新疆典型盐生植物营养器官盐分积累与生态化学计量特征

对盐生植物体内器官盐分积累和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的研究, 有助于了解盐生植物养分、盐分的分配机制和其对盐渍环境的适应策略。该文选择新疆4种典型的真盐生植物(3种灌木植物: 盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)、小叶碱蓬(Suaeda microphylla)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum), 1种草本植物: 盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为研究对象, 对比研究了它们的根、茎、叶中的盐分积累和C、N、P化学计量特征以及二者间的相关性。结果显示: 1)在生长旺盛期, 4种盐生植物体内盐分积累可形成“盐岛”效应(Na⁺、Cl^-和电导率随盐离子从植物根部向顶端运输过程呈显著增加的趋势)。2) 4种盐生植物中灌木群落的生长主要受到P的限制; 草本群落的生长受N和P (偏P)共同限制。3)器官、物种和二者的交互作用均能影响盐生植物的盐分(除Mg²⁺外)特征和C、N、P生态化学计量特征。4) 4种盐生植物C与N、P之间显著负相关, N与P之间显著正相关。5)盐生植物体内总盐分、Na⁺和K⁺与N、N:P之间呈显著正相关关系, 与C、C:N、C:P之间呈显著负相关关系, 而K⁺和CO₃^2-与P之间却显著正相关。盐生植物体内盐分和养分在应对盐渍环境上存在一定的相互促进关系, 增施N肥有助于盐生植物对氯化物盐渍土的脱盐。这些发现为了解盐渍生境中盐生植物的生理生态适应及盐渍土的改良提供一定的理论依据。     

Changes of the relationships between soil and microbes in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry during ecosystem succession

AimsThe carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry (C:N:P) of soil profoundly influences the growth, community structure, biomass C:N:P stoichiometry, and metabolism in microbes. However, the relationships between soil and microbes in the C:N:P stoichiometry and their temporal dynamics during ecosystem succession are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal patterns of soil and microbial C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during ecosystem succession.MethodsAn extensive literature search was conducted and data were compiled for 19 age sequences of successional ecosystems, including 13 forest ecosystems and 6 grassland ecosystems, from 18 studies published up to May 2016. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the sequential changes in 18 variables that were associated with soil and microbial C, N and P contents and the stoichiometry. Important findings (1) There was no consistent temporal pattern in soil C:N along the successional stages, whereas the soil C:P and N:P increased with succession; the slopes of the linear relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and successional age were negatively correlated with the initial content of the soil organic C within given chronosequence. (2) There was no consistent temporal pattern in microbial C:N:P stoichiometry along the successional stages. (3) The fraction of microbial biomass C in soil organic C (qMBC), the fraction of microbial biomass N in soil total N, and the fraction of microbial biomass P in soil total P all increased significantly with succession, in consistency with the theory of succession that ecosystem biomass per unit resource increases with succession. (4) The qMBC decreased with increases in the values of soil C:N, C:P, or N:P, as well as the stoichiometric imbalances in C:N, C:P, and N:P between soil and microbes (i.e., ratios of soil C:N, C:P, and N:P to microbial biomass C:N, C:P, and N:P, respectively). The C:N, C:P, and N:P stoichiometric imbalances explained 37%-57% variations in the qMBC, about 7-17 times more than that explainable by the successional age, illustrating the importance of soil-microbial C:N:P stoichiometry in shaping the successional dynamics in qMBC. In summary, our study highlights the importance of the theories of ecosystem succession and stoichiometry in soil microbial studies, and suggests that appropriately applying macro-ecological theories in microbial studies may improve our understanding on microbial ecological processes.     

