兰州地区腹泻患儿中人博卡病毒1～4型流行病学研究

了解兰州地区病毒性腹泻患儿中人博卡病毒1~4型(HBoV1~4型)的流行情况及临床特点,并探讨HBoV与急性胃肠炎的疾病相关性。收集兰州大学第一医院2012年7月至2013年6月5岁以下腹泻患儿的粪便标本331份,采用PCR方法检测人博卡病毒,同时检测常见的肠道病毒。331份标本中共检出博卡阳性标本49例(14.80%),其中HBoV1~4型分别检测出26例、15例、7例和1例。分析其流行规律发现HBoV相关的腹泻全年散发,无明显季节分布。HBoV感染的患儿年龄为11.04±6.92月龄,高发年龄是7~12月龄。2岁以下患儿占HBoV阳性患儿总数的93.88%。HBoV与其他病毒混合感染率为71.3%,以混合轮状病毒为主。HBoV感染对腹泻患儿的发热和呕吐发生率无明显影响。检测出一例罕见的HBoV4病毒LZFB086,与泰国(序列号JQ267789)参考株的同源性为99.0%。未检测出HBoV2B型。从研究结果得出我国兰州地区人博卡病毒以HBoVl为主,在我国首次发现HBoV4病毒。HBoV1~4与其他病毒的混合感染率高,主要是混合轮状病毒。HBoV可能不是导致急性胃肠炎的致病病原。     

湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中诺如病毒的分子生物学特点初步研究

本文初步研究了湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中检出的诺如病毒的分子生物学特征。收集湖州市2008年和2009年2起非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中采集的患者粪便标本,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对其进行诺如病毒核酸检测,并对核酸阳性标本进行RNA多聚酶部分区域的RT-PCR扩增。选取阳性扩增产物进行纯化及序列测定,结合诺如病毒GI、GII各基因型参考株进行核苷酸序列遗传进化分析。结果2起疫情均同时检出了GI和GII型诺如病毒。随后对其中4份RNA多聚酶区扩增阳性的标本进行测序及序列分析,结果发现2008年检出的2株GI型诺如病毒均为GI/2基因型;而2009年检出的1株GI型诺如病毒为GI/3基因型,另一株GII型诺如病毒则与近些年欧洲和亚洲相继出现的遗传组GII的新基因型GIIb的各代表株同源性最高,为GIIb基因型。这说明湖州地区流行的诺如病毒存在很高的遗传多样性,并且不同时间流行的基因型也存在一定差异。这也是国内首次在急性病毒性胃肠炎暴发中检出诺如病毒GIIb变异株。     

多重RT-PCR用于临床检测三种胃肠炎病毒的研究

轮状病毒、诺瓦克病毒和星状病毒是引起病毒性胃肠炎的主要病原因子。研究采用JV12/JV13、P1/P2和Mon340/Mon348三对引物,建立了同时检测这3种病毒的多重RT-PCR技术,并应用于128份临床粪便样本的检测,检出轮状病毒62份(48.44%),诺瓦克病毒8份(6.25%),星状病毒11份(8.59%)。在灵敏度试验中,轮状病毒的检测灵敏度为5pg/mL、诺瓦克病毒和星状病毒的检测灵敏度均为50pg/mL。该研究所建立3种常见胃肠炎病毒的多重RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高的特点,可用于临床病原诊断和溯源。     

人轮状病毒的细胞培养分离

用CV-1细胞从急性腹泻病儿7份粪便标本中直接分离出4株人轮状病毒(HRV),并适应传代14代。感染细胞出现特征性细胞病变,经电镜、ELISA、免疫荧光染色及病毒RNA电泳等试验证实HRV毒株在CV-1细胞中的繁殖及抗原特异性。病毒滴度为10~(6.0)TCID_(60)。分离的4株HRV毒株均为RNA电泳型长型,经CV-1细胞传7～14代后,RNA图型与原粪样相比未见变异。     

