罗非鱼抗病品种的选育以及种质资源的保护奠定了重要的基础资料。     

尼罗鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元的序列变异分析

利用一对简并引物扩增了尼罗鳄MHCⅡ类分子B基因第二外元的部分片段,并对PCR产物进行了克隆和测序,结果得到8种不同的序列,序列长度为166 bp;经分析,序列中有56个变异位点,核苷酸的非同义替换多于同义替换,造成30个位点氨基酸的改变,氨基酸的替换趋于集中在假定的抗原结合位点附近.核苷酸和氨基酸序列与已报道的扬子鳄和密河鳄的MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元序列有较高的同源性,利用PAUP4.0软件构建的NJ树显示,鳄类的MHCⅡ类B基因存在跨种多态性现象.     

两栖动物MHC基因研究进展

MHC是高度多态的基因群,广泛分布于各种脊椎动物体内。由于MHC基因的多态性,使其在脊椎动物的免疫、遗传、进化、保护等许多方面的研究倍受关注。本文综述了两栖类MHC基因自研究以来国内外有关该基因的研究报道,包括其结构、功能以及在两栖类遗传进化、种群遗传学、免疫遗传学及抗病中的应用,并对研究前景进行了展望。     

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)-DRB Genes and Polymorphisms in Common Marmoset

A New World monkey, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), will be used as a preclinical animal model to study the feasibility of cell and gene therapy targeting immunological and hematological disorders. For elucidating the immunogenetic background of common marmoset to further studies, in the present study, polymorphisms of MHC-DRB genes in this species were examined. Twenty-one Caja-DRB exon 2 alleles, including seven new ones, were detected by means of subcloning and the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) methods followed by nucleotide sequencing. Based on the alignment of these allele sequences, we designed two pairs of specific primers and established a PCR-SSCP method for DNA-based histocompatibility typing of the common marmoset. According to the family segregation data and phylogenetic analyses, we presumed that Caja-DRB alleles could be classified into five different loci. Southern blotting analysis also supported the existence of multiple DRB loci. The patterns of nucleotide substitutions suggests that positive selection operates in the antigen-recognition sites of Caja-DRB genes. Received: 18 February 2000 / Accepted: 17 May 2000     

Red Queen Processes Drive Positive Selection on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes code for proteins involved in the incitation of the adaptive immune response in vertebrates, which is achieved through binding oligopeptides (antigens) of pathogenic origin. Across vertebrate species, substitutions of amino acids at sites responsible for the specificity of antigen binding (ABS) are positively selected. This is attributed to pathogen-driven balancing selection, which is also thought to maintain the high polymorphism of MHC genes, and to cause the sharing of allelic lineages between species. However, the nature of this selection remains controversial. We used individual-based computer simulations to investigate the roles of two phenomena capable of maintaining MHC polymorphism: heterozygote advantage and host-pathogen arms race (Red Queen process). Our simulations revealed that levels of MHC polymorphism were high and driven mostly by the Red Queen process at a high pathogen mutation rate, but were low and driven mostly by heterozygote advantage when the pathogen mutation rate was low. We found that novel mutations at ABSs are strongly favored by the Red Queen process, but not by heterozygote advantage, regardless of the pathogen mutation rate. However, while the strong advantage of novel alleles increased the allele turnover rate, under a high pathogen mutation rate, allelic lineages persisted for a comparable length of time under Red Queen and under heterozygote advantage. Thus, when pathogens evolve quickly, the Red Queen is capable of explaining both positive selection and long coalescence times, but the tension between the novel allele advantage and persistence of alleles deserves further investigation.     

A Mechanistic Basis for the Co-evolution of Chicken Tapasin and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC I) Proteins

MHC class I molecules display peptides at the cell surface to cytotoxic T cells. The co-factor tapasin functions to ensure that MHC I becomes loaded with high affinity peptides. In most mammals, the tapasin gene appears to have little sequence diversity and few alleles and is located distal to several classical MHC I loci, so tapasin appears to function in a universal way to assist MHC I peptide loading. In contrast, the chicken tapasin gene is tightly linked to the single dominantly expressed MHC I locus and is highly polymorphic and moderately diverse in sequence. Therefore, tapasin-assisted loading of MHC I in chickens may occur in a haplotype-specific way, via the co-evolution of chicken tapasin and MHC I. Here we demonstrate a mechanistic basis for this co-evolution, revealing differences in the ability of two chicken MHC I alleles to bind and release peptides in the presence or absence of tapasin, where, as in mammals, efficient self-loading is negatively correlated with tapasin-assisted loading. We found that a polymorphic residue in the MHC I α3 domain thought to bind tapasin influenced both tapasin function and intrinsic peptide binding properties. Differences were also evident between the MHC alleles in their interactions with tapasin. Last, we show that a mismatched combination of tapasin and MHC alleles exhibit significantly impaired MHC I maturation in vivo and that polymorphic MHC residues thought to contact tapasin influence maturation efficiency. Collectively, this supports the possibility that tapasin and BF2 proteins have co-evolved, resulting in allele-specific peptide loading in vivo.     

