Linkage relationships among five enzyme-coding gene loci in the copepod Tigriopus californicus: A genetic confirmation of achiasmatic meiosis

Linkage relationships among five polymorphic enzyme-coding gene loci in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus have been determined using electrophoretic analysis of progeny from laboratory matings. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) was found to be tightly linked to glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT; EC 2.6.1.2), with only one recombinant observed in 364 progeny; glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT; EC 2.6.1.1) is linked to the PGI-GPT pair, with a recombination fraction of approximately 0.20 in male double heterozygotes. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM; EC 2.7.5.1) and an esterase (EST; EC 3.1.1.1) are not linked to the PGI, GPT, GOT grouping, which has been designated linkage group I. Reciprocal crosses have revealed that no recombination occurs in female T. californicus; this observation confirms a previous report that meiosis in female Tigriopus is achiasmatic.     

Erythrocytenenzyme der Primaten

Zusammenfassung Die Adenylatkinasen der Primaten zeigen eine genetisch determinierte Variabilität. Bei der Untersuchung von 334 subhumanen Primaten (289 Simiae der Alten Welt, 45 Prosimiae) konnten wir vier Adenylatkinase-Varianten nachweisen: die AK 1, die bei allen Menschenpopulationen eine hohe Frequenz besitzt und bei den Pongidae ausschließlich vorkommt, wurde nur bei Cercopithecus aethiops und Lemur catta angetroffen; die AK 3, eine beim Menschen sehr selten vorkommende Variante, besitzt bei den Simiae der Alten Welt eine auffallend hohe Frequenz und kommt auch bei einigen Vertretern der Prosimiae vor; die AK 5 und AK 6, weit anodisch wandernde Varianten, die bislang beim Menschen nicht nachgewiesen wurden, fanden wir bei Vertretern der Prosimiae.-Die Varianten AK 2 und AK 4 wurden bei den subhumanen Primaten nicht vorgefunden.

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Red cell enzymes of primatesAdenylate kinase; EC: 2.7.4.3

Summary The polymorphism of adenylate kinase has been investigated in 334 subhuman Primates (289 Old World Monkeys and 45 Prosimians). Four adenylate kinase variants were found to be present: AK 1, most frequent in human populations and exclusively present in the Pongidae, only occurs in the African Cercopithecus aethiops and the Madagasian Lemur catta; AK 3, extremely rare in human populations, is a common phenotype of Old World Monkeys and also present in some Prosimians; AK 5 and AK 6, faster anodal migrating adenylate kinase variants not present in human populations, were found in other Prosimians.-AK 2 and AK 4, probably specific for humans, were not detected in subhuman Primates.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Genetic studies in Saudi Arabia: red cell enzyme, haemoglobin and serum protein polymorphisms.

Population genetic studies in Saudi Arabia are performed for EsD, GPT, AcP, ADA, AK, 6-PGD, PGM, C3, Tf, Hp, Gc, Pi, Bf, Hb, ABO-blood groups and Rh-factor, level of the third component of complement and immunoglobulins. The data are compared with reported frequencies in European and African populations.     

Zur genetik der 6-Phosphogluconatdehydrogenase (EC:1.1.1.44) bei Säugern

Zusammenfassung Das Enzym 6-PGD zeigt bei den verschiedensten Species einen genetisch gesteuerten Polymorphismus, der sich bei elektrophoretischer Darstellung in einer Variabilität des Isoenzymmusters äußert. Die Befunde bei den bislang untersuchten Säugern unter Einschluß des Menschen lassen sich formalgenetisch nach dem Modell: 1 Genlocus mit multipler Allelie interpretieren. Zur Prüfung der Frage, ob das Säugergenom einheitlich nur ein Gen für dieses Enzym enthält oder ob bei einzelnen Species eine Duplikation dieses Gens existiert, wurdene eine Anzahl Säuger verschiedener Ordnungen untersucht. In einer ersten Mitteilung wird hier über 6 verschiedene Species der Microtinae berichtet. Die Befunde sprechen durchweg für die Existenz von jeweils nur 1 Genlocus der 6-PGD. Bei Microtus oeconomus wurden 2 Allele an diesem locus nachgewiesen, bei Microtus ochrogaster 3 verschiedene Allele. Durch Familienuntersuchungen bei diesen beiden Species werden alle möglichen Kombinationen dieser Allele nachgewiesen.