氮添加对荒漠草原植物群落组成与微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响

大气氮(N)沉降增加加速了土壤N循环, 引起微生物生物量碳(C):N:磷(P)生态化学计量关系失衡、植物种丧失和生态系统服务功能降低等问题。开展N添加下植物群落组成与微生物生物量生态化学计量特征关系的研究, 可为深入了解N沉降增加引起植物多样性降低的机理提供新思路。该文以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象, 探讨了N添加下植物生物量和群落多样性的变化趋势, 分析了微生物生物量C:N:P生态化学计量特征独立及其与其他土壤因子共同对植物群落组成的影响。结果表明: N添加下猪毛菜(Salsola collina)生物量呈显著增加趋势, 牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)生物量呈逐渐降低趋势, 其他植物种生物量亦呈降低趋势但未达到显著水平; 沿N添加梯度, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Patrick丰富度指数均呈先略有增加后逐渐降低的趋势; N添加提高了微生物生物量N含量和N:P, 降低了微生物生物量C:N; 植物群落组成与微生物生物量N含量、微生物生物量C:N、微生物生物量N:P、土壤NO₃ ^--N浓度、土壤NH₄ ⁺-N浓度以及土壤全P含量有较强的相关关系; 微生物生物量C:N:P生态化学计量特征对植物种群生物量和群落多样性变化的独立解释力较弱, 但却与其他土壤因子共同解释了较大变差, 意味着N添加下微生物生物量C:N:P生态化学计量特征对植物群落组成的影响与其他土壤因子高度相关。     

中温-暖温带表土碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的空间变异性——以河北省为例

解析区域土壤碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量特征的空间分异格局有助于土壤养分的综合管理与利用。运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法,以河北省为例分析了中温-暖温带表土(0—30cm)碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量特征的空间变异性及影响因素。结果显示:(1)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TSN)、全磷(TSP)其摩尔比率的变异系数均介于0.1—1之间,表明其在空间上存在中等程度的变异性。此外,C∶N的变异系数较小,表明C∶N较稳定。(2)表土TSP和C∶N具有小范围、强烈的空间自相关性,SOC、TSN、C∶P和N∶P具有较大范围、中等程度的空间自相关性,结构性因素是土壤碳氮磷含量及其摩尔比率空间变异的主要影响因素。从空间分布规律来看,表土碳氮磷含量及其摩尔比率均没有呈现明显的递增或递减的变化规律,SOC、TSN、C∶P和N∶P具有相同的空间分布趋势,高值区主要分布在冀北地区,分布面积较小,低值区分布范围较广;C∶N的高值区零星分布在冀北地区,TSP的高值区和低值区呈现斑块状分布。(3)土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P受到土壤理化性状、土地利用方式、人类扰动、气候及地形等因素的调控。此外,不同气候带的C∶N、C∶P和N∶P也存在一定的差异,研究区土壤C∶N与高寒带较接近,同时与其他气候带没有显著的差异;C∶P和N∶P与温带沙漠区较接近,与其余气候带存在显著的差异性,说明不同气候带之间的C∶N较C∶P和N∶P稳定。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。     

喀斯特山地不同微地貌下土壤碳氮磷空间异质性及生态化学计量特征

喀斯特地区特殊地质背景造就复杂破碎的地形发育出多样的微地貌,这使得清晰地认识土壤碳氮磷的空间异质性及生态化学计量特征存在困难。基于实地调查、土壤采样、实验测试的结果数据,引入混合效应模型评估方法结合变异系数,分别从全量(土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷)及有效态(活性有机碳、碱解氮及速效磷)两方面,揭示不同微地貌类型下土壤碳氮磷空间异质性及其生态化学计量特征。结果显示：(1)不同微地貌类型下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷对碳氮磷比值的耦合解释度为：土面(91.09%)>石沟(91.02%)>石坑(84.63%)>石洞(80.17%)>石缝(73.20%),土面的空间异质性最低而石缝最高。(2)有效态方面,活性有机碳、碱解氮和速效磷对碳氮磷比值的耦合解释度特征为：石缝(84%)>石洞(58.15%)>土面(47.80%)>石坑(44.06%)>石沟(32.18%),说明石缝微地貌的土壤活性有机碳、碱解氮及速效磷空间异质性最低。(3)不同微地貌类型下土壤全量碳氮磷生态化学计量的变异系数差异均在50%以上(C/N 80%、C/P 53.57%、N/P 69.33...     