爬行动物MHC基因研究进展

主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)是有颌脊椎动物中发现的编码免疫球蛋白受体的高度多态的基因群,因其在免疫系统中的重要作用而备受关注。脊椎动物不同支系间MHC的结构和演化差异较大。尽管MHC基因特征在哺乳类、鸟类、两栖类和鱼类中已被较好地描述,但对爬行动物MHC的了解仍较少。鉴于爬行动物对于理解MHC基因的演化占据很重要的系统发育位置,研究其MHC具有重要意义。本文就近年来爬行动物MHC的分子结构、多态性维持机制、功能和主要应用的研究现状进行了系统地回顾和总结,并展望了其研究前景。     

Assembly and Function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I Peptide-loading Complex Are Conserved Across Higher Vertebrates

Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules depends on the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). For efficient antigen supply to MHC I molecules in the ER, TAP assembles a macromolecular peptide-loading complex (PLC) by recruiting tapasin. In evolution, TAP appeared together with effector cells of adaptive immunity at the transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates and diversified further within the jawed vertebrates. Here, we compared TAP function and interaction with tapasin of a range of species within two classes of jawed vertebrates. We found that avian and mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 form heterodimeric complexes across taxa. Moreover, the extra N-terminal domain TMD0 of mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 as well as avian TAP2 recruits tapasin. Strikingly, however, only TAP1 and TAP2 from the same taxon can form a functional heterodimeric translocation complex. These data demonstrate that the dimerization interface between TAP1 and TAP2 and the tapasin docking sites for PLC assembly are conserved in evolution, whereas elements of antigen translocation diverged later in evolution and are thus taxon specific.     

Differential Transmembrane Domain GXXXG Motif Pairing Impacts Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II Structure

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules exhibit conformational heterogeneity, which influences their ability to stimulate CD4 T cells and drive immune responses. Previous studies suggest a role for the transmembrane domain of the class II αβ heterodimer in determining molecular structure and function. Our previous studies identified an MHC class II conformer that is marked by the Ia.2 epitope. These Ia.2⁺ class II conformers are lipid raft-associated and able to drive both tyrosine kinase signaling and efficient antigen presentation to CD4 T cells. Here, we establish that the Ia.2⁺ I-A^k conformer is formed early in the class II biosynthetic pathway and that differential pairing of highly conserved transmembrane domain GXXXG dimerization motifs is responsible for formation of Ia.2⁺ versus Ia.2⁻ I-A^k class II conformers and controlling lipid raft partitioning. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the formation of two distinct MHC class II conformers that differ in their inherent ability to signal and drive robust T cell activation, providing new insight into the role of MHC class II in regulating antigen-presenting cell-T cell interactions critical to the initiation and control of multiple aspects of the immune response.     

鸡MHC与传染性疾病遗传抗性的相关性研究进展

鸡是我国主要的家禽品种,抗病分子育种在鸡的疾病尤其是传染病控制中有着重要地位,抗性基因选择是其技术关键。鸡主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)基因具有高度多态性,与多种传染性疾病抗性紧密相关,受到家禽育种专家的高度关注。文章介绍国外有关鸡MHC与传染性疾病抗性的相关性及抗性基因研究进展,并展望其在鸡抗病育种中的应用前景。     

主要组织相容性抗原(MHC)在母胎界面免疫调控的研究进展

母胎界面生物学与多种细胞形成的复合物及维持妊娠所必需的调节因子有关。目前被公认的调节因子是胎盘中的主要组织相容性复合体蛋白(MHC)。MHC抗原在生殖过程中起到双重作用:首先,MHC在一些生物物种中可影响其杂交选择,对父母双方MHC抗原的匹配有一定的影响;其次MHC影响植入前期已经受精的卵子发育情况。MHC抗原表达对于胎儿逃避母体免疫排斥作用从而维持妊娠顺利进行是有利的。本文综述了MHC在母胎界面免疫调控的最新研究进展。