共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Raymond V. Barbehenn Zhong Chen† David N. Karowe‡ Angela Spickard§ 《Global Change Biology》2004,10(9):1565-1575
Grasses with the C3 photosynthetic pathway are commonly considered to be more nutritious host plants than C4 grasses, but the nutritional quality of C3 grasses is also more greatly impacted by elevated atmospheric CO2 than is that of C4 grasses; C3 grasses produce greater amounts of nonstructural carbohydrates and have greater declines in their nitrogen content than do C4 grasses under elevated CO2. Will C3 grasses remain nutritionally superior to C4 grasses under elevated CO2 levels? We addressed this question by determining whether levels of protein in C3 grasses decline to similar levels as in C4 grasses, and whether total carbohydrate : protein ratios become similar in C3 and C4 grasses under elevated CO2. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that, among the nonstructural carbohydrates in C3 grasses, levels of fructan respond most strongly to elevated CO2. Five C3 and five C4 grass species were grown from seed in outdoor open‐top chambers at ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (740 ppm) CO2 for 2 months. As expected, a significant increase in sugars, starch and fructan in the C3 grasses under elevated CO2 was associated with a significant reduction in their protein levels, while protein levels in most C4 grasses were little affected by elevated CO2. However, this differential response of the two types of grasses was insufficient to reduce protein in C3 grasses to the levels in C4 grasses. Although levels of fructan in the C3 grasses tripled under elevated CO2, the amounts produced remained relatively low, both in absolute terms and as a fraction of the total nonstructural carbohydrates in the C3 grasses. We conclude that C3 grasses will generally remain more nutritious than C4 grasses at elevated CO2 concentrations, having higher levels of protein, nonstructural carbohydrates, and water, but lower levels of fiber and toughness, and lower total carbohydrate : protein ratios than C4 grasses. 相似文献
2.
The distribution pattern of C3 and C4 grasses was studied in eight sites located between 350 m and 2100 m along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina. Of 139 taxa fifty-nine are C3 and eighty C4 . Species of the C3 tribes (Stipeae, Poeae, Meliceae, Aveneae, Bromeae and Triticeae) and C3 Paniceae species increase in number at higher elevations; only one C3 species was found below 650 m. C4 Aristideae, Pappophoreae, Eragrostideae, Cynodonteae, Andropogoneae and Paniceae increase at lower altitudes. The floristic crossover point is at about 1500 m; the ground cover cross-over point is at about 1000 m. Analysis of the relationships between % C4 species along the gradient and nine climatic and environmental variables showed the highest correlation with July mean temperature, but all temperature variables show highly significant correlations with % C4 . Correlation with annual rainfall is lower but also significant. These results are consistent with previous research showing the relative importance of C4 grasses as temperature increases. C3 species make a high contribution to relative grass coverage below the C3 /C4 floristic crossover point but are rare below 1000 m. 相似文献
3.
Marcelo Cabido Estela Pons Juan José Cantero Juan Pablo Lewis Ana Anton 《Journal of Biogeography》2008,35(1):131-140
Aim Based on the biochemical and physiological attributes of C4 grasses, and on the close association between decarboxylation pathways and the taxa in which they evolved, the hypotheses tested were: (1) that C4 grasses would become progressively more abundant as precipitation decreased, with grasses of the NADP‐me subtype more abundant in wetter sites and those of the NAD‐me subtype more common in arid regions; and (2) that the distribution of grass subfamilies would also be correlated with annual precipitation. Location The study was conducted along a precipitation gradient in central Argentina, from the eastern Pampas (>1000 mm year?1) to the western deserts and semi‐deserts near the Andes (<100 mm year?1). Methods Percentage of species and relative cover of C3 and C4 grasses (including C4 subtypes) in local floras from 15 lowland sites of central Argentina were obtained from our own unpublished data and from recently published floristic surveys. Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained between grass distribution parameters and the available climatic data. Results The percentage of C4 grasses increased towards the arid extreme and showed a strong negative correlation with annual rainfall (r = ?0.74, P < 0.01). Within the C4 subtypes, the NADP‐me species showed a higher proportional representation at the wetter extreme, whereas the representation of NAD‐me species increased towards the more arid extreme. The relationship of PEP‐ck species with climatic parameters in central Argentina was less evident. The distributions of the Panicoideae and Chloridoideae subfamilies along the precipitation gradient were diametrically opposed, with the Panicoideae positively (r = 0.86, P < 0.001) and the Chloridoideae negatively (r = ?0.87, P < 0.001) correlated with annual precipitation. Main conclusions Our data are consistent with the broad observation that C4 grasses tend to dominate in areas where the wet season falls in the warmer summer months. In agreement with previously reported results for Africa, Asia, Australia and North America, we describe here for the first time a significant relationship between annual precipitation and the prevalence of the NADP‐me and NAD‐me photosynthetic pathways along climatic gradients for the Neotropics. We also report for the first time that correlations between C4 species and annual rainfall are stronger when the relative cover of grass species is considered. The association of grass subfamilies Panicoideae and Chloridoideae with rainfall is as strong as that recorded for the NADP‐me and NAD‐me variants, respectively, suggesting that characteristics other than decarboxylation type may be responsible for the geographic patterns described in this study. 相似文献
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O. Ghannoum K. Siebke S. Von Caemmerer & J. P. Conroy 《Plant, cell & environment》1998,21(11):1123-1131
Evidence is presented contrary to the suggestion that C4 plants grow larger at elevated CO2 because the C4 pathway of young C4 leaves has C3-like characteristics, making their photosynthesis O2 sensitive and responsive to high CO2. We combined PAM fluorescence with gas exchange measurements to examine the O2 dependence of photosynthesis in young and mature leaves of Panicum antidotale (C4, NADP-ME) and P. coloratum (C4, NAD-ME), at an intercellular CO2 concentration of 5 Pa. P. laxum (C3) was used for comparison. The young C4 leaves had CO2 and light response curves typical of C4 photosynthesis. When the O2 concentration was gradually increased between 2 and 40%, CO2 assimilation rates (A) of both mature and young C4 leaves were little affected, while the ratio of the quantum yield of photosystem II to that of CO2 assimilation (ΦPSII/ΦCO2) increased more in young (up to 31%) than mature (up to 10%) C4 leaves. A of C3 leaves decreased by 1·3 and ΦPSII/ΦCO2 increased by 9-fold, over the same range of O2 concentrations. Larger increases in electron transport requirements in young, relative to mature, C4 leaves at low CO2 are indicative of greater O2 sensitivity of photorespiration. Photosynthesis modelling showed that young C4 leaves have lower bundle sheath CO2 concentration, brought about by higher bundle sheath conductance relative to the activity of the C4 and C3 cycles and/or lower ratio of activities of the C4 to C3 cycles. 相似文献
7.
YANIS BOUCHENAK-KHELLADI † G. ANTHONY VERBOOM† TREVOR R. HODKINSON NICOLAS SALAMIN‡ OLIVIER FRANCOIS§ GRAINNE NÍ CHONGHAILE VINCENT SAVOLAINEN¶ 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(10):2397-2417
C4 grasses constitute the main component of savannas and are pervasive in other dry tropical ecosystems where they serve as the main diet for grazing animals. Among potential factors driving C4 evolution of grasses, the interaction between grasses and grazers has not been investigated. To evaluate if increased grazing pressure may have selected for higher leaf silica production as the grasses diverged, we reconstructed the phylogeny of all 800 genera of the grass family with both molecular (combined multiplastid DNA regions) and morphological characters. Using molecular clocks, we also calculated the age and number of origins of C4 clades and found that shifts from C3 to C4 photosynthesis occurred at least 12 times starting 30.9 million years ago and found evidence that the most severe drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the late Oligocene (between 33 and 30 million years ago) matches the first origin of C4 photosynthesis in Chloridoideae. By combining fossil and phylogenetic data for ungulates and implementing a randomization procedure, our results showed that the appearance of C4 grass clades and ungulate adaptations to C4 -dominated habitats match significantly in time. An increase of leaf epidermal density of silica bodies was found to correspond to postulated shifts in diversification rates in the late Miocene [24 significant shifts in diversification ( P <0.05) were detected between 23 and 3.7 million years ago]. For aristidoid and chloridoid grasses, increased grazing pressure may have selected for a higher leaf epidermal silica production in the late Miocene. 相似文献
8.