Effects of different nitrogen:phosphorus levels on the growth and ecological stoichiometry of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Aims The increase in atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has accelerated N cycling of ecosystems, probably resulting in increases in phosphorus (P) demand of ecosystems. Studies on the effects of artificial N:P treatment on the growth and carbon (C), N, P ecological stoichiometry of desert steppe species could provide not only a new insight into the forecasting of how the interaction between soils and plants responses to long-term atmospheric N deposition increase, but also a scientific guidance for sustainable management of grassland in northern China under global climate change. Methods Based on a pot-cultured experiment conducted for Glycyrrhiza uralensis (an N-fixing species) during 2013 to 2014, we studied the effects of different N:P supply ratios (all pots were treated with the same amount of N but with different amounts of P) on aboveground biomass, root biomass, root/shoot ratio, and C:N:P ecological stoichiometry both in G. uralensis (leaves and roots) and in soils. Additionally, through the correlation analyses between biomass and C:N:P ecological stoichiometry in leaves, roots, and soils, we compared the differences among the C:N:P ecological stoichiometry of the three pools, and discussed the indication of C:N:P ecological stoichiometry in soils for the growth and nutrient uptake of G. uralensis. Important findings The results showed that, reducing N:P decreased C:P and N:P ratios both in G. uralensis (leaves and roots) and in soils but increased aboveground biomass and root biomass of G. uralensis, indicating that low to moderate P addition increased P availability of soils and P uptake of G. uralensis. However, excessive low N:P (high P addition) led to great decreases in soil C:P and N:P ratios, thus hindering N uptake and the growth of G. uralensis. C:N:P ratios in the two pools of G. uralensis (especially in leaves) had close correlations with soil C:N:P ratio, indicating that the change in soil C:N:P ratio would have a direct influence on plants. Our results suggest that, through regulating C:N:P ratio in leaves and soils, appropriate amounts of P addition could balance soil P supply and plant P demand and compensate the opposite influences of long-term atmospheric N deposition increase on the structure of desert steppe.     

Relationships between plant stoichiometry and biomass in an arid-hot valley,Southwest China

Aims The micro-elemental stoichiometry as well as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) plays an important role in ecosystem process. However, the drivers of the variations in these stoichiometric ratios in plants are less explored in compared with N and P. Plant productivity and plant stoichiometry can response simultaneously to environmental changes, such as water and nutrient supply levels. However, the relationships between the changes in plant stoichiometry and biomass were unclear yet although both of them play important roles in ecosystem functioning. Our object was to investigate the changes in plant stoichiometry (including multiple macro- and micro-elements) and in biomass under different nutrient and water supply. Methods We collected seeds from six grass species in an arid-hot valley and performed a nutrient-water addition experiment in 2012 with a complete factorial design (nutrient × water). The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn in different organs and plant biomass were measured. The effects of species, water and nutrient on element concentration and plant biomass were analyzed by three-way ANOVA. Linear regressions were used to test the relationships between changes in plant stoichiometry and changes in biomass after nutrient and water addition. Important findings Nutrient addition increased plant biomass by 32.55% compared with control. High-level water supply increased plant biomass by 31.35% and the combination of nutrient and high-level water addition increased plant biomass by 110.60%. Nutrient, water, species identity and their two-way interactions significantly affected plant biomass. Changes in total plant K:Ca, K:Mg, K:Mn, K:Zn and Mg:Mn were significantly and positively related to changes in plant biomass. The ratio between the concentrations of macro-elements and micro-elements tended to increase with biomass. Species identity and treatment had no effects in most of these relationships, suggesting that the changes in stoichiometry were mostly driven by the variations in biomass. The relationships between changes in stoichiometry and in biomass also occurred in leaves, stems and roots. The covariation between plant stoichiometry and biomass can have profound effects on ecosystem functioning under the global environmental changes.     

黄土丘陵区不同类型生物结皮下的土壤生态化学计量特征

生物结皮在土壤养分累积和循环中起着重要作用.本研究以黄土丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻藓混合结皮、藓结皮、地衣结皮和普通念珠藻结皮6类典型生物结皮为对象,分析不同类型生物结皮土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量学特征,研究不同类型生物结皮对土壤养分的影响.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P差异显著;生物结皮层C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P均显著高于0~10 cm土层土壤.6类生物结皮土壤C、N含量均随土层加深而下降,P含量受土层深度影响较小.对于生物结皮层,藓结皮C、N、P含量分别为27.07、2.42、0.67 g·kg^-1,显著高于其他类型生物结皮.念珠藻结皮的0~2 cm土层土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P显著高于其他类型生物结皮.     

