Comparing primate communities: a multivariate approach

Although there have been many studies of the ecology of primates in communities throughout the world, there have been few attempts to compare community ecology within and among continents. In this study the ecological characteristics of the sympatric primate species at eight localities—two from each of the major biogeographic areas inhabited by primates today—South America, Africa, Madagascar, and Asia—were compared using a multivariate technique (principal components analysis of the correlation matrix) to summarize the ten dimensional ecological niche space. The most striking clustering of species in ecological multivariate space is according to phylogeny with closely related species showing similar ecological features. Likewise, the ecological characteristics of individual communities are determined by phylogenetic groups present at each locality or biogeographic region. As a result, communities within any biogeographical region are more similar ecologically to one another than to communities from other continental areas. In several measures of ecological diversity among the species comprising each community, the neotropical communities show lower overall diversity than do communities from other continents.     

沱沱河地区紫花针茅群落种间联结性分析

基于方差比率(VR)、χ2检验和Jaccard指数对沱沱河地区紫花针茅群落12个主要种的种间联结性进行了分析。结果表明,紫花针茅群落优势种多物种间显著正关联,存在稳定共存的种间关系。建群种与其它物种间联结性不显著,在群落中能够稳定存在并占据优势生态位,群落处于植被演替过程的一个相对稳定的阶段。伴生种或次优势种之间联结显著,在群落中表现出很强的依赖性,分布易受其它物种的影响,在群落中不能稳定存在且只占据劣势生态位。根据种间联结性的分析结果,将紫花针茅群落分为2个不同的生态种组,但这2个生态种组并不具有明显的界限,它们之间存在着直接或间接的联系。     

Diatoms as indicators of water quality in some English urban lakes

SUMMARY. 1. The paper describes diatom communities from a series of linked urban lakes in relation to water chemistry and uses multivariate statistical techniques to show how indicator groups can he defined.
2. Diatoms are classified into ecological groups using two-way species indicator analysis (TWINSPAN). Each ecological group is associated with a specific range of water-quality conditions. The headwater stream environments are differentiated from the lake habitats at level 1. At level 2 of TWINSPAN. the sampling sites are grouped into five ecological groups, according to their water chemistry and irrespective of the time of year.
3. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) provide two statistically independent methods of assessing the environmental gradients along which the ecological groups are distributed. The most important physico-chemical parameters are total hardness, specific conductance and pH, followed by phosphates and nitrates.
4. Ecological groups I-V correspond to an environmental gradient ranging from the forested headwaters, which are acidic, of low specific conductance, total hardness and nutrient content, through the urban lakes, which are alkaline and of relatively high total hardness, specific conductance and nutrient content.
5. Twelve site groups are identified at level 3 of TWINSPAN, each of which corresponds to a narrower range of water-quality conditions within the ecological groupings. A specific diatom assemblage is associated with each site group.
6. Benthic diatoms form an integral part of the diatom assemblages found in the water column and this is identified as a topic for further study.     

不同类型茶园昆虫、蜘蛛群落结构分析

应用多样性指数,排序和聚类分析方法研究了不同生态环境和防治处理的茶园昆虫,蜘蛛群落结构,结果表明：在生态控制的茶园,由于完全不使用化学农药,昆虫和蜘蛛的丰富度,多样性指数,均匀度均较大。综合防治的茶园次之一。而主要依靠化学防治的茶錾,丰富度减少,多样性指数和均匀度降低,经常出现害虫暴发成灾的现象。     

Conceptual problems and scale limitations of defining ecological communities: a critique of the CI concept (Community of Individuals)

Recently, Looijen & van Andel (1999) proposed a new definition of an ecological community by using two criteria: (1) restricting membership by taxonomic relatedness, and (2) defining boundaries by the intersection of the area of population range boundaries. I analyze the implications of their definition and explore the limitations of the approach. Overall, I show this definition to be highly scale-limited, to not encompass many ecological concepts developed for the community level, and to have hidden assumptions that are not met in natural systems. An alternative model of the ecological community is proposed as a contrast, a model based on the community of an individual, in which individuals and interactions are used to develop the larger entity of an ecological community. This alternative model illustrates that the principal problems Looijen & van Andel (1999) discussed about previous community concepts with respect to application to vegetation classification are not ‘problems’ but are characteristics of ecological communities. Any definition of an ecological community must be able to incorporate these characteristics as well as current ecological concepts used at the community level.     

