秋季水位波动频率对喜旱莲子草、粉绿狐尾藻和水龙的影响

水位波动对水生植物的生长有显著影响。该文通过设置0次(对照)、1次、2次和4次水位波动频率, 研究了入侵种喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、外来种粉绿狐尾藻(又称聚叶狐尾藻, Myriophyllum aquaticum)和乡土种水龙(Ludwigia adscendens = Jussiaea reppens)对水位波动的形态和生理响应策略。结果显示: 水位波动对喜旱莲子草的分枝数、根冠比和最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)无明显影响, 但明显增加了株高(水位波动1次除外), 降低了生物量和叶绿素含量; 粉绿狐尾藻的分枝数和F_v/F_m在不同水位波动下无明显变化, 但株高在2次水位波动下明显增加, 根冠比在1次和4次水位波动下明显增加, 生物量和叶绿素含量(4次水位波动除外)在水位波动后明显降低; 水位波动明显降低了水龙的分枝数(2次水位波动除外)、株高(1次和2次水位波动除外)、总生物量(2次水位波动除外)和叶绿素含量, 但对水龙的根冠比和F_v/F_m无明显影响。水龙的分枝数、株高、总生物量、叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m在绝大部分水位波动处理下都明显大于喜旱莲子草和粉绿狐尾藻, 而且后二者间没有显著区别。以上结果说明在秋季这3个物种的生长都受到水位波动的抑制, 喜旱莲子草和粉绿狐尾藻在秋季水位波动生境中并不能表现出较强的生长能力, 但对水位波动具有较强的耐受性和可塑性, 这与入侵种较强的入侵性有关。应加强防范外来种粉绿狐尾藻的入侵。     

水位变动影响下三峡库区汉丰湖鸟类群落及多样性

受三峡水库夏落冬涨的水位调控方式影响,位于三峡库区腹心的重庆开州区汉丰湖形成22.5m水位落差。为了解汉丰湖鸟类群落结构与动态水位变化之间的响应关系,2015年3月—2016年2月对汉丰湖鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了调查。共记录鸟类97种,隶属12目32科,其中湿地鸟类49种,主要包括雁鸭类(18种)、鸻鹬类(13种)、鹭类(7种)及秧鸡类(5种)。研究表明:受水位变化影响,鸟类群落结构及其多样性变化显著。夏季(8月)低水位期(水位高程152.50m),鸟种数最高,为34种,Shannon-Wiener指数最高;肉食性鸟与食虫鸟是主要取食功能群;与夏季低水位期生境类型多样、消落带植物正处于生长旺盛期、食物资源丰富有关,是雀形目鸟类、鹭类、秧鸡类等适宜的栖息地。冬季(12月)高水位期(水位高程174.50m),鸟种数为30种,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数均最低,植食性鸟类是主要的取食功能群,鸟类数量最高;与冬季高水位期水面开阔、生境类型单一有关,高水位期的大水面有利于鸭类集群越冬。冬季在退水期(水位高程170.01m),水位下降导致汉丰湖生境结构变化,越冬鸟类数量和物种丰度降低,空间分布格局也随之变化。鸟类是三峡水库生物多样性的重要组成部分,为保护和提升三峡水库生物多样性,恢复和营造鸟类栖息地,应针对繁殖鸟和越冬水鸟的功能需求进行生态设计。     

水位波动对南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊种内及种间关系的影响

以外来入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊和本地近缘种蟛蜞菊为对象,通过温室模拟3种水位波动模式(水位无波动,水位波动模式分别为15 cm-0 cm-15 cm和0 cm-15 cm-0 cm)交叉5种定植模式(试验容器内分别为入侵种单株、本土种单株、入侵种6株、本土种6株以及2物种各3株混种)的试验,研究水位波动对入侵植物和本地近缘种生长繁殖性状及种内种间相互作用的影响.结果表明: 水位波动显著降低了南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊的总生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、根生物量、茎长、节点数、叶片数及叶面积,对南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊种内及种间竞争系数的影响均显著.水位波动改变了南美蟛蜞菊的种内和种间竞争关系,说明入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊对水位波动更为敏感,对环境改变表现出更强的适应性.     

