野外模拟增温对亚热带杉木叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

温度通常被认为是植物生长和生产的重要限制因子, 全球变暖严重影响生态系统, 但全球变暖对亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响并不甚清楚。该研究在野外利用电缆对土壤增温, 设置对照和增温2种处理, 每个处理5个重复。通过测定渗透调节物质、内在水分利用效率、保护酶活性及丙二醛等指标, 探究增温对杉木生理生化特征的影响。研究表明: 1)增温提高渗透调节能力, 但对杉木叶片膜脂过氧化作用不明显; 2)增温显著提高杉木的水分利用效率和固碳效益, 即降低了固碳耗水成本; 3)增温降低超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性, 却显著提高过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸过氧化酶活性。由此可见, 杉木主要通过提高保护酶(特别是过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化酶)活性以减轻高温胁迫伤害, 这有助于维持杉木细胞代谢稳定。因此, 该区域在未来全球变化背景下的温度升高效应值得长期而深入的探讨。     

增温对湿润亚热带杉木幼林和成熟林土壤无机氮的影响

全球变暖可能加快或抑制森林土壤氮循环,进而影响森林生态系统生产力,而且这种影响随时间的持续而更加复杂。本研究以亚热带杉木幼林和成熟林土壤为对象,通过土壤电缆增温模拟未来气候变化情景,分析土壤无机氮含量对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: 经过持续3年的增温试验(4 ℃),亚热带地区增温显著降低了杉木幼林和成熟林土壤总无机氮和铵态氮含量。其中杉木幼林土壤的降幅更大,其0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量的降幅分别为32.1%、37.1%、20.8%、19.9%。增温导致2种林分土壤可溶性有机氮减少和N₂O排放加快,土壤矿化基质输入减少和气态氮损失增大是土壤中现存无机氮含量减少的原因。杉木幼林土壤矿化基质降幅和气态氮排放升高幅度均比成熟林土壤大,杉木幼林土壤对增温更为敏感。3年的增温造成杉木幼林和成熟林土壤无机氮含量下降,可能对杉木人工林生产力产生不利的影响。     

不同季节杉木幼苗叶片养分和代谢组分对增温和减少降水的响应

研究冬季和夏季亚热带杉木幼苗在增温5 ℃和减少50%自然降水处理下叶片养分和代谢组分的变化.结果表明: 由于不同季节温度和水分差异,杉木叶片的养分和生理代谢组分在不同季节有不同的表现.冬季杉木叶片碳、氮、磷和钾含量显著高于夏季.夏季减少降水、增温处理对杉木叶片各类抗氧化酶活性均无显著影响,冬季减少降水处理分别显著降低超氧化物歧化酶活性20.7%和过氧化物酶活性17.8%.冬季增温后杉木叶片非酶促的抗坏血酸含量显著增加132.5%.冬季增温+减少降水处理降低杉木碳含量,促进渗透物质脯氨酸和氮含量的累积.夏季增温+减少降水处理显著提高杉木叶片碳含量3.3%.无论是冬季还是夏季,增温+减少降水处理对杉木叶片抗氧化系统无显著影响.植物对夏季增温的适应机制与冬季增温不同,杉木叶片的养分变化对同时增温+减少降水更加敏感.为了更好地管理种植林,以提高植物的生产力,在未来气候变化下,应提高植物对养分供需和对季节响应的关注.     

Effects of water condition on photochemical efficiency and physiological characteristics in artificially cultivated moss Syntrichia caninervis

Aims The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis is a dominant species in the moss biocrust of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. It plays an important role in soil stability and artificial biocrust reconstruction in desert ecosystems. Previous studies have demonstrated that although artificial cultivation techniques can promote the micropropagation of S. caninervis, the resulting moss performs poorly in maintenance ability. Water availability has been considered as a critical factor to stimulate the physiological activities in moss species. Our objective in this study was to determine the optimum water condition for growth of sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis in the process of transplanting cultured materials from laboratory to the field. Methods We used sand-cultivated S. caninervis grown from fragmented gametophyte leaves and stems above ground. The experiment was run for 30 days under conditions of three water treatments, including intermittent water supply (watering every three days), fully watered (watering every day), and drought (watering every six days) . Fluorescence and physiological indices of shoots, such as photochemical efficiency, pigment content, soluble sugar, free proline, soluble protein, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde were measured. Important findings The content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in drought and fully watered treatments were significantly lower than in intermittent water supply treatment. Drought reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio, and fully watered treatment deceased carotenoid content. Drought and fully watered treatments significantly reduced the maximal and actual photochemical efficiency and the soluble protein content, while increased most indices in osmotic adjustment substances and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as soluble sugar content, free proline content, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malonaldehyde content. Our results showed that the sand-cultivated S. caninervis accumulated osmotic adjustment substances and strengthened the antioxidative enzyme activities to survive under different water conditions, such as in the fully watered treatment. Compared with the intermittent water supply treatment, drought may lead to more damages in sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis, with the membrane lipid peroxidation being aggravated. Thus, intermittent water supply results in better development of artificial-cultivated S. caninervis than drought and fully watered treatments. This conclusion could provide theoretical basis for water saving management of artificially cultivated bryophyte in wild engraftment.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from different plant sources on soil enzyme activities in subtropical forests