Carbon and nitrogen traits of typical shrubs in grassland of northern Xinjiang,China

灌木在维持干旱半干旱区生态系统稳定性方面发挥着重要的作用。该研究调查了新疆北部草地典型灌木物种, 并分析了这些灌木叶、枝、茎的碳(C)、氮(N)含量特征, 可为新疆草地植被碳氮储量的准确估算以及碳氮循环过程提供基础数据。结果表明: 北疆地区草地的典型灌木有白刺(Nitraria spp.)、刺旋花(Convolvulus tragacanthoides)、红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、假木贼(Anabasis spp.)、 锦鸡儿(Caragana spp.)、麻黄(Ephedra spp.)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)、梭梭(Haloxylon spp.)、金丝桃叶绣线菊(Spiraea hypericifolia)、驼绒藜(Krascheninnikovia spp.)、小蓬(Nanophyton erinaceum)、盐爪爪(Kalidium spp.)、猪毛菜(Salsola spp.)等, 归属于蔷薇科、豆科、麻黄科、柽柳科、蒺藜科、蓼科、旋花科、藜科。北疆草地典型灌木各器官C含量为茎(45.76 ± 3.43)% >枝(44.27 ± 4.51)% >叶(39.15 ± 5.91)%, N含量为叶(2.21 ± 0.59)% >枝(1.55 ± 0.44)% >茎(1.34 ± 0.35)%, C:N为茎(36.74 ± 10.80) >枝(31.07 ± 10.43) >叶(18.94 ± 5.82)。灌木地上部分C含量为(43.77 ± 4.43)%, N含量为(1.56 ± 0.45)%, C:N为(31.78 ± 10.12); C含量变异程度较小, 变异系数为10%, N含量的变异系数为27%, C:N的变异系数为32%。灌木同一器官的C、N含量及C:N在不同科间有显著差异, 蔷薇科各器官的C含量显著大于其他科(p < 0.05); 豆科叶和茎的N含量显著大于其他科(p < 0.05), 麻黄科枝的N含量显著大于其他科(p < 0.05); 旋花科叶和枝的C:N显著大于其他科(p < 0.05), 蔷薇科茎的C:N显著大于其他科(p < 0.05)。     

云南哀牢山两种常见半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征及其与寄主的关系

为深入探究半寄生植物与其寄主间的养分关系, 在云南哀牢山徐家坝地区选取两种常见半寄生植物椆树桑寄生(Loranthus delavayi)和柳叶钝果寄生(Taxillus delavayi), 研究其寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片间的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征关系。结果表明: 1)两种半寄生植物的寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片这一连续体的C、N、P生态化学计量特征变化趋势并不完全相同, 具有物种自身的特性。2)同一半寄生植物的寄主枝条具有相似的C、N、P生态化学计量特征, 寄主物种对半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征没有显著影响。3)寄主枝条的C、N、P生态化学计量特征间具有紧密的相关关系, 吸器弱于寄主枝条, 寄生枝条弱于吸器, 寄生叶片的N、P含量相关关系不显著。4)寄主枝条与寄生叶片间的C含量存在极显著负相关关系。5)吸器与寄主枝条间的C、N、P生态化学计量特征存在紧密的相关关系, 但在生态化学计量特征的数值上吸器与寄生枝条更为接近。吸器作为连接寄主与寄生植物的关键部位, 其与寄主枝条极为显著的相关关系体现了寄主枝条养分对寄生植物的重要性, 而吸器在元素含量、计量比的数值以及相互关系上与寄生枝条更为相似, 则体现了吸器作为寄生植物器官具有与寄生枝条相似的生理功能。通过对寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片C、N、P生态化学计量特征的分析, 为深入研究半寄生植物的养分利用策略与生态适应性提供了重要的基础资料。     