Effects of water level fluctuation on the growth ofNelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Lake Kasumigaura,Japan

Investigations were made of the growth ofNelumbo nucifera, an aquatic higher plant, in a natural stand in Lake Kasumigaura. A rise of 1.0 m in the water level after a typhoon in August 1986 caused a subsequent decrease in biomass ofN. nucifera from the maximum of 291 g d.w. m⁻² in July to a minimum of 75 g d.w. m⁻². The biomass recovered thereafter in shallower regions. The underground biomass in October tended to increase toward the shore. The total leaf area index (LAI) is the sum of LAI of floating leaves and emergent leaves. The maximum total LAI was 1.3 and 2.8 m² m⁻² in 1986 and 1987, respectively. LAI of floating leaves did not exceed 1 m² m⁻². The elongation rates of the petiole of floating and emergent leaves just after unrolling were 2.6 and 3.4 cm day⁻¹, respectively. The sudden rise in water level (25 cm day⁻¹) after the typhoon in August 1986 caused drowning and subsequent decomposition of the mature leaves. Only the young leaves were able to elongate, allowing their laminae to reach the water surface. The fluctuation in water level, characterized by the amplitude and duration of flooding and the time of flooding in the life cycle, is an important factor determining the growth and survival ofN. nucifera in Lake Kasumigaura.     

Effect of water level fluctuation on shore spawning of Mirogrex terraesanctae (Steinitz), (Cyprinidae) in Lake Kinneret, Israel

Mirogrex terraesanctae (Steinitz), is an endemic, open water, zooplanktivorous fish. It spawns in the shallow littoral (0–50 cm) of Lake Kinneret, from November to May with a peak in mid winter (January-February). Spawning begins shortly after nightfall, when schools of the fish move along the shoreline in rocky regions, and release their milt and eggs. The adhesive eggs are attached to the surface of recently inundated, algae-free stones. A negative relationship exists between epilithic growth and egg density and survival. Algal growth may play a key role in the determination of the spawning depth. Breeding success of M. terraesanctae depends on the rate and extent of rise in lake level which, in turn, determines the availability of a suitable spawning substratum.     

三峡水库消落带植被高程梯度分异及其对生境胁迫的响应

三峡水库蓄水运行形成的极端生境胁迫深刻改变了消落带植被结构和功能。在消落带横向断面高程梯度上,植被生境具有典型的空间异质性。选取三峡水库典型自然恢复消落带,通过野外调查和室内分析,揭示了消落带自然演替植被的群落构成、物种多样性和生物量随高程梯度的分异特征,系统分析了极端淹水、侵蚀-沉积、土壤环境等生境胁迫类型对消落带植被高程梯度分异的影响。结果表明：①研究消落带适生植被以草本为主,共有15科25种23属,其中禾本科种类较多,但单属单种、单优群落现象明显;一年生和多年生草本分别占52%和48%,且一年生草本多在消落带上部定居,多年生草本主要在消落带下部聚集。②物种多样性指数与高程呈正相关趋势,在145-150m范围内较低,在160-170m范围内较高。③植被生物量为199.68-1211.2g/m²,总体呈现随高程增加而显著增加的趋势;受多种生境因子的复合胁迫影响,生物量随高程存在局部波动。④水库水位变动形成淹水时长、出露时令、淹水强度等是影响消落带植被生物量高程梯度分异的主导因子;侵蚀/沉积过程改变土层厚度、根层土壤持水能力和肥力条件,对植被生长产生重要影响;土壤水分和氮是植被生长的限制性因子。因此,优势生境适宜性物种选育、土壤基质保育和植被格局功能优化是三峡水库消落带植被恢复和生态功能重建的重要任务。     

三峡水库峡谷地貌区消落带土壤氮磷钾、有机质含量和pH值的时空动态

基于三峡水库巫山段和秭归段消落带海拔155～172 m区段经历水库水位涨落前(2008年)和经历1次(2009年)、4次(2012年)、7次(2015年)水库水位涨落后土壤化学性质的长期定位监测,研究峡谷地貌区消落带土壤氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、有机质(OM)含量和pH值的时空动态变化规律,并对其养分状态进行评价.结果表明: 随着经历水库水位涨落次数的增多,消落带土壤全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和OM含量减少,全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、速效磷(AP)含量和pH值增加;经历水库水位涨落前和经历1次水库水位涨落后,消落带各土层的TP、TK和AP含量为巫山样地>秭归样地,经历4次和7次水库水位涨落后,变为秭归样地>巫山样地;随着经历水库水位涨落次数的增多,消落带大多数土壤化学指标含量在土层间的差异减小.对照全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准,经历7次水库水位涨落后,秭归样地土壤TP和AP含量达到极高等级,巫山样地土壤AP含量为高等级,其他指标为中等及以下等级.三峡水库的水文特征、人为活动的干扰,以及不同土壤化学指标性质的差异,是峡谷地貌区消落带土壤N、P、K、OM含量和pH值时空变化的主要驱动因素.     