Aim Numerous studies have examined the climatic factors that influence the abundance of C4 species within the grass flora (C4 relative species richness) in various regions throughout the world, but very few have examined the relative abundance of C4 vs. C3 grasses (C4 relative abundance). We sought to determine the climatic factors that influence C4 relative abundance throughout Australia. Location Australia (including Tasmania). Methods We measured C4 relative abundance at 168 locations and measured δ13C (the abundance of 13C relative to 12C) of the bone collagen of 779 kangaroos collected throughout Australia, as bone collagen δ13C was assumed to be proportional to the relative abundance of C4 grasses in the diet. Results Both C4 relative abundance and kangaroo bone collagen δ13C were found to have a strong positive relationship with seasonal water availability, i.e. the distribution of rainfall in the C4 vs. C3 growing seasons (76% and 69% of deviance explained, respectively). There was clear evidence that seasonal water availability was a better predictor of both C4 relative abundance and bone collagen δ13C than other climate variables such as mean annual temperature and January daily minimum temperature. However, seasonal water availability appeared to be a relatively poor predictor of C4 relative species richness, which was most closely related to January daily minimum temperature (90% of deviance explained). Main conclusions Our results highlight the relatively poor relationship between C4 relative abundance and C4 relative species richness, and suggest that these two variables may be related to different climatic factors. They also suggest that caution is required when using C4 relative species richness to infer the relative biomass and productivity of C4 grasses on a global scale. 相似文献
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Bruce J.Macfadden Thure E.Cerling John M..Harris and José Prado 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》1999,8(2):137-149
Carbon and oxygen isotopic data are reported from 116 Pleistocene Equus teeth from sixty-six localities in the New World ranging from 68°N (Alaska, Canada) to 35°S (Argentina). Equus species have been predominantly grazers, and as such, carbon isotopic values of their tooth enamel provide evidence of the Pleistocene distribution of C3 and C4 grasses. The carbon data presented here indicate a gradient (δ13C range of 10 parts/mil) in the relative proportion of C3 and C4 grasses between high latitude and equatorial Equus samples. The largest amount of change from C3 to C4 grasses during the Pleistocene occurred in the mid-latitudes between about 30 to 40°. The oxygen data, which vary proportionately with temperature, indicate a latitudinal gradient (δ18O range of 20 parts/mil) between high-latitude and equatorial Equus samples. The basic pattern of latitudinal gradients of C3/C4 grass distribution and temperature as interpreted from these Pleistocene data is similar to the modern-day. The use of stable isotopes of fossil herbivore teeth represents a new means to interpret Pleistocene climates and terrestrial ecology. 相似文献
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Abstract Ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of the C3-C4 intermediate Neurachne minor S. T. Blake (Poaceae) are compared with those of C3 and C4 relatives, and C3-C4Panicum milioides Nees ex Trin. N. minor consistently exhibits very low CO2 compensation points (τ: 1.0, usually 0.3–0.6 Pa) yet has C3-like δ13C values. CO2 assimilation rates (A) respond like those of C3 plants to a decrease in O2 partial pressure (2 × 104–1.9 × 103 Pa) at ambient CO2 levels, but this response is progressively attenuated until negligible at very low CO2. By contrast, other species of the Neurachneae are clearly either C4 (two spp.) or C3 (seven spp.). For plants grown and measured at different photon flux densities (PFDs), τ for N. minor and P. milioides increases from 0.5 to 1.0, and from 1.0 to 2.1 Pa, respectively, as PFD is decreased from 1860 to 460 μmol m?2s?1. In N. minor, the O2 response of τ is either biphasic as in P. milioides, but much diminished and with a higher transition point, or is very C4-like. As in C4 relatives, inner sheath cells contain numerous chloroplasts. Their walls possess a suberized lamella, which may make them more CO2-tight than bundle sheath cells of P. milioides, contributing to the almost C4-like τ characteristics of N. minor. The biochemical basis of C3-C4 intermediacy is considered. 相似文献
11.
C4 photosynthesis in a single C3 cell is theoretically inefficient but may ameliorate internal CO2 diffusion limitations of C3 leaves 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
S. VON CAEMMERER 《Plant, cell & environment》2003,26(8):1191-1197
Attempts are being made to introduce C4 photosynthetic characteristics into C3 crop plants by genetic manipulation. This research has focused on engineering single‐celled C4‐type CO2 concentrating mechanisms into C3 plants such as rice. Herein the pros and cons of such approaches are discussed with a focus on CO2 diffusion, utilizing a mathematical model of single‐cell C4 photosynthesis. It is shown that a high bundle sheath resistance to CO2 diffusion is an essential feature of energy‐efficient C4 photosynthesis. The large chloroplast surface area appressed to the intercellular airspace in C3 leaves generates low internal resistance to CO2 diffusion, thereby limiting the energy efficiency of a single‐cell C4 concentrating mechanism, which relies on concentrating CO2 within chloroplasts of C3 leaves. Nevertheless the model demonstrates that the drop in CO2 partial pressure, pCO2, that exists between intercellular airspace and chloroplasts in C3 leaves at high photosynthetic rates, can be reversed under high irradiance when energy is not limiting. The model shows that this is particularly effective at lower intercellular pCO2. Such a system may therefore be of benefit in water‐limited conditions when stomata are closed and low intercellular pCO2 increases photorespiration. 相似文献
12.