黄土高原典型植被恢复过程土壤与叶片生态化学计量特征

为揭示黄土高原典型人工植被恢复过程中植物叶片与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素变化特征及其交互作用,以延安庙咀沟流域恢复20—40a的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、草地和坡耕地(对照)为研究对象,分析了各样地植物叶片和土壤C、N、P化学计量的变化特征及相互关系。结果表明:从20a到40a的恢复过程中,3种植被叶片C含量均显著增加,草地叶片P含量显著升高,而刺槐、柠条叶片N和P含量则显著降低。刺槐、柠条及草地土壤C、N、P含量随着恢复年限的延长而增加,比耕地分别增加了70%—349%、27%—202%、13%—62%(P0.05),其中刺槐的增幅最大。从增速来看,刺槐和柠条林土壤表层C、N增速表现为前期(0—20a)大于后期(20—40a),而草地则相反。在20—40a的恢复过程中,刺槐、柠条叶片C∶N、C∶P均显著增加,草地叶片C∶P、N∶P则显著降低。恢复过程中,土壤C∶P在刺槐和草地中显著增加,而土壤N∶P仅在草地中显著增加,土壤C∶N则没有显著变化。相关性分析显示叶片C和土壤C、N、P显著正相关,叶片N、P和土壤N显著正相关,叶片和土壤N∶P显著正相关,叶片P、C∶P与土壤C、N增速显著相关,表明叶片P可以指示土壤C、N增速的变化,而N∶P可以将植物和土壤联系起来。植被恢复过程中,叶片和土壤C、N、P含量及增速均发生显著变化,且存在密切的联系,这种变化的趋势在刺槐、柠条和草地中有所不同。     

Seasonal dynamics of leaf C,N and P stoichiometry in plants of typical steppe in Nei Mongol,China

分析植物叶片(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其比值的季节动态, 不仅有助于认识植物生长发育和养分吸收利用等生理生态过程, 也有利于认识植物化学计量的动态平衡关系。该文选择内蒙古典型温带草原18种常见植物, 在生长季的6-9月, 每半月一次进行连续采样, 在此基础上分析了叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在生长季内的变化。主要结果: 1)植物叶片C、N、P含量及其比值的季节性变化在不同功能类群间不同步, 其中叶片N、P含量的季节变化体现了明显的稀释作用。2)叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在不同功能类群间差异显著, 单子叶、多年生禾草类的叶片N、P含量显著低于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物, 而其叶片C:N、C:P则高于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物。3)叶片N、P含量显著正相关, 叶片C:N和C:P分别与N和P含量显著负相关, 可能体现了植物体内营养元素间的内在耦合机制。4)叶片N含量与C:N, 叶片P含量与C:P以及叶片N含量与P含量均呈现等速生长关系, 且等速生长关系在生长季保持稳定。     

亚高山草甸植物群落物种多样性与群落C、N、P生态化学计量的关系

通过测定祁连山东部亚高山草甸256个群落样方的群落物种数和地上植物的C、N、P元素含量, 探究了该地区高产草地和低产草地植物群落物种多样性与植物群落C、N、P生态化学计量特征的关系。结果表明: 高产样地植物群落C、N、P含量的平均值分别为53.05%、1.99%、0.22%; 而低产样地植物群落C、N、P含量的平均值分别为52.51%、2.28%、0.19%。高产和低产样地植物群落C、N、P元素含量均呈现显著差异。高产样地上植物群落的物种数与N含量和N:P呈显著正相关关系, 与C:N呈显著负相关关系, 但与C、P含量和C:P无明显相关关系; 低产样地上植物群落的物种数与N、P含量呈极显著负相关关系, 与C:N和C:P呈显著正相关关系, 但与C含量和N:P无明显相关关系。说明高产草地和低产草地植物群落物种多样性与养分元素化学计量特征显示出一定的分异性, 高产样地上植物群落的物种数主要受N含量的限制, 与N含量呈正相关关系; 低产样地上植物群落的物种数则受N、P含量共同限制, 与N、P含量呈负相关关系。     