2010-2013年上海长宁地区成人轮状病毒急性胃肠炎的分子特征

为研究上海长宁地区成人轮状病毒急性胃肠炎的分子特征,收集2010年6月-2013年12月长宁区定点医院成人急性胃肠炎患者的粪便标本1 554份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA)进行A组轮状病毒检测,多重聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)进行B组和C组轮状病毒检测.结果显示,1 554例患者的平均年龄为(46.19±15.59)岁,其中男性691例、女性863例.共检出轮状病毒200株,检出率为12.87％.18～39岁组的轮状病毒检出率为9.15％,40～59岁组为15.58％,60～79岁组为15.16％,≥80岁组为18.57％.A组轮状病毒基因型检测结果显示,G型以G9亚型最多(29.82％),P型以P[8]亚型最多(77.19％),GP组合以G9P[8]最多(25.73％).结果提示,2010-2013年上海长宁地区成人轮状病毒急性胃肠炎在就诊患者中以中老年多见,基因型以G9P[8]最多.     

从急性腹泻儿童中检出的人博卡病毒2型的研究

为了调查北京地区急性腹泻患儿中人博卡病毒2型（HBoV2）的流行情况并了解这一病毒的基因组特征,本研究收集2010年11月至2011年10月到首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院门诊就诊的急性腹泻患儿的粪便标本553例,采用荧光实时PCR进行HBoV2 DNA的检测。选择2例病毒载量较高的阳性标本进行HBoV2各基因片段的扩增并测序。将所测到的序列进行拼接后得到完整的基因组序列并与GenBank中的相关序列进行比较分析。结果显示,553例粪便标本中共检出HBoV2阳性标本15例,阳性率为2.7%;各年龄组中,3~6月龄患儿中的HBoV2 DNA阳性检出率最高（4.1%）;所检年度中,7月份阳性检出率最高（7.0%）;15例HBoV2检测阳性的患儿年龄均在2岁以下,其中4例患儿同时检出了诺如病毒,3例患儿同时检出了轮状病毒,1例检出了腺病毒。经测序得到两株接近完整的HBoV2基因组序列BJQ19和BJQ390;序列分析表明,这两株序列的同源性为99.2%,与GenBank中的FJ375129同源性最高,分别为99.1%和99.2%,为典型的HBoV2。上述结果表明,北京地区部分儿童的急性腹泻可能与HBoV2感染相关,且HBoV2感染在低年龄组儿童中更为常见。     

肠道传播非甲非乙肝炎在恒河猴中的传代研究

用ET-NANBH感染的两只猴(R5和R6)含病毒颗粒的粪便悬液和肝组织悬液分别接种7只和4只恒河猴,分别有5只猴和4只猴在攻毒后20—49天内ALT开始升高,持续时间为7—10天,肝组织学的特征性改变为肝细胞的嗜酸性变和嗜酸小体的形成。在猴ALT升高前2—3天和升高后一周内均检查到大量的27—34nm的病毒样颗粒,这些颗粒只与ET-NANBH病人血清、黑猩猩和猴感染后急性期和恢复期血清发生特异性聚集。在猴感染后血清中未检出抗-HAV、抗-HAV-IgM、HBsAg和抗-HBe-IgM。结果提示:恒河猴是研究ET-NANBH较适宜的动物模型;病人和猴粪便中的27—34nm的病毒样颗粒是ET-NANBH的病原因子。     

江苏省南京市和无锡市两地首次检出人星状病毒HAstV-1a基因亚型

了解江苏省南京市和无锡市两地夏秋季急性胃肠炎人星状病毒(HastV)的基因亚型。收集2015~2016年6~11月江苏省南京市和无锡市两地夏秋季急性胃肠炎患者粪便标本,采用real-time RT-PCR法检测粪便中HAstV的病毒核酸,对阳性标本ORF2区进行RT-PCR扩增及测序,与GenBank公开的序列进行比对,分析基因亚型情况。江苏省南京市和无锡市两地夏秋季急性胃肠炎HAstV感染的比例为15.26%,其中50%为合并其它急性胃肠炎病毒感染,HAstV感染以秋季流行为主,包含HAstV-1a(group 2)亚型和HAstV-4c基因亚型,并且这2个亚型在两地均有分布。HastV在婴幼儿人群中感染率较高;HAstV-1a亚型为在江苏省南京市和无锡市两地首次发现及报道的亚型,可能为欧美输入性毒株,本研究为进一步了解国内HAstV分子流行特征提供依据。     