Landscape ecological safety assessment and landscape pattern optimization in arid inland river basin: Take Ganzhou District as an example

Abstract

Landscape ecological security assessment aims to make a comprehensive evaluation of regional landscape ecological security through the construction of regional ecological security evaluation indicator system. According to the theory of landscape ecology, spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) and GIS techniques, we obtained the distribution of landscape ecological security pattern of Ganzhou District, Gansu province, China. We obtained the ecological sources, corridors, and nodes according to the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model to optimize the structure and function of ecological function network. The following results were found: the comprehensive landscape ecological security situation of the research area was on the average. The spatial distribution pattern of landscape ecological security level indicated that the low level of safety were mainly distributed in the Gobi and desert areas in the north, accounting for 19.9% of the study area, while the high safety level was mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the Heihe River basin, accounting for 24.8% of the study area. With points, lines, and surfaces being interlaced, a regional ecological network was constructed, which was consisted of six ecological corridors, 14 ecological nodes, a large ecological source area and a plurality of small source areas, and could effectively improve landscape ecological security level of the study area.     

基于主因子分析的生态社区评价方法研究——以上海外环以内区域为例

从生态系统和可持续发展理论出发,构建了生态社区评价的指标体系,运用主因子分析方法建立了生态社区评价模型;并在遥感与GIS技术支持下,对上海中心城区做了生态社区评价研究.结果表明,在空间格局上,社区生态水平差异明显,无论是在社区内部还是社区之间,各主因子分布极不平衡;总体看来,浦西核心区的大部分社区,其规模结构比较合理,服务设施比较完善,然而部分社区的生态环境质量急需要改善,部分社区的居住条件也需要进一步完善;而浦东一些社区,尽管生态指数较高,生态环境质量较好,但由于基础配套设施不够健全,规模结构不够均衡,道路交通系统尚待进一步完善.     

基于生物量和养分累积量的花生品种生态适应性评价

为挖掘产量性状好、养分利用效率高、生态适应性广的优良花生品种,在冀中低平原和山前平原两个生态区分别测定了19个花生品种的16个生物量和养分累积量指标,通过主成分分析对不同品种在不同生态区的表现进行了综合评价.按照主成分对应特征值大于1的原则提取主成分,将16个主要性状指标综合成4个主成分,可代表花生生物量和养分利用性状85%左右的原始信息量.结果表明： 不同花生品种在不同生态区域的产量和养分利用效率存在较大差异.根据生态适应性将19个花生品种分为2类,生态适应性广的品种又分为产量水平和养分利用效率高、中、低3类,其中豫花9719、冀花0212-4、潍花10号、豫花15号、濮花28号和冀花10号为生态适应性广、养分利用效率高、产量水平也较高的品种.     

Influence of hydrological changes on the fish community in two lotic environments of the Middle Paraná Floodplain,Argentina

Temporal variations of fish abundance and species richness in two sites of a secondary channel of the Middle Paraná Floodplain (Argentina) have been analyzed from 2010 to 2012. Relationships of these ecological attributes with alternations of floods and dry periods were appraised. Permutational analyses of variance were applied to determine significance in temporal changes of the fish community, taking into account catch per unit effort and species richness of the whole community, by groups of distinct reproductive strategy and considering fish sizes. The results reveal significant differences in structure and composition of fish assemblages at distinct stages of the hydrological regime. Those temporal differences are associated with changes in timing, duration, and magnitude of floods since the three groups have shown distinct responses to the hydrological variations. Long-distance migrants depend on major inundations for a successful reproduction, short-distance migrants seem to have distinct responses to floods according to the kind of species, and sedentary fish-developing parental care essentially needs high floodplain connectivity for juvenile development.     

Variations à long-terme (1977–1985) du peuplement des sables fins de la Pierre Noire (baie de Morlaix,Manche occidentale): analyse statistique de l'évolution structurale

Long term monitoring for eight years of the fine sand community from the bay of Morlaix has allowed the determination of the principal stages of its structural evolution.Principal component analysis on the general trends of 43 species has permitted the division of the chronological series into six successive periods. The rapid evolution of the community during the first four years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill indicates a period of perturbation which is followed by a stabilisation of the macrobenthos. This evolution is a function of changes in direction in gradients within the populations.The resemblance metric and the dissimilarity correlograms were used after regrouping the species into six trophic groups. The Mantel test allowed measurement of the contrasts between equilibrium and restructuration periods. The extended variogram function showed different behaviour of trophic groups related to demographic strategies. The generalization of these methods in benthic studies should allow the comparison in space and time of the scale of the physical factors responsible for the observed phenomena.