内蒙古包头黄河湿地土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征

为探究内蒙古包头黄河湿地土壤空间分布特征、生态化学计量学特征及其指示意义,以黄河包头段沿线从东到西的3种典型类型共6块湿地为研究对象,对其不同土层土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)化学计量特征及环境因素进行研究分析。结果表明:1)SOC、TN和TP平均值分别为11.20、0.42、0.98 g/kg,SOC、TN含量随土层深度增加而垂直波动减小,TP含量垂直方向上差异不显著。2)土壤C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为25.39、9.26、0.37,与中国淋溶土、干旱土和沼泽湿地土壤相比,包头市黄河湿地土壤TN含量、C/P和N/P较低,TP含量较高。3)相关性分析结果显示,土壤TN与SOC、TP、N/P和C/P具极显著正相关(P<0.01),与C/N相关性不显著;土壤TP与SOC、TN、C/N和C/P呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与N/P相关性不显著,TP含量高但有效性较低,TN含量及其有效性可能是限制包头黄河湿地土壤碳、氮、磷等元素循环及其生态化学计量特征的关键因子。研究结果将为包头黄河湿地的植被重建、生态修复和科学管理提供理论依据。     

模拟酸雨对福州沿江稻田水稻叶片碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响

为阐明酸雨对早、晚稻叶片不同时期碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,设置对照(Control,CK)、pH4.5、pH3.5酸雨处理,对福州沿江稻田早、晚稻叶片不同时期C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行测定和分析。研究结果表明:早稻叶片C、N、P含量在拔节期和成熟期分别为(401.08±1.83)、(37.01±2.54)、(1.01±0.05) g/kg和(349.08±4.52)、(15.52±0.05)、(0.48±0.01) g/kg,晚稻C、N、P含量在拔节期和成熟期分别为(389.00±2.82)、(28.52±0.31)、(0.74±0.01) g/kg和(317.25±1.65)、(8.18±0.51)、(0.29±0.03) g/kg,早稻叶片养分含量整体显著高于晚稻(P<0.05),且各处理拔节期养分含量均显著高于成熟期含量(P<0.05),整体上,酸雨处理可显著降低早稻叶片在拔节期的C、N、P含量(P<0.05)。早稻叶片C/N、C/P、N/P在拔节期和成熟期分别为(10.94±0.77)、(400.13±18.9...     

Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of alien invasive plants and co-occurring natives in Xishuangbanna

Aims How alien invasive plants and co-occurring native plants utilize nutrients is one of major issues in invasion ecology. Foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents and stoichiometry can elucidate the uptake ability and limitation status of nutrients in plants, which provides basic knowledge for understanding the invading ability and co-occurrence or disappearance of plants.
Methods Based on typical alien invasive plants (Chromolaena odorata, Ageratina adenophora) and native plants in southwestern China, this study focused on strategies of N and P utilization among invasive plants and native plants under different invasion conditions. The species compositions, aboveground biomass, leaf N and P contents and leaf N:P were investigated for plants in plots with no invasion and with different invasion extents (estimated by the plot-based percentage of invaders’ biomass in total community) at Mt. Kongming in Xishuangbanna region, Yunnan Province, China.
Important findings The species number decreased significantly with the invasion extent of both C. odorata and A. adenophora, although the aboveground biomass was greatly enhanced. Leaf N and P contents did not differ between the two studied invaders, but they showed significantly higher N and P levels than both co-occurring and only native species (p < 0.05). Besides, leaf N and P contents of invaders increased with the invasion extent, and leaf N of native plants also showed an increasing trend with the invasion extent. When the influence of invasion was checked for the same species, leaf P contents decreased, whereas leaf N and N:P increased for most native plants under invasion. Based on the absolute foliar N and P contents, N:P values, we inferred that native plants were still limited by N, although N availability might be enhanced by invasion. Both invasive plants had leaf N:P values lower than 10, suggesting a higher P uptake relative to N uptake. All above results highlighted a higher N and P uptake of typical alien invasive plants in southwestern China.     

