核移植技术生产乳腺生物反应器的研究进展

乳腺生物反应器的研制带来了转基因制药业的兴起。但十几年来,显微注射技术一直是生产乳腺生物反应器的唯一实用手段,由于它本身固有的缺点,使得乳腺生物反应器未能有长足的进步。基因打靶与核移植相结合很可能成为生产乳腺生物反应器更有效的途径,它在外源基因定点整合,消除位点效应、降低生产成本、节省时间方面具有明显的优势。     

体细胞基因打靶制备动物乳腺生物反应器的策略与应用

在转基因动物研究中,由于基因表达调控元件的人工拼接和外源基因在动物基因组中随机整合所带来的“位置效应”,致使转基因动物外源基因的表达水平不高并且差异较大。为此,利用定位整合优势,对以基因同源重组为基础的基因打靶技术进行了大量研究。介绍了就利用体细胞基因打靶和核移植技术制备动物乳腺生物反应器的策略和应用情况做一综述,并对提高基因打靶效率的各种策略,打靶细胞的选择,转基因细胞核移植的低融合事件以及基因打靶制备乳腺生物反应器的优越性进行分析。     

核移植技术生产乳腺生物反应器的研究进展

乳腺生物反应器的研制带来了转基因制药业的兴起。但十几年来,显微注射技术一直是生产乳腺生物反应器的唯一实用手段,由于它本身固有的缺点,使得乳腺生物反应器未能有长足的进步。基因打靶与核移植相结合很可能成为生产乳腺生物反应器更有效的途径,它在外源基因定点整合,消除位点效应、降低生产成本、节省时间方面具有明显的优势。     

转基因动物克隆技术的应用及生物反应器的建立

利用转基因克隆技术实现外源基因的导入宿主染色体基因组内稳定整合,并能遗传给后代,已在基因表达与调控的理论研究、人类遗传病动物模型的建立、药用蛋白的生产、抗病育种、人类移植用的器官的研究等方面得到广泛应用。转基因动物的研究与应用也已经成为21世纪生命科学领域最活跃、最具有实际应用价值的方向之一,尤其是作为生物反应器和医学上为人类提供所用器官方面,其经济价值和社会效益将是不可估量。在查阅大量近年来国内外相关资料的基础上,本文以转基因动物克隆为中心,对转基因动物克隆所采用显微注射技术、核移植技术、基因打靶与真核BAC表达载体制备等主要研究技术,以及转基因动物克隆在异种器官移植、构建生物反应器等方面的应用进行了综合性论述与分析,同时阐述了各种转基因技术的优点与缺点,以其为转基因动物克隆研究提供理论基础与技术支撑。     

转基因技术在制备动物乳腺生物反应器中的应用和发展

利用乳腺生物反应器可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白,在制药工业中具有广阔的应用前景。但是,目前采用的转基因技术由于其各自固有的局限性,未能使乳腺生物反应器的研究取得长足的进步。基因打靶技术和核移植技术的发展为乳腺生物反应器的开发注入了新的活力。本文综合近年来国内外文献,阐述了各种转基因技术的优点与缺陷,同时说明了构建“体细胞打靶-克隆技术体系”在制备大动物的乳腺生物反应器中的必要性。     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植研究进展及应用前景

哺乳动物体细胞核移植克隆技术成功于１９９７ 年,曾引起世界范围内的广泛关注,本文综述了体细胞克隆技术在近两年内的最新研究进展及其在生产、医疗和科学研究方面的应用前景。     

克隆猪技术及其在转基因猪研究中的应用

哺乳动物核移植技术是一种可以获得基因组遗传信息完全相同的后代的生物技术。猪体细胞核移植技术包括以下几个环节：卵母细胞的体外成熟、供体细胞的分离和处理、体细胞的核转移、重构胚胎的人工激活、胚胎体外培养和胚胎移植。由于该技术在最近几年的迅速发展,很多实验室已通过该技术成功获得了克隆猪后代。核移植克隆猪技术的出现为生产转基因猪提供了一种有效的方法,并且是目前生产基因打靶猪的惟一方法。至今利用克隆猪技术已经成功获得了一系列的转基因猪和基因敲除猪。以核移植技术产生基因修饰猪目前正处于从基础研究走向应用的过渡阶段。尽管猪体细胞核移植克隆的效率（出生克隆猪数占所用卵数的比例）还不高,但是由于通过该技术能够对猪基因组进行特定的修饰,确保生产的克隆动物100％为转基因动物,从而大大提高了转基因猪的制作效率,可以预料猪核移植技术将会对医药业和农业产生重大的影响。     