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The genetics of 6-PGD (EC: 1.1.1.44) in various mammals I. Studies on 6 species of Microtinae, Rodentia. Isoenzyme polymorphism and family studies in Microtus oeconomus and Microtus ochrogaster

Summary The enzyme 6-PGD exhibits a genetically determined polymorphism which results in a variability of the isoenzyme pattern. In mammals so far examined the findings are to be interpreted according to the model of multiple alleles at one single gene locus. In order to test whether the mammalian genome is uniformly endowed with one single locus for this enzyme or whether a duplication of this locus is present in certain species, we examined various mammals of different orders. Our results in this first communication on 6 different Microtinae species are all in agreement with the assumption of a single 6-PGD locus. In Microtus oeconomus 2 alleles could be demonstrated and in Microtus ochrogaster 3 different alleles. Family studies performed with both species revealed the occurrence of all the expected combinations of these alleles.

     

Zur transspezifischen Variabilität der 6-Phosphogluconatdehydrogenase (E.C.: 1.1.1.44) der Primaten

Zusammenfassung Die 6-Phosphogluconatdehydrogenasen in Erythrocyten der Primaten lassen eine transspezifische Variabilität erkennen, die durch Ladungsunterschiede bedingt wird. Mit der Stärkegelelektrophorese können sechs verschiedene Enzymvarianten differenziert werden. Neben der 6-PGD A, die bei allen Menschenpopulationen eine sehr hohe Frequenz besitzt, und der 6-PGD B, der beim Menschen sehr selten vorkommenden Canning Variante, konnte bei subhumanen Primaten eine schneller wandernde Variante 6-PGD F und eine langsamer wandernde Variante 6-PGD C nachgewiesen werden. Bei den Simiae der Neuen Welt kommen zwei weitere Varianten vor: 6-PGD B mit einer elektrophoretischen Position zwischen 6-PGD B und 6-PGD A und 6-PGD A mit einer solchen zwischen 6-PGD A und 6-PGD F. Die Verteilung der verschiedenen 6-Phosphogluconatdehydrogenase-Phänotypen von 428 subhumanen Primaten wurde ermittelt.

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Transspecific variability of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in primates

Summary The 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in the erythrocytes of Primates show a transspecific variability, caused by differences in charge. Six kinds of genetically determined enzymes are distinguishable by means of starchgel-electrophoresis. Besides the 6-PGD A, the usual phenotype most frequent in human populations, and the 6-PGD B, the Canning variant very rare in human populations, a faster anodal migrating variant 6-PGD F and a slow migrating variant 6-PGD C were found to be present in subhuman Primates. In addition in some New World Monkeys two further variants could be demonstrated: 6-PGD B with an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between 6-PGD B and 6-PGD A and 6-PGD A with an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between 6-PGD A and 6-PGD F. The distribution of the various 6-PGD phenotypes in 428 subhuman Primates was estimated.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Studies of enzymes connected with erythrocyte glutathione metabolism in a rural tropical population

Summary The activities of the erythrocyte enzymes hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PO) were determined in a group of 12 Europeans and in a group of 103 male Thai subjects in northern Thailand. In the Thai group there were 16 subjects with G-6-PD deficiency and 28 subjects with abnormally low levels of GR activity. A comparison of the enzyme activities in the different subgroups indicated that HK and 6-PGD are not influenced by G-6-PD deficiency whereas GR and GSH-PO activities are significantly higher in G-6-PD deficient subjects. In the group with low GR activity G-6-PD and GSH-PO showed a tendency to an elevation of activity when compared with the normal control group. Significant positive correlations exist between G-6-PD and 6-PGD in the normal group and between GR and GSH-PO in the G-6-PD deficient group. A negative correlation between GR and GSH-PO was present in the group with low GR activities. A study of the families of subjects with low activity of GR did not yield evidence for the existence of a deficiency polymorphism.

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Zusammenfassung Bei 12 Europäern und einer Gruppe von 103 männlichen thailändischen Versuchspersonen wurden die Aktivitäten der Erythrocytenenzyme Hexokinase (HK), Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase (6-PGD), Glutathion-Reduktase (GR) und Glutathion-Peroxidase (GSH-PO) bestimmt. In der Thai-Gruppe waren 16 Personen mit G-6-PD-Mangel und 28 Personen mit abnormal niedrigen Aktivitäten der GR. Ein Vergleich der Enzymaktivitäten in verschiedenen Untergruppen zeigte, daß HK und 6-PGD durch G-6-PD-Mangel nicht beeinflußt werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu sind die Aktivitäten der GR und der GSH-PO bei G-6-PD-Mangel signifikant erhöht. In der Gruppe mit erniedrigter GR-Aktivität bestand eine Tendenz zu erhöhten Werten für G-6-PD und GSH-PO. Die Korrelationen zwischen G-6-PD und 6-PGD in der Gruppe mit normaler G-6-PD und die zwischen GR und GSH-PO in der Gruppe mit G-6-PD-Mangel waren signifikant. In der Gruppe mit erniedrigter GR-Aktivität fand sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen GR und GSH-PO. Die Untersuchungen in Familien von Personen mit niedriger GR-Aktivität ergaben keinen sicheren Hinweis auf das Vorliegen eines GR-Mangel-Polymorphismus in der untersuchten Bevölkerung.