Impacts of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi

Aims Our purpose was to explore the effects of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P stoichiometry and to assess their differences among different species and functional groups.
Methods N addition experiment has been conducted in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province since 2011. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured and foliar stoichiometry was estimated in tree, shrub, herb, fern and moss species following the N addition treatments from 2013 to 2015.
Important findings Generally, foliar N increased for almost all species and herbaceous plants are much more sensitive than trees and shrubs under N addition. Foliar N of Castanopsis carlesii, Amomum villosum, Woodwardia japonica increased significantly under N addition. Foliar P for most species was sensitive to the N addition. Foliar P of herbaceous plants increased significantly but foliar P of Leucobryum chlorophyllosum decreased significantly. The results showed the subtropical evergreen forest in Mount Wuyi was mainly limited by P and mean foliar N:P ratios enhanced from 18.67 to 19.72 under N addition, indicating that the strength of P limitation was enhanced by N addition. N:P ratios of the dominant arboreal species in the communities tended to be stable, while N:P ratios of herbaceous plants and shrubs increased. The changes in N:P ratios were mainly determined by P dynamics instead of N dynamics under N addition, and our results confirmed that increasing N availability can affect P cycling.     

Responses and regulation mechanisms of microbial decomposers to substrate carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry

The survival and growth strategies, community structure and functions of microbial decomposers vary with substrate stoichiometry, which profoundly influences substrate decomposition, turnover, and hence the carbon and nutrient cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. It is crucial to understand the relationships among microbial metabolism, community structure and ecosystem processes of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses and feedbacks to global changes. In this review, we first introduced the significance of microbial decomposers in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles of terrestrial ecosystems from perspectives of ecological stoichiometry and metabolic theories. Then we synthesized four potential mechanisms of microbial response and control on substrate stoichiometric variations, i.e., through (1) modifying microbial stoichiometry, (2) shifting microbial community structure, (3) producing extracellular enzymes to acquire limiting resources, and (4) changing microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphor use efficiencies. Finally, we proposed three research directions in this field: (1) to comprehensively explore various microbial mechanisms in response to changes in substrate stoichiometry and the relative importance of these mechanisms; (2) to examine influences of global changes on microbial-driven cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus; and (3) to explore spatiotemporal changes in the strategies of microbial adaptation to changes in the substrate stoichiometry.     

植物生态化学计量特征及其主要假说

植物生态化学计量学是生态化学计量学的重要分支, 主要研究植物器官元素含量的计量特征, 以及它们与环境因子、生态系统功能之间的关系。19世纪, 化学家们通过室内实验, 分析了植物器官的元素含量, 开始了对植物化学元素之间关系的探索。如今, 生态学家通过野外采样和控制实验, 探索植物化学元素计量特征的变化规律、对全球变化的响应以及与植物功能属性之间的关系, 促进了植物生态化学计量学的快速发展。该文在概述植物生态化学计量学发展简史的基础上, 综述了19世纪以来该领域的研究进展。首先, 该文将植物生态化学计量学的发展历程概括为思想萌芽期、假说奠基期和理论构建期3个时期, 对各个时期的主要研究进行了简要回顾和梳理。第二, 概述了植物主要器官的化学计量特征, 尤其是陆生植物叶片氮(N)和磷(P)的计量特征。总体上, 全球陆生植物叶片N、P含量和N:P (质量比)的几何平均值分别为18.74 mg∙g^-1、1.21 mg∙g^-1和15.55 (与16:1的Redfield比一致); 在物种或群落水平上, 叶片N和P含量一般呈现随温度升高、降水增加而降低的趋势。不同生活型植物叶片N和P计量特征差异明显, 尤其是草本植物叶片N和P含量高于木本植物, 落叶阔叶木本植物叶片N和P含量高于常绿木本植物。与叶片相比, 细根和其他器官化学计量特征研究较少。第三, 总结了养分添加实验对植物化学元素计量特征的影响。总体上, N添加一般会提高土壤N的可利用性, 使植物器官中N含量和N:P升高, 在一定程度上提高植物生产力; P添加可能会缓解过量N输入导致的N-P失衡问题, 提高植物器官P含量。但是, 长期过量施肥会打破植物器官原有的元素间计量关系, 导致元素计量关系失衡和生产力下降。第四, 梳理总结了植物生态化学计量学的重要理论、观点和假说, 主要包括刻画化学计量特征与植物生长功能关系的功能关联假说、刻画化学计量特征与环境因子关系的环境关联假说或理论以及刻画化学计量特征与植物进化历史关系的进化关联假说。最后, 指出了植物生态化学计量学研究中存在的问题, 展望了10个未来需要重点关注的研究方向。