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。     

增温对亚热带杉木枝和叶凋落物理化性质的影响

在区域尺度上,凋落物的底物性质是决定其分解速率的关键因素。本研究以亚热带杉木人工林为对象,通过埋设电缆进行土壤增温,分析气候变暖对杉木枝、叶凋落物理化性质的影响。结果表明: 经过5年的土壤增温试验(4 ℃),杉木枝凋落物的氮(N)、磷(P)含量和可萃取物含量分别增加35.2%、40.8%、7.6%,叶凋落物分别增加41.2%、45.9%、5.9%;枝凋落物的碳(C)含量、纤维素含量和C/N分别降低5.1%、11.6%、28.8%,叶凋落物分别降低5.3%、11.3%、33.3%。土壤增温导致杉木叶凋落物的比叶面积提高29.8%,抗拉强度减小40.7%,但增温对杉木枝和叶凋落物木质素含量和pH值无显著影响。¹³C NMR和红外光谱分析显示,增温后杉木凋落物中氨基酸、多糖、多酚和脂肪族化合物含量变化显著,而且在不同器官凋落物之间有所差别,表现为多糖类物质只在叶凋落物中显著增加,枝凋落物中氨基酸的增加量大于叶凋落物。土壤增温显著改变了杉木枝、叶凋落物的理化性质, N、P养分含量的提高以及抗拉强度减小等特征可能加速初期凋落物的分解速率,而由于复杂大分子化合物的增多,后期凋落物的分解速率可能较慢。     

Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to carbon input alteration and warming in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

土壤胞外酶来源于土壤微生物、植物和动物, 是土壤生物地球化学过程的积极参与者, 在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中扮演着重要角色。为探明土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应, 该研究基于长期增温、去除地表凋落物(以下简称去凋)和切根处理的云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林控制实验平台, 研究了不同处理(对照、去凋、切根、切根并增温)下表层矿质土壤(0-5和5-10 cm)与碳氮磷获取相关的胞外酶活性, 包括多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(PER)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结合铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量、溶解有机碳(DOC)含量、溶解总氮(DN)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)等相关指标, 探讨凋落物碳输入、根系碳输入和温度变化对土壤胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明: 在对照样方, 除POX外其余酶活性均为0-5 cm层显著高于5-10 cm层。与对照相比, 长期的凋落物去除显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤AP和BG活性, 对NAG、PER和POX活性则无显著影响; 长期切根处理显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤BG活性, 但提高了两个土层PER活性; 长期切根并增温处理显著降低了0-5 cm层AP和BG活性, 对其余酶活性无显著影响。冗余分析结果显示SWC和NH₄⁺-N含量是驱动土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。本研究为该生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学关键过程对全球变化的响应提供了土壤酶学的依据。     

生物质炭添加对杉木人工林土壤原有有机碳矿化的影响

通过培养试验,利用¹³C标记技术研究不同热解温度制备的生物质炭添加对杉木人工林土壤原有有机碳矿化的影响,为生物质资源有效利用和亚热带人工林固碳管理提供科学依据.生物质炭制备材料分别为木荷(阔叶树种)和杉木(针叶树种)凋落物,培养温度为25 ℃,时间为112 d.结果表明: 在整个培养阶段,与对照土壤相比,不同生物质炭添加对土壤原有有机碳矿化的影响均呈现先促进后抑制的规律,具体表现为杉木生物质炭处理仅在培养0～3 d表现为显著促进作用,在7～112 d均呈现为显著抑制作用,而木荷生物质炭处理则在培养0～14 d表现为促进作用,在28～112 d均表现为显著的抑制作用.培养结束时,3种杉木生物质炭(350、550和750 ℃)处理均显著抑制了土壤原有有机碳矿化,2种木荷生物质炭(350和550 ℃)处理也表现为显著的抑制作用.木荷生物质炭和杉木生物质炭的分解率介于0.8%～2.8%,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的分解率呈下降趋势,且同一热解温度下木荷生物质炭的分解率显著高于杉木生物质炭.上述结果表明,原材料和制备温度是生物质炭影响土壤原有有机碳矿化和生物质炭分解的重要因素.     