     

Application of a self-organizing map to select representative species in multivariate analysis: A case study determining diatom distribution patterns across France

Ecological communities consist of a large number of species. Most species are rare or have low abundance, and only a few are abundant and/or frequent. In quantitative community analysis, abundant species are commonly used to interpret patterns of habitat disturbance or ecosystem degradation. Rare species cause many difficulties in quantitative analysis by introducing noises and bulking datasets, which is worsened by the fact that large datasets suffer from difficulties of data handling. In this study we propose a method to reduce the size of large datasets by selecting the most ecologically representative species using a self organizing map (SOM) and structuring index (SI). As an example, we used diatom community data sampled at 836 sites with 941 species throughout the French hydrosystem. Out of the 941 species, 353 were selected. The selected dataset was effectively classified according to the similarities of community assemblages in the SOM map. Compared to the SOM map generated with the original dataset, the community pattern gave a very similar representation of ecological conditions of the sampling sites, displaying clear gradients of environmental factors between different clusters. Our results showed that this computational technique can be applied to preprocessing data in multivariate analysis. It could be useful for ecosystem assessment and management, helping to reduce both the list of species for identification and the size of datasets to be processed for diagnosing the ecological status of water courses.     

甘肃省小陇山濒危珍稀植物白皮松群落种间关联

通过野外调查,选取小陇山白皮松群落50个样方的20个常见物种,运用多物种方差比值(VR),χ2检验,OI、DI、JI指数,AC、PC值以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数对其进行了种间关联分析。VR分析表明,白皮松林主要组成成分间的关系以正关联为主,说明白皮松群落的性质与其生存环境特征是一致的,白皮松林适应群落外环境;20个常见种种对关系表现出了不同的性质,是群落内环境的表现,也是由群落内环境异质性所致;综合植物的生态特征,划分出3个生态种组,发现白皮松群落的高负关联性是由林下喜阴灌木引起的,而群落较高的独立性则是由林缘植物引起的。种间关联的研究可以反映出由物种生态特征所形成的有机联系,研究结果对白皮松群落的保护与恢复有一定的指导意义。     

长白山主要生态系统地面藓类植物的生态位研究

应用王刚提出的生态位重叠值公式,计测了长白山主要生态系统中41个样点42种主要地面藓类的生态位重叠值。以此为指标,分别应用主坐标排序、图论聚类及系统聚类分析方法,作出了反映42种地面藓类的种间生态关系的二维投影图、最小生成树和动态聚类图。3种方法相结合,能够对生态位重叠值矩阵进行直观地表达,并使所表达的藓类种间关系具有确切的生态学含义。研究表明,按生态位重叠值大小,长白山主要生态系统中地面主要藓类可区分出落叶松-沼泽藓类、高山苔原藓类和暗针叶林-岳华林藓类3大类。42种藓类中,生态位宽度(B)与种数(N)符合公式N=38.1985×e     

发生分类半淋溶土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属特征

利用最新建立的1∶100万中国土壤数据库,研究了我国发生分类半淋溶土在中国土壤系统分类的归属及其在中国土壤系统分类下的空间和数量特征.结果表明,我国发生分类半淋溶土总面积为427 843.1 km²,可参比归属于中国土壤系统分类中的4个土纲,即淋溶土、雏形土、均腐土、人为土,分别占发生分类半淋溶土总面积的51.3%、35.2%、10.7%和2.8%,其中包含了系统分类的22个土类和38个亚类.对发生分类某一类型土壤分属于系统分类不同类型的面积比例及其标准偏差的分析表明,土壤参比归属的单元级别越低,越易于参比和把握.研究结果对于土壤类型的正确参比、中国土壤系统分类的应用具有很好的参考价值.     

The use of understory species as indicators of landform ecosystem type in heavily disturbed forest: an evaluation in the Haut-Saint-Laurent,Quebec

An ecological study of the Municipalité Régionale de Comté (MRC) du Haut-Saint-Laurent area, a highly disturbed landscape located south-west of Montréal (Québec), was carried out. The aim of this study was to establish links between indicator species of ecosystems and geomorphological features in a heavily disturbed background. Analysis to obtain the ecological groups are based on the links of herbaceous plants and shrubs. This approach is defined as a sociological one where grouping is based only on the species' affinity. In order to obtain ecological groups, similarity measures using the chi-square coefficient were calculated on the relative cover values of the 150 retained species from 452 plots. An intermediate linkage cluster analysis was then performed on the similarity matrix thus created. By this procedure, 56 ecological groups were obtained. These groups were then characterized according to abiotic variables, especially the geomorphological data, by the use of binary discriminant analysis. Results indicate that 39 of these 56 groups were significantly associated specifically with one of 10 morphogenic features, while 13 of these 56 groups were associated with 2 or 3 features. The ecological groups which were associated with one specific geomorphological process showed a strong link to one texture and one specific drainage class. On the other hand, the groups which were associated with several features were linked with one drainage class, usually imperfect, and a certain topographic situation. However, ecological groups showing a strong association to more than one feature can be of cartographic use, provided soil texture is analysed to determine the origin of the deposit. Finally, the type of deposit becomes non determinant on vegetation where drainage and topographic variables indicate poorly or very poorly drained sites. Non-significant groups should be used as indicators of drainage and topographical conditions but not as indicators of geomorphological deposits. The ecological groups not associated with morphogenic features demonstrated mostly a heliophilic character. Thus, the ubiquitous character of ecological groups is not exclusive to species taking advantage of disturbances.     