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Established and supported by Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Hannover.     

Electrophoretic Analysis of Isoenzymes in the Identification of Trypanosomatids of the Genus Phytomonas1

Five strains of trypanosomatids of the genus Phytomonas, isolated from different species of Euphorbia {Euphorbia heterophylla, E. characias, E. pinea, E. hyssopifolia) and from Manihot escutenta, were cultured and compared through the electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40). The strains could be distinguished from one another by their respective isoenzyme profiles.     

Analyse der Koppelung zwischen dem HL-A-System und anderen Loci

Zusammenfassung Die Koppelung der HL-A-Gene mit den Loci ABO, Rh, MNSs, P, Fy, Jk, K, SEP, PGM ₁, AK, ADA, GPT, Hp, Gm, Inv, Gc, Pt und Se wurde mit Hilfe der Lod-score-Methode untersucht. Es wurde dabei kein Hinweis für eine enge Koppelung zwischen den HL-A-Loci und den anderen Genorten gefunden.

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Analysis of the linkage between the HL-A loci and the genes of other markers

Summary The linkage of the HL-A genes with the loci ABO, Rh, MNSs, P. Fy, Jk, K, acP, PGM ₁, AK, ADA, GPT, Hp, Gm, Inv, Gc, Pt and ABH secretion was analyses using the lod-score method. There was no evidence for a close linkage between the HL-A loci and the genes of the other markers.

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National Blood Group Reference Laboratory (WHO), National Tissue Typing Reference Laboratory (Council of Europe)     

Polymorphism of erythrocyte phosphoglucomutase,adenylate kinase and adenosine deaminase in northern Thailand

Summary Phenotypes of the erythrocyte enzymes phosphoglucomutase (PGM) (n-587), adenylate kinase (AK) (n=695), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) (n=616) were determined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in Thai subjects from norther Thailand, mainly from the provinces of Chiang Mai and Lamphun. The following gene frequencies were calculated: PGM ₁ ¹ 0.7385 PGM ₁ ² 0.2487 PGM ₁ ⁶ 0.0102 PGM ₁ ⁷ 0.0026, AK ¹ 0.9950 AK ² 0.0050, ADA ¹ 0.9180 ADA ² 0.0820.The regular, apparently autosomal transmission of the PGM ₁ ⁶ and PGM ₁ ⁷ alleles was demonstrated in 7 families revealing sufficient data.

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Zusammenfassung Die Phänotypen der Erythrocytenenzyme Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) (n=587), Adenylatkinase (AK) (n=695), and Adenosindeaminase (ADA) (n=616) wurden mittles horizontaler Stärkegelelektrophorese bei Thailändern aus Nordthailand, hauptsächlich aus den Provinzen Chiang Mai und Lamphun, bestimmt. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wurden die in der englischen Zusammenfassung angegebenen Genfrequenzen berechnet. Die regelmäßige, anschinend autosomale Vererbung der Allele PGM ₁ ⁶ und PGM ₁ ⁷ wurde in 7 Familien mit ausreichenden Daten nachgewiesen.

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Established and supported by Stiftung Volkswagenwerk.     

The polymorphism of alanine aminotransferase (EC:2.6.1.2): Densitometrical assay

Summary The variable differences in catalytic activity corresponding to identical charges of the gene products are particularly striking within the heterozygous phenotypes. By means of densitometry the portions of the gene products GPT 1 and GPT 2 are allowed to be described, quantitatively.Moreover, variants are described, which differ from the normal electrophoretic pattern of the heterozygotes showing different remainder activities of the gene product GPT 1.