Models of carbon metabolism in C3 -C4 intermediate plants as applied to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
M. PEISKER 《Plant, cell & environment》1986,9(8):627-635
Abstract Models developed to explain the biphasic response of CO2 compensation concentration to O2 concentration and the C3-like carbon isotope discrimination in C3-C4 intermediate species are used to characterize quantitatively the steps necessary in the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. The evolutionary stages are indicated by model outputs, CO2 compensation concentration and δ13C value. The transition from intermediate plants to C4 plants requires the complete formation of C4 cycle capacity, expressed by the models as transition from C4 cycle limitation by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) regeneration rate to limitation by PEP carboxylase activity. Other steps refer to CO2 leakage from bundle sheath cells, to further augmentations of C4 cycle components, to the repression of ribulose-1,5-bisphos-phate carboxylase in the mesophyll cells, and to a decrease in the CO2 affinity of the enzyme. Possibilities of extending the suggested approach to other physiological characteristics, and the adaptive significance of the steps envisaged, are discussed. 相似文献
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Abstract Evidence is drawn from previous studies to argue that C3—C4 intermediate plants are evolutionary intermediates, evolving from fully-expressed C3 plants towards fully-expressed C4 plants. On the basis of this conclusion, C3—C4 intermediates are examined to elucidate possible patterns that have been followed during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. An hypothesis is proposed that the initial step in C4-evolution was the development of bundle-sheath metabolism that reduced apparent photorespiration by an efficient recycling of CO2 using RuBP carboxylase. The CO2-recycling mechanism appears to involve the differential compartmentation of glycine decarboxylase between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells, such that most of the activity is in the bundlesheath cells. Subsequently, elevated phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activities are proposed to have evolved as a means of enhancing the recycling of photorespired CO2. As the activity of PEP carboxylase increased to higher values, other enzymes in the C4-pathway are proposed to have increased in activity to facilitate the processing of the products of C4-assimilation and provide PEP substrate to PEP carboxylase with greater efficiency. Initially, such a ‘C4-cycle’ would not have been differentially compartmentalized between mesophyll and bundlesheath cells as is typical of fully-expressed C4 plants. Such metabolism would have limited benefit in terms of concentrating CO2 at RuBP carboxylase and, therefore, also be of little benefit for improving water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies. However, the development of such a limited C4-cycle would have represented a preadaptation capable of evolving into the leaf biochemistry typical of fully-expressed C4 plants. Thus, during the initial stages of C4-evolution it is proposed that improvements in photorespiratory CO2-loss and their influence on increasing the rate of net CO2 assimilation per unit leaf area represented the evolutionary ‘driving-force’. Improved resourceuse efficiency resulting from an efficient CO2-concentrating mechanism is proposed as the driving force during the later stages. 相似文献
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Comparative ecophysiology of C3 and C4 plants 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
Abstract. In this review we relate the physiological significance of C4 photosynthesis to plant performance in nature. We begin with an examination of the physiological consequences of the C4 pathway on photosynthesis, then discuss the ecophysiological performance of C4 plants in contrasting environments. We then compare the performance of C3 and C4 plants when they occur together in similar habitats, and finally discuss the distribution of C4 photosynthesis with respect to the physical environment, phylogeny, and life form. 相似文献
16.