井冈山地区莲鱼复合种养模式效益评价

为研究莲鱼复合种养生态系统中的浮游植物群落特征, 及该养殖模式的经济和生态效益, 2019年春季至秋季, 对江西井冈山地区莲鱼种养、莲单种和鱼单养3种种养模式的水质及浮游生物开展了季节调查, 结合当地生产经营, 分析了不同种养模式的经济效益及生态足迹。研究表明, (1)共鉴定出浮游植物7门103种,其中绿藻56种, 蓝藻21种, 硅藻16种, 裸藻3种, 隐藻4种, 金藻2种, 黄藻1种。复合种养模式水体的水质均处于轻污染-无污染状态, 优于单种和单养模式, 且优势种存在季节性差异。(2)冗余分析表明, 水温和溶解氧是影响莲鱼复合种养生态系统浮游植物群落结构的关键环境因子, 总磷(鱼单养模式的主要影响因子)和硝酸氮(莲单养模式的主要影响因子)并不是影响该复合种养模式中浮游植物群落的主要环境因子。(3)莲鱼复合种养经济效益为25200元/公顷, 介于鱼单养和莲单种模式之间, 但其产生每万元利润的生态足迹最低, 为4.48 hm2, 是鱼单养模式的80.9%, 莲单种的33.2%。江西井冈山地区的莲鱼复合种养模式是一种高效益、低生态负荷的综合种养模式, 适宜在当地大面积推广。     

基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化——以张掖市甘州区为例

以干旱内陆河主要生态环境问题为出发点,利用景观生态学方法、空间主成分分析和GIS技术,获取甘州区生态安全格局的分布状况.选取海拔、坡度、自然和文化景观保护区、土壤类型、土壤侵蚀量、植被覆盖度、距道路距离、距工业用地距离、距居民点距离以及距水体距离等10个要素作为约束条件,并采用景观最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道和生态节点来优化生态功能网络的结构及功能.结果表明： 甘州区生态安全综合状况一般,以中等安全水平为主,面积为1318.7 km²,占研究区总面积的36.7%.低度安全水平的区域主要位于研究区北部,占研究区总面积的19.9%.构建了由6条生态廊道、14个生态节点、1个较大的生态源区和若干个小面积源区组成的点、线、面交织的区域生态网络格局,将有效改善研究区的生态安全水平.
     

Analysis and understanding of butterfly community composition based on multivariate approaches and the concept of generalist/specialist strategies

We analyzed butterfly community composition using multivariate analyses. The results of principal components analysis showed that the butterfly community was composed mainly of two species groups. This species grouping was also supported by the results of the cluster analysis (unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic average). Comparing the present results with species classification based on the generalist/specialist concept, the butterfly community was found to be composed of five species groups differing from each other in their ecological characteristics: a specialist group, two intermediate groups and two generalist groups. By comparison of their characteristics, it was suggested that, in the butterfly community, the positions of the specialist group and one of the generalist groups are the endpoints on the generalist/specialist selection spectrum, and the three other groups are positioned between these two extremes. The multivariate analyses showed that the species grouping with the generalist/specialist concept based only on voltinism and larval diet breadth was not sufficient to classify both intermediate and generalist groups, and also succeeded in extracting a typical generalist group from the butterfly community. From these results, we propose and recommend the synergetic application of the generalist/specialist concept and multivariate approaches to the detailed analysis and deeper understanding of community structure and composition.     

Primary Study on Interrelation Between Plant Communities and Environmental Factors in the North Shore of Qinghai Lake

Eighteen plant communities were surveyed by quaduats in the north shore of Qinghai Lake. The communities were analyzed using PCA (principal component analysis) ordination and regression procedure to determine the distribution patterns of the plant communities and relationship between the communities and environmental factors. The results showed that the distribution of the plant communities were closely related to the moisture and salt content of soil. The correlation between species diversity or ecological dominance of the communities and gradient of environmental factors was not significant, but the two indexes of community showed multivarient line relationship with the first principal component, or the gradient of soil water, and the regression model as below: Y =- 4.85 4–1.47X1 4- 10.71X2 (P<0. 01).