哺乳动物体细胞克隆及在动物转基因中的应用

哺乳动物体细胞克隆及转基因技术,近些年发展迅速。尤其1997年‘多利’羊的诞生,对推动哺乳动物克隆及转基因技术的发展具有里程碑式的意义。本文介绍了哺乳动物体细胞克隆的方法,存在的问题和体细胞克隆的机理研究。对这些方法和研究理论进行了讨论,并探讨如何利用克隆技术进行转基因动物的制备。     

现代动物生物技术的发展及应用前景

主要综述了以转基因动物技术、动物克隆技术和基因打靶技术为代表的现代农业动物生物技术的发展历程和重要进展,阐述了其在家畜和家禽的遗传性状和品种改良,扩大优良畜种数量、保护动物遗传资源,开展功能基因研究,实现基因表达调控,生产药用蛋白和再造人类器官等方面的诱人前景。为促进这一技术的尽快产业化和直接服务人类的生产生活提出了建议。     

转基因动物在microRNA研究中的应用

MicroRNA是一类在转录后水平上调节基因表达的非编码小分子RNA,在生物体生理、病理等过程中发挥重要作用．MicroRNA功能的研究将是未来人们关注的焦点．通过转基因技术建立的多种动物模型在整体水平揭示了基因的功能．近年,以microRNA为研究对象的转基因动物模型数量不断增加,构建策略不断丰富．通过miRNA过表达、敲除及敲减等手段已揭示了miRNA在肿瘤、心血管系统疾病等多方面的作用．转基因动物正成为microRNA研究中不可或缺的工具．     

核定位信号肽用于基因转移的研究进展

核定位信号(nuclear localization signal,NLS)是一段富含Arg、Lys的氨基酸序列,它存在于真核细胞核蛋白和病毒蛋白中,并具有引导它们趋向定位核区的功能。近年来发展的利用含核定位信号肽的非病毒载体为基因转移提供了一个崭新的途径。     

Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout pigs expressing both human decay-accelerating factor and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III

Heterozygous alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GT) gene knockout pigs were produced with transgenic pig fetal cells expressing both human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF) and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III). In this study, we assessed the gene targeting efficiency in the transgenic pig fetal cells derived from different fetal tissues such as brain, skin, heart, and liver, or fetal carcass. Targeted cell colonies were selected by hygromycin B. The GT-knockout colonies (KO colonies) were obtained equally from the cells derived from all tissues except liver. Staining with five antibodies against intermediate filaments, all examined KO cell lines stained positive for vimentin with the exception of a colony that stained positive for both vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein simultaneously. This is the first study to produce KO cells from the astrocytes. Some of these KO cell lines were used for nuclear transfer (NT) to obtain KO pig fetuses. Fourteen fetuses were obtained from two recipients of the embryo transfer and eight of them had normal ploidy. The cells from the KO pig fetuses were also used for NT to produce cloned KO pigs. Two healthy clone pigs were born. These pigs were determined to have a heterozygous knockout GT gene and the two transgenes. The cells collected from the KO pigs were shown to have similar expression levels of hDAF and GnT-III compared to their original transgenic pigs and less than a half levels of the alphaGal epitopes existed in wild-type pig cells.     

动物转基因技术的新进展

到目前为止,原核注射是最可靠,也是使用最广泛的动物转基因方法.但该方法存在整合效率太低及不能定点整合的问题.在过去的20年里,出现了一些新的转基因方法,包括精子介导、反转录病毒介导、携带外源基因体细胞的核移植、ＥＳ细胞基因打靶技术等.但这些方法都未能根本地解决存在的问题.最近的一些文献中报道转基因技术在原有方法的基础上做出了改进后,取得了突破性进展.     

