华北低丘山区果药复合系统种间水分利用策略

了解林农复合系统的种间水分关系至关重要.该文通过稳定氘同位素研究了华北低丘山区核桃(Juglans regia)-菘蓝(Isatis tinctoria)/决明(Senna tora)复合系统各组分的水分来源, 试图明确该果药复合系统的种间水分利用策略, 为该区林农配置模式的选择提供理论依据.研究结果表明: 果药复合系统的土壤含水量明显高于单作菘蓝和单作决明地块, 在2012年,2013年上半年比单作菘蓝高26.74%和7.93%, 在下半年比单作决明高17.39%和13.65%.在果药复合系统内部, 土壤含水量以核桃树行中间位置的最低,树行北侧和树下最高.在各个土层深度, 单作系统的土壤水氢稳定同位素比率(δD值)均比复合系统的高.在菘蓝生长时期的春旱期, 复合系统中核桃的大部分水分来源于30-80 cm深层土壤水, 表明此时期核桃表层根系活性不高; 而决明生长时期正值雨季, 此时核桃优先利用雨水补充的0-30 cm浅层土壤水,表层根系活性增强.在任何生长时期, 菘蓝和决明85%以上的水分都来自浅层土壤水.在菘蓝苗期, 其根系尚未扎入深层土壤中, 单作菘蓝的水分完全来源于浅层土壤, 而在2012年间作菘蓝却有5.7%的水分来自于深层土壤, 在更为干旱的2013年该比例上升到9.7%, 该结果证实了核桃在旱季存在"水力提升"作用, 供浅根系作物吸收利用, 并且越干旱, 该水力提升作用越强.在华北低丘山区核桃-菘蓝/决明复合系统中, 深根性核桃改善了复合系统的土壤水分状况, 在旱季主要利用深层土壤水以避开与浅层作物的水分竞争,并能将深层土壤水提升至浅层土壤供菘蓝吸收利用, 核桃与两种药材表现为水分互利关系, 因而该模式适合在该地区发展.     

Effects of precipitation on photosynthesis and water potential in Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium scoparium in a southern mixed grass prairie

In grassland ecosystems, spatial and temporal variability in precipitation is a key driver of species distributions and population dynamics. We experimentally manipulated precipitation to understand the physiological basis for differences in responses of species to water availability in a southern mixed grass prairie. We focused on the performance of two dominant C₄ grasses, Andropogon gerardii Vitman and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, in treatments that received ambient rainfall, half of ambient rainfall (“drought” treatment), or approximately double ambient rainfall (“irrigated” treatment). Water potentials of S. scoparium were lower than A. gerardii, suggesting superior ability to adjust to water deficit in S. scoparium. Additionally, drought reduced photosynthesis to a greater extent in A. gerardii compared to S. scoparium. Leaf-level photosynthesis rates were similar in ambient and irrigated treatments, but were significantly lower in the drought treatment. Although stomatal conductance was reduced by drought, this was not limiting for photosynthesis. Leaf δ¹³C values were decreased by drought, caused by an increase in C_i/C_a. Chlorophyll fluorescence measures indicated light-harvesting rates were highest in irrigated treatments, and were lower in ambient and drought treatments. Moreover, drought resulted in a greater proportion of absorbed photon energy being lost via thermal pathways. Reductions in photosynthesis came as a result of non-stomatal limitations in the C₄ cycle. Our results provide mechanistic support for the hypothesis that S. scoparium is more drought tolerant than A. gerardii.     

Lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol in a discontinuous fed-batch culture

The influence of various combinations of glycerol and lactose feed on the biosynthesis of two polyketide metabolites, lovastatin and (+)-geodin, by Aspergillus terreus ATCC20542 in a discontinuous fed-batch culture was presented. In these experiments lactose and/or glycerol were also used as the initial carbon substrates in the cultivation media. The application of glycerol feed, when lactose is the initial substrate, leads to the appreciable lovastatin concentration in the broth (122.4 mg l⁻¹), nevertheless the abundant (+)-geodin level is at the same time obtained (255.5 mg l⁻¹). The cultures with glycerol as the initial substrate and fed with lactose produce less lovastatin and (+)-geodin. The application of the various combined glycerol and/or lactose feeds allows for improving lovastatin production up to 161.8 mg l⁻¹ and decreases (+)-geodin concentration to 98.7 mg l⁻¹. The analysis of product formation rates and yield coefficients indicates that lovastatin is more efficiently produced on lactose, especially in the initial stages of the cultivation. Glycerol efficiently sustains fungal activity to form these polyketides in the late idiophase but it mainly favours (+)-geodin formation, if solely used in the feed. The feeds performed both with lactose and glycerol occur to be the most desired to maximise lovastatin and minimise (+)-geodin formation.