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Zusammenfassung Die Variabilität der Aktivität der Genprodukte mit gleicher Ladung ist besonders auffällig bei den heterozygoten Phänotypen. Mit Hilfe der Densitometrie lassen sich die Anteile der Genprodukte GPT 1 und GPT 2 quantitativ beschreiben. So verhalten sich in der Regel die Intensitäten der Banden 1:2–1:2 wie 4:3:2.Außerdem existieren Varianten, die vom normalen Heterozygotenmuster abweichen und unterschiedliche Restaktivitäten für das Genprodukt GPT 1 aufweisen. Bei einer Variante GPT 2-1 verhalten sich die Proportionen der Bandenintensitäten gleich, bei der Variante GPT 2-1 M (Marburg) ist die Aktivität des Genproduktes GPT 1 um 83% gemindert gegenüber dem intakten Genprodukt GPT 1.

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Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Genetic studies in Ecuador: Acetylator phenotypes,red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms of Shuara Indians

Population genetic studies of Shuara Indians in Ecuador are performed for GPT, AP, PGM₁, Ak, EsD, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, C3, Bg, ChE, Tf, Pi, Bf phenotypes, IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C3-proactivator, C4 levels and acetylator phenotypes. Some systems having a polymorphism in many other populations showed a lack of some of those alleles in the population under study (C3, ChE, Tf, AK and almost absent 6-PGD, Bg, Bf).     

中国内蒙古鄂伦春、鄂温克、达斡尔族人五种酶型和二种血清型遗传多样性分析

应用G6PD ACP ADA AK1和GC-Tf同步电泳的方法及GPT凝胶电泳的方法,分别对内蒙古境内鄂温克、鄂伦春、达斡尔族人476份血痕红细胞酶型:GPT、6-PGD、ACP、ADA、AK1和血清型GC、Tf的遗传多样性进行检测。根据所测表型频率分布、计算出基因频率分布,识别能力和累积识别能力,就其多态性特征及其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值进行了分析讨论。同国内外不同资料进行了比较研究,阐明了三群体上述酶型和血清型遗传多样性分布的规律和特点。从血型遗传学角度探讨了鄂伦春、鄂温克、达斡尔族间的族源、血缘关系。被调查人群中未发现各酶型和血清型的变异型。     

Variations in the activity of several enzymes in the mammary glands of non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating rabbits

1. The enzymes phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) were assayed in rabbit mammary glands at various stages of the pregnancy-lactation cycle. 2. The activities of all enzymes were low during pregnancy and, with the exception of phosphofructokinase, in non-pregnant animals. Two- to ten-fold increases in enzyme activities occurred over the first 20 days of lactation. Although milk yield was considerably decreased, the enzyme activities remained elevated in late lactation (45 days after parturition). 3. These findings are discussed in relation to mammary-gland metabolism and compared with similar observations previously made on ruminants and other small mammals.     

Expression and distribution of cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize

Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression. This research was supported by grants from the United States Department of Agriculture (Individual Postdoctoral Grant 89-37264-4837 to J.B.-S.) and the National Institutes of Health (Postdoctoral Grant 5-F32-GM11112-03 to J.B.-S. and Research Grant 2-R01-GM21734 to M.F.).     

中国20个民族中PGM_1及其亚型EsD、GLO1、AK、ADA和6-PGD酶型分布调查

调查了汉族、鄂伦春、赫哲、朝鲜、蒙古、羌、土家、苗、侗、畲、壮、纳西、傈僳、白、彝、景颇、哈尼、傣、维吾尔和塔吉克等20个民族的PGM_1及其亚型,EsD、GLO_1、AK、ADA和6-PGD等酶型的分布及基因频率。PGM_1及其亚型、EsD和GLO_1在中国各民族中是分布较好的,个人识别能力较高的酶。有12个民族查出有PQM_1~6基因,壮族的频率最高,PGM_1 6-1表型达4.15％。对在4174份血样中所检出的带有PGM_1~6基因的68份血样做亚型分析,在凝胶上PGM_1~6谱带均在同一位置上。EsD_1基因频率的总趋向是北方各民族高于南方。哈尼、傈僳、傣、纳西、畲、壮、侗和苗等民族EsD2-2表型达15％以上,哈尼族高达32.4％。GLO1~1基因频率塔吉克和维吾尔族为0.2927和0.2112,羌族为0.0583,其它各族在0.0714—0.1527。各民族AK~1、ADA和6-PGD~(?)基因频率均甚高。     

Distribution of blood groups, serum markers and red cell enzymes in two human populations from Northern Siberia

555 individuals were examined in relation to the ABO (with A1 and A2 subtypes), MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell and Duffy systems. Less individuals were studied for the Kidd and Diego systems as well as for transferrins, haptoglobins and red cell enzymes, i.e. PGM1, 6-PGD, AK, and AcP. Besides, several Gm and Km (1) factors were also studied.     