Embryonic and genetic manipulation in fish

Fishes,the biggest and most diverse community in vertebrates are good experimental models for studies of cell and developmental biology by many favorable characteristics.Nuclear transplantation in fish has been thoroughly studied in China since 1960s.Fish nuclei of embryonic cells from different genera were transplanted into enucleated eggs generating nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrids of adults.Most importantly,nuclei of cultured goldfish kidney cells had been reprogrammed in enucleated eggs to support embryogenesis and ontogenesis of a fertile fish.This was the first case of cloned fish with somatic cells.Based on the technique of microinjection,recombinant MThGH gene has been transferred into fish eggs and the firsh batch of transgenic fish were produced in 1984.The behavior of foreign gene was characterized and the onsed of the foreign gene replication occurred between the blastula to gastrula stages and random integration mainly occurred at later stages of embryogenesis.This eventually led to the transgenic mosaicism.The MThGH-transferred common carp enhanced growth rate by 2-4 times in the founder juveniles and doubled the body weight in the adults.The transgenic common carp were more efficient in utilizing dietary protein than the controls.An “all-fish” gene construct CAgcGH has been made by splicing the common carp β-actin gene (CA) promoter onto the grass carp growth hormone gene (grGH) coding sequence.The CAgcGH-transferred Yellow River Carp have also shown significantly fast-growth trait.Combination of techniques of fish cell culture,gene transformation with cultured cells and nuclear transplantation should be able to generate homogeneous strain of valuable transgenic fish to fulfil human requirement in 21^st century.     

心肌细胞周期调控的研究进展

尽管分子心脏学在很多方面已经取得了较大的进展,但是有关心脏形成细胞的起源、诱导心脏发生的机理、胚胎期和成人期心肌细胞增殖的调控途径仍然不是很清楚.在最近的研究中,人们对心肌细胞周期调控已有所了解.主要就心肌细胞周期活动和成人心肌细胞发生的研究进展进行了综述.     

体细胞基因打靶-核移植技术研究进展

转基因效率与外源基因表达水平低的现状一直是制约动物生物反应器研究与产业化的主要技术瓶颈。体细胞克隆动物的成功和胚胎干细胞基因打靶技术的逐步完善使得体细胞基因打靶与核移植技术的结合使用成为可能,这就为生产遗传修饰家畜提供了一种新的手段,为动物生物反应器的成功研制提供了新的技术途径。从体细胞基因打靶的载体设计、转染系统的建立、中靶细胞的筛选和鉴定以及培养体细胞寿命等方面阐述了体细胞基因打靶—核移植技术体系的最新研究进展,并对其在异种器官移植、建立动物疾病模型、提高家畜生长性能以及生产药用蛋白等各个领域中的应用前景作了展望 。     

乳腺生物反应器的产业化进展与展望

进入21世纪,伴随着转基因技术的快速发展,转基因动物的研究已经从方法学研究步入了应用性研究阶段。外源基因在转基因动物的特异性表达,尤其是在乳腺的表达,可将转基因动物用作生物反应器进行生物活性蛋白的生产而应用于商业生产。生产出来的药用蛋白具有纯化简单,投资少,成本低,对环境没有任何污染等优点。用转基因动物生产药用蛋白可获得巨大的经济利益,因此成为国内外研究的热点。     

Chloroplast Genetic Engineering: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Chloroplast genetic engineering offers a number of unique advantages, including a high-level of transgene expression, multi-gene engineering in a single transformation event, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, lack of gene silencing, position and pleiotropic effects, and undesirable foreign DNA. Thus far, over forty transgenes have been stably integrated and expressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome to confer important agronomic traits, as well as express industrially valuable biomaterials and therapeutic proteins. The hyperexpression of recombinant proteins within plastid engineered systems offers a cost effective solution for using plants as bioreactors. Additionally, the presence of chaperones and enzymes within the chloroplast help to assemble complex multi-subunit proteins and correctly fold proteins containing disulfide bonds, thereby drastically reducing the costs of in vitro processing. Oral delivery of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague, and canine parvovirus are made possible because of the high expression levels and antibiotic-free selection systems available in plastid transformation systems. Plastid genetic engineering also has become a powerful tool for basic research in plastid biogenesis and function. This approach has helped to unveil a wealth of information about plastid DNA replication origins, intron maturases, translation elements and proteolysis, import of proteins and several other processes. Although many successful examples of plastid engineering have set a foundation for various future applications, this technology has not been extended to many of the major crops. Highly efficient plastid transformation has been recently accomplished via somatic embryogenesis using species-specific chloroplast vectors in soybean, carrot, and cotton. Transgenic carrots were able to withstand salt concentrations that only halophytes could tolerate; more than twice the effectiveness of other engineering attempts. Recent advances in plastid engineering provide an efficient platform for the production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and biomaterials using an environmentally friendly approach. This review takes an in-depth look into the state of the art in plastid engineering and offers directions for further research and development.