太湖蓝藻死亡腐烂产物对狐尾藻和水质的影响

为揭示富营养化造成淡水生态系统中沉水植物消亡的机制,本文就太湖蓝藻大规模死亡腐烂后的产物对水体水质以及沉水植物造成的影响进行了研究。本文以沉水植物穗花狐尾藻为研究对象,测定了水质参数（pH值,浊度（NTU）,温度,溶解氧（DO）,电导率（Ec）,盐度,磷酸根（PO43-））以及狐尾藻Fv/Fm指标。将采自太湖梅梁湾的蓝藻水华,降解一个星期左右。随后在处理组中加入该蓝藻降解物,对照组中不加入。结果表明,加入蓝藻死亡腐解液后,水体的溶解氧、pH值均比对照组显著降低,浊度则显著升高。对照组中穗花狐尾藻生长良好,其Fv/Fm约为0.8,而经蓝藻腐烂液处理的实验组,穗花狐尾藻在两天之内便接近死亡状态,其Fv/Fm值降至0.3左右。以上结果表明蓝藻死亡腐烂后形成的腐解液确实能在很短时间内给沉水植被带来灭顶之灾。而在短时间内并不能形成大量附着生物,故本实验可排除其对水生植物的影响。本文证实了蓝藻死亡腐烂后的降解液极有可能是导致沉水植物消亡的主要原因。至于是由于蓝藻腐解液引起的哪种因素起主导作用,还有待进一步研究。     

Effects of variable hydroperiods and water level fluctuations on denitrification capacity, nitrate removal, and benthic-microbial community structure in constructed wetlands

The hydrologic character of wetlands is one of the attributes by which they are defined. There are, however, conflicting reports about the detrimental versus beneficial responses of wetland systems to water level fluctuations and variable hydroperiods. We conducted water level and hydroperiod fluctuation studies in full-scale experimental wetlands in order to determine the effects of hydraulic operation on wetland performance (in terms of nutrient removal), and benthic-bacterial community function (in terms of denitrification potential, DNP) and structure (via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, T-RFLP). In our comparison, detention time was the controlling factor for nitrate removal at the system level. However, widely fluctuating water levels and variable hydroperiods did not diminish either the nitrate removal capacity of the experimental wetlands, or the size or composition of benthic-bacterial communities relative to the more stable water level systems. Rather, significant differences in denitrification potential rates, bacterial cell densities, and benthic community structure were a function of sampling location within the experimental wetlands regardless of hydraulic operation. The results of this study support the need for reconsidering the hydraulic criteria for wetland delineation.     

Effects of water level changes and wading bird abundance on the foraging behaviour of blacknecked storks Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in Dudwa National Park, India

The effect of water level changes and wading birds' abundance on the foraging behaviour of the blacknecked stork (BNS)Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus was studied from January 1995 to June 1997 in Dudwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh. Our observations indicate that BNS territoriality increased as food levels became depleted, resulting in increased rates of aggression towards intruders. Chasing or aggression was more intense during the early period (February and March) than the late period (April, May and June). Most of (> 50%) the aggressive encounters were observed between 0600 and 1000 h of the day. Seventeen species (including BNS) were observed interacting with BNS, throughout the study period. Most interactions were with the spoonbill,Platalea leucorodia (67.4%), followed by the whitenecked stork,Ciconia episcopus (16.6%). The distance (while foraging) between BNS and other wading birds varied significantly (P < 0001) between years indicating that BNS and other water birds foraged at different water depths and thereby explored the wetlands fully. Spoonbills were chased often; the number varied from 1 to 43 birds. BNS occasionally accepted the presence of other wading birds, including spoonbills and started foraging amidst them. This led to successful foraging of BNS (solitary feeder). Other fish-eating bird species and their numbers also limited the food consumption of foraging BNS as they had to spend time chasing away the intruders. Availability of the preferred prey fish species,Heteropnestus fossilis, forced BNS to stay throughout the year in their respective territories. High (> 60 cm) water levels were not suitable for BNS even though the patch had high prey abundance.