The 18O content of CO2 is a powerful tracer of photosynthetic activity at the ecosystem and global scale. Due to oxygen exchange between CO2 and 18O-enriched leaf water and retrodiffusion of most of this CO2 back to the atmosphere, leaves effectively discriminate against 18O during photosynthesis. Discrimination against 18O ( Δ 18O) is expected to be lower in C4 plants because of low ci and hence low retrodiffusing CO2 flux. C4 plants also generally show lower levels of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities than C3 plants. Low CA may limit the extent of 18O exchange and further reduce Δ 18O. We investigated CO2–H2O isotopic equilibrium in plants with naturally low CA activity, including two C4 (Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor) and one C3 (Phragmites australis) species. The results confirmed experimentally the occurrence of low Δ 18O in C4, as well as in some C3, plants. Variations in CA activity and in the extent of CO2–H2O isotopic equilibrium ( θ eq) estimated from on-line measurements of Δ 18O showed large range of 0–100% isotopic equilibrium ( θ eq = 0–1). This was consistent with direct estimates based on assays of CA activity and measurements of CO2 concentrations and residence times in the leaves. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of Δ 18O as indicator of CA activity in vivo. Sensitivity tests indicated also that the impact of θ eq < 1 (incomplete isotopic equilibrium) on 18O of atmospheric CO2 can be similar for C3 and C4 plants and in both cases it increases with natural enrichment of 18O in leaf water. 相似文献
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IRON REQUIREMENTS OF C3 AND C4 PLANTS 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Z. Zhu J. Gerendás R. Bendixen K. Schinner H. Tabrizi B. Sattelmacher U-P. Hansen 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2000,2(5):558-570
Abstract: NH4+‐grown plants are more sensitive to light stress than NO3?‐grown plants, as indicated by reduced growth and intervenal chlorosis of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Measuring the time course of Fv/Fm ratios under photoinhibitory light regimes did not reveal any difference in PS II damage between NO3?‐ and NH4+‐grown plants, in spite of some indications of higher energy quenching in NO3?‐grown plants. Also, a direct action of NH4+ as an uncoupler at the thylakoid membrane could be excluded. Instead, biochemical analysis revealed enhanced lipid peroxidation and higher activity of scavenging enzymes in NH4+‐grown plants indicating that these plants make use of metabolic pathways with stronger radical formation. Evidence for higher rates of photorespiration in NH4+‐grown plants came from experiments showing that electron flux and O2 evolution were decreased by SHAM in NH4+‐grown plants, and by antimycin A in NO3?‐grown plants. Further, the comparison of electron flux and of photoacoustic measurements of O2 evolution suggested that in NH4+‐grown plants the Mehler reaction was also increased, at least in the induction phase. However, the major cause of N form‐dependent stress sensitivity is assumed to be in the coupling between photosynthesis and respiration, i.e., NO3?‐grown plants can utilize the TCA cycle for the generation of C skeletons for amino acid synthesis, thus improving the ATP: reductant balance, whereas NH4+‐grown plants have enhanced rates of photorespiration. 相似文献
19.
Plasma membranes were isolated from green leaves of maize ( Zea mays ), spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), Setaria viridis and wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Omase) by aqueous two-phase partitioning. Carbonic anhydrase activity was detected in these membranes. The activity was inhibited by specific inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase, acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide. The carbonic anhydrase activity was markedly enhanced by the addition of Triton X-100 to the plasma membranes. The highest activity was obtained in the presence of 0.015% detergent. The activity was scarcely affected when the plasma membrane vesicles were treated with proteinase K, but largely inactivated by the protease after treating the membranes with Triton X-100. These results indicate that carbonic anhydrase faces the cytoplasmic side of the membrane since plasma membranes purified by aqueous two-phase partitioning are tightly sealed vesicles of right side-out orientation (apoplastic side-out). With leaves of C4 plants, 20 to 60% of the total carbonic anhydrase activity was found in the microsomal fraction. By contrast, only 1 to 3% of the activity was found in the microsomal fraction from leaves of C3 plants. Western blot analysis showed that a polypeptide in the spinach plasma membrane cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against spinach chloroplast carbonic anhydrase, and that the molecular mass of the plasma membrane enzyme was higher than that of the chloroplast carbonic anhydrase (28 and 26 kDa, respectively). This indicates the presence of different molecular species of carbonic anhydrase in the chloroplast and the plasma membrane. 相似文献
20.
C4 photosynthesis at low temperatures 总被引:12,自引:8,他引:4
S. P. LONG 《Plant, cell & environment》1983,6(4):345-363
Abstract. C4 plants grown in optimum conditions are, by comparison to C3 , capable of higher maximum dry-matter yields and greater efficiencies of water and nitrogen use, yet they are rare outside the subtropics. Both latitudinal and altitudinal limits of C4 distributions correlate most closely with a mean minimum temperature of 8-10°C during the period of active growth. The possibility that the C4 process is inherently incapable of functioning at low temperatures is examined. The reversible effects of chilling on the quantum efficiency of C4 photosynthesis and the functioning of the individual steps in the C4 cycle are examined. Chilling also produces an irreversible loss of capacity to assimilate CO2 which is directly proportional to the light received during chilling. It is suggested that the reversible reduction in capacity to assimilate CO2 and the lack of an alternative pathway for the utilization of lightgenerated reducing power may make C4 species more prone to chilling-dependent photoinhibition. Laboratory studies and limited field observations suggest that this damage would be most likely to occur during photosynthetic induction at the temperatures and light levels encountered on clear, cool mornings during the spring and early summer in cool climates. Even those C4 species occurring naturally in cool climates do not appear fully capable of tolerating these conditions; indeed their growth patterns suggest that they may be adapted by avoiding 'rather than enduring' such conditions. 相似文献