Red cell antigen,serum protein,and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in inhabitants of the Jimi Valley,Western Highlands,New Guinea

Summary A series of blood samples from four villages in the Jimi Valley, Western New Guinea Highlands, has been tested for genetic variation in blood group, serum protein, and red cell enzyme systems. Polymorphic variation was present for the ABO, MNS, P, and Rh blood group systems, for the Hp and Tf serum protein systems, and for the acid phosphatase, 6-PGD, PGM, MDH, and ADA enzyme systems. One each of the following variants was detected: Ge(a-), G6PD deficient, AK2-1 and PHI 7-1 or 8-1. All samples tested were C^w-, K-, Kp(a-), Wr(a-), Fy)a+b-), Rd-, and LDH normal.Genetic distance analysis places the Jimi Valley populations closer to peoples of the Chimbu-Chuave and Wahgi-Hagen areas than to the Maring people of the Simbai Valley to the north.     

Nitrite reduction in barley-root plastids: Dependence on NADPH coupled with glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases,and possible involvement of an electron carrier and a diaphorase

Plastids from roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were isolated by discontinuous Percoll-gradient centrifugation. Coinciding with the peak of nitrite reductase (NiR; EC 1.7.7.1, a marker enzyme for plastids) in the gradients was a peak of a glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) and NADP⁺-linked nitrite-reductase system. High activities of phosphohexose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glc6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH; EC 1.1.1.44) were also present in the isolated plastids. Thus, the plastids contained an overall electron-transport system from NADPH coupled with Glc6PDH and 6PGDH to nitrite, from which ammonium is formed stoichiometrically. However, NADPH alone did not serve as an electron donor for nitrite reduction, although NADPH with Glc6P added was effective. Benzyl and methyl viologens were enzymatically reduced by plastid extract in the presence of Glc6P+ NADP⁺. When the plastids were incubated with dithionite, nitrite reduction took place, and ammonium was formed stoichiometrically. The results indicate that both an electron carrier and a diaphorase having ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase activity are involved in the electron-transport system of root plastids from NADPH, coupled with Glc6PDH and 6PGDH, to nitrite.Abbreviations Cyt cytochrome - Glc6P glucose-6-phosphate - Glc6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - MVH reduced methyl viologen - NiR nitrite reductase - 6PG 6-phosphogluconate - 6PGDH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase     

A genetic study of blacks from Trinidad

A series of 171 blacks from Trinidad, West Indies, was studied with respect to haemoglobin types, serum protein systems (Tf and Gc subtypes) and red cell enzyme types (AcPh, 6-PGD, AK, EsD, GLO and PGM1). The average Caucasian admixture was estimated at 25%.     

Activity of some glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes during the development of adventitious roots

Activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK, EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (NAD) dehydrogenase [G-3-PD(NAD), EC 1.2.1.12], glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD, EC 1.1.1.49), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD, EC 1.1.1.44) were determined in bean cuttings (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Top Crop) over 4 days, encompassing adventitious root primordium initiation and development. Effects of applied auxin and “endogenous root-forming stimulus”(ERS) on enzyme activities, concentrations of reducing sugars, and primordium development were also determined during the first 4 days of propagation. Effects of auxin were determined through use of applied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Effects of ERS were evaluated by means of decapitation of cuttings. Increased basipetal transport and increased metabolism of reducing sugars occurred in leafy cuttings in response to applied IAA and to ERS. Primordium development and activities of the four enzymes increased in leafy cuttings under conditions that simultaneously increased basipetal transport and metabolism of reducing sugars. Three types of enzyme activity response were found: (i) activity increased over time by ERS and by applied IAA [G-3-PD(NAD)], (ii) activity increased over time by ERS but not by applied IAA (PFK, G-6-PD), (iii) activity increased over time but not by ERS or applied IAA (6-PGD). Increases in G-3-PD(NAD), G-6-PD, and PFK activity in leafy cuttings were positively related to primordium development. 6-PGD activity increased in leafy cuttings during primordium development and may have supported it. However, equal increases occurred in decapitated cuttings, in which the long-term development of primordia was supressed. Results for G-3-PD(NAD) that were obtained in an experiment with jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedling cuttings were similar to results for the same enzyme in bean cuttings. G-3-PD(NAD) activity in naphthaleneacetic acid-treated jack pine cuttings increased with time, in comparison with untreated cuttings, before root emergence.