云南省昭通市婴幼儿急性胃肠炎中轮状病毒的研究

本文报道应用PACE、EM、ELISA检测技术,对1982年10月到1985年12月间采自云南省昭通市的婴幼儿急性胃肠炎患者大便标本中的A组轮状病毒(RV)和腺病毒(Adv)的研究结果。从309例标本中共检出169例含有RV,阳性率为54.7％。在不同性别间RV检出率没有显著差异。RV>6月～24月龄患儿组中的检出率(59.1％)显著高于(?)6月龄患儿组(33.3％)(P<0.01)。10月至1月是PV胃肠炎流行的高峰季节,在这一季节中RV的检出率(65.1％)显著高于其它季节(P<0.001)。对RV基因RNA的分子流行病学研究发现,1984年2月至1985年12月间在昭通市流行的RV全为第二亚组。Adv在婴幼儿急性胃肠炎中的检出率为16.7％。结果表明,RV是昭通市婴幼儿急性胃肠炎的主要病原体,它的流行具有明显的季节性。     

临床和非临床分离沙门菌的菌型分布及对抗生素的耐药性研究

目的：探讨沙门菌在腹泻病人粪便、外环境污水和部分动物标本中的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。方法：采用血清学方法对沙门菌进行分群和分型,采用K—B法进行抗生素耐药性测定。结果：410份临床腹泻病人标本和514份非临床标本共检出沙门菌93株,检出率为10．1％,其菌型分布为：腹泻病人粪便中检出的均为B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(6／93),非临床标本中的菌型主要为C2群纽波特沙门菌(72／93),还有E1群伦敦沙门菌(7／93)、B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(2／93)和未定型(6／93)。87株沙门菌对青霉素的耐药率最高(96．5％),其次为SMZ TMP(73．6％),未发现对新霉素、链霉素、四环素和阿米卡星的耐药株。结论：实验结果可为研究我省沙门菌的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性提供参考;临床上应加强对鼠伤寒沙门菌引起腹泻的监测。     

Buoyant Density of the Hepatitis A Virus-Like Particle in Cesium Chloride

We recently visualized by immune electron microscopy a virus-like particle in the stools of patients with hepatitis A. The particle measured approximately 27 nm in diameter and morphologically resembled a picornavirus or parvovirus. To further characterize this particle, we have determined its buoyant density in cesium chloride (CsCl) by ultracentrifugation. Hepatitis A particles from three positive stool specimens were isopycnically banded in separate experiments, and the gradient fractions were examined for particles by immune electron microscopy by using hepatitis A convalescent sera. In each experiment, the particles were observed in a normal distribution about a peak fraction with a mean density of approximately 1.4 g/cm(3). The buoyant density of 1.4 g/cm(3) in CsCl together with its morphology and the reported resistance of hepatitis virus to acid, ether, and heat suggest that this particle is parvovirus-like.     

Small spherical viruses in faeces from gastroenteritis patients

Faecal samples from 238 patients with gastroenteritis were examined by direct electron microscopy using grids with thin carbon film. Of these samples 18 were found to contain Norwalk agent-like particles, calicivirus, astrovirus and parvovirus-like particles. Immune electron microscopy was performed on a serum pair and faeces from one of the patients with astrovirus. An antibody response was demonstrated, suggesting that the virus was the etiological agent of the infection.     

Assembly of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like particles

Viral particles of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) consist of three virion structural proteins, including spike protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein. In this report, virus-like particles were assembled in insect cells by the co-infection with recombinant baculoviruses, which separately express one of these three virion proteins. We found that the membrane and envelope proteins are sufficient for the efficient formation of virus-like particles and could be visualized by electron microscopy. Sucrose gradient purification followed by Western blot analysis and immunogold labeling showed that the spike protein could be incorporated into the virus like particle also. The construction of engineered virus-like particles bearing resemblance to the authentic one is an important step towards the development of an effective vaccine against infection of SARS CoV.     

Freeze-fracture studies on barley plastid membranes. VII. Structural changes associated with phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex

Chloroplast thylakoid membranes were isolated from barley at room temperature under redox conditions which ensured that the light-harvesting complex was either non-phosphorylated or phosphorylated. The ultrastructural appearance of these membranes was characterised by rotary shadowed, freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Upon phosphorylation, there was a slight (5%) decrease in the extent of thylakoid stacking, as evidenced by an increase in EFu face particle density. It was concluded from detailed measurements of particle density and size distribution that phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex results in the movement of some of the Photosystem II EFs particles and some of the PFs particles containing the light-harvesting complex from grana to stroma membranes. There was also a slight increase in PFs particle size and the appearance of a population of large particles on this face, which may be due to conformational changes in the light-harvesting complex or to the movement of some Photosystem I particles from stroma to grana membranes.     

Small round structured virus associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Chiba, Japan

In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis which originated in a restaurant in Chiba, Japan, in December, 1987, small round structured virus (SRSV) particles were observed by electron microscopy in 14 of 16 stool specimens from patients. The particles were 30 to 35 nm in diameter, possessed amorphous surface structure surrounded by fine projections and had a buoyant density of 1.36 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. Serological responses to the SRSV were found by immune electron microscopy and Western blot (WB) assay in paired sera of 12 of 19 patients. Furthermore, WB analysis revealed that the antibody against SRSV was cross-reactive to other SRSV, Tokyo 86/510.     

Visualization by Immune Electron Microscopy of a 27-nm Particle Associated with Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis

A 27-nm particle was observed by immune electron microscopy in an infectious stool filtrate derived from an outbreak in Norwalk, Ohio, of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Both experimentally and naturally infected individuals developed serological evidence of infection; this along with other evidence suggested that the particle was the etiological agent of Norwalk gastroenteritis.     

Identification of minireovirus as a Norwalk-like virus in pediatric patients with gastroenteritis.

In 1977, 30- to 32-nm virus-like particles, named minireovirus because of their unique morphologic appearance, were detected by electron microscopy in the stools of infants and young children with gastroenteritis. Sequence analysis of approximately 2,800 consecutive bases derived from overlapping PCR clones of a recent minireovirus clinical isolate showed 52% nucleotide sequence identity with the Norwalk virus sequence and, in addition, demonstrated that the genomic organizations of these two viruses were similar. Our data show that minireovirus is a Norwalk-like virus and should now also be included in the Caliciviridae family.     

Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalised children in the Czech Republic

Our study has been aimed at demonstrating the main role of viruses in the aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old and at pointing out the diagnostic potential of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. A prospective study was conducted to analyse the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in children less than 5 years of age admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases between September 2006 and December 2008. All children were tested by faecal culture, latex agglutination and electron microscopy. A total of 832 children were included in the study. An aetiological agent was detected in 788 children (94.6 %). A bacterial aetiology was found in 22 (2.6 %) children and bacterial–viral co-infection was found in 146 (17.6 %) patients. The most frequent causative agents of gastroenteritis in children were viruses, which were detected in 620 (74.5 %) patients. The main causes of viral gastroenteritis were rotaviruses (detected in 410 children), followed by caliciviruses (42), coronaviruses (28), adenoviruses (19) and astroviruses (14). Dual viral infections were detected in 107 children, with rotavirus–calicivirus co-infection being the most common. Electron microscopy proved to be a more sensitive method in comparison with the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. The major role of viruses in diarrhoeal diseases among children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic has been confirmed. The diagnostic potential of electron microscopy, particularly in small outbreaks of gastroenteritis, was clearly shown.     

Sensitive Detection of Norovirus Using Phage Nanoparticle Reporters in Lateral-Flow Assay

Noroviruses are recognized worldwide as the principal cause of acute, non-bacterial gastroenteritis, resulting in 19-21 million cases of disease every year in the United States. Noroviruses have a very low infectious dose, a short incubation period, high resistance to traditional disinfection techniques and multiple modes of transmission, making early, point-of-care detection essential for controlling the spread of the disease. The traditional diagnostic tools, electron microscopy, RT-PCR and ELISA require sophisticated and expensive instrumentation, and are considered too laborious and slow to be useful during severe outbreaks. In this paper we describe the development of a new, rapid and sensitive lateral-flow assay using labeled phage particles for the detection of the prototypical norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk), with a limit of detection of 10⁷ virus-like particles per mL, one hundred-fold lower than a conventional gold nanoparticle lateral-flow assay using the same antibody pair.