基于MaxEnt模型预测气候变化下杉木在中国的潜在地理分布

为研究杉木在中国的分布特征及其对气候变化的响应模式,本研究基于现有分布记录,应用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和地理信息系统方法,结合气候、地形等环境要素,预测杉木在当前和未来气候变化下的潜在适生区。结果表明: 影响杉木分布的最主要因素是年平均降水量,在当前气候下,杉木适生区合计面积328万km²,占全国陆地总面积的34.5%,低、中和高适生区分别占18.3%、29.7%与52.0%。在未来气候情景下,杉木生长的适宜性在我国总体上呈上升趋势,适生区面积随气候变化增大,且明显向北扩张,南方湿润亚热带地区形成集中连片高适生区。模型经受试者工作特征曲线检验,训练集平均受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.91,可信度高。     

亚热带树种转换对林地土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

通过分析杉木采伐迹地营造阔叶树种尾巨桉和固氮树种黑木相思人工林后土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性,探讨造林树种转换对于改善杉木林地土壤微生物特性的影响.结果表明: 树种转换对土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响主要局限于0～10 cm土壤层.杉木转换为固氮树种黑木相思后,显著提高了0～10 cm土壤层总脂肪酸含量、真菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和放线菌生物量.主成分分析表明,黑木相思人工林土壤微生物群落组成与杉木和尾巨桉人工林具有显著差异,土壤中革兰氏阳性细菌、阴性细菌和放线菌丰度显著提高.在0～10 cm土壤层,黑木相思人工林土壤纤维素水解酶、乙酰氨基-葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于杉木和尾巨桉人工林.研究表明,杉木转变为固氮树种黑木相思后会显著提高微生物生物量和酶活性,有助于土壤有机质的恢复,加快养分循环过程.     

白蚁活动对中亚热带次生林和人工林的危害差异

中亚热带地区是中国南方重要的木材生产基地, 大量的地带性常绿阔叶林被转换成以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为代表的人工林。白蚁是森林中最主要的社会性昆虫之一, 其取食行为既对森林类型转换后林中的树木产生危害, 也对林间枯枝落叶的分解具有十分重要的意义, 但对二者缺乏统一的认识。本文以中亚热带典型的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林、米槠人工林和杉木人工林为研究对象, 调查了不同林分白蚁的活动特点及其范围。结果表明, 米槠次生林与杉木、米槠人工林中均普遍存在白蚁取食现象, 但白蚁对次生林的取食高度和面积均远低于人工林。白蚁对生物多样性较高的米槠次生林树干韧皮部的取食面积仅分别为米槠人工林的1.65%和杉木人工林的0.59‰, 取食高度的11.1%和1.2%。同时, 白蚁对杉木韧皮部的取食显著大于米槠, 对杉木的取食面积和高度分别是米槠的27.7倍和9.2倍。每隔0.5 m为一个统计区间, 白蚁对杉木树干2 m以下韧皮部取食面积比例由低往高为4 : 3 : 2 : 1, 对米槠1 m以下高度部位的取食面积比为99 : 1。此外, 白蚁对次生林地表覆盖的凋落枝和凋落叶的平均取食面积分别为51.7%和46.1%, 而人工林对应均值分别为17.5%和29.4%, 均表现为次生林高于人工林。这些结果表明白蚁对生物多样性较高的次生林危害小于杉木人工林, 且在人工林中可见危害主要体现在白蚁对韧皮部的取食, 在次生林主要体现在白蚁对凋落物残体的分解作用, 这为区域森林经营管理提供理论支撑。     

Effects of different rotations on carbon sequestration in Chinese fir plantations

Aims Under the context of global climate change, scientific management is the main way to enhance carbon sequestration of plantation forests. A reasonable rotation is one of the intensive management strategies, adjusting forest structure. The decline of productivity after continuous multigenerational cultivation is strongly related to its rotation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of different rotations on carbon sequestration of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations, which can provide a theoretical basis for their sustainable management.
Methods We set up sampling fields of Chinese fir plantations with different age sequences, and used the observation data to test the FORECAST model. We then simulated the effects of different rotations on Chinese fir plantations sequestration using FORECAST model.
Important findings The results showed that over a 150-year period, total carbon sequestration was highest under short rotation length (15-year). However the carbon persistence was poorest and the decline of carbon between each rotation was biggest, indicating an unsustainable management model. Compared with short rotation, the total carbon sequestration under normal rotation (25-year) and long rotation (50-year) was lower. However, the carbon persistence under long rotation was strongest, which was beneficial to maintaining carbon stability during each rotation. Under good site conditions (site index (SI) = 27), the shorter the rotation was, the more severely the soil fertility was consumed. In order to have persistent carbon sequestration rates in Chinese fir plantations, we suggest that rotation should be longer than 25 years. Application of FORECAST model can help quantitatively assess carbon sequestration capacity of forest plantations, which varies under different management strategies.     

Role of Antioxidant Systems in Wheat Genotypes Tolerance to Water Stress

The role of plant antioxidant systems in stress tolerance was studied in leaves of three contrasting wheat genotypes. Drought imposed at two different stages after anthesis resulted in an increase in H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation and decrease in ascorbic acid content. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase significantly increased under water stress. Drought tolerant genotype C 306 which had highest ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity and ascorbic acid content also showed lowest H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress in comparison to susceptible genotype HD 2329 which showed lowest antioxidant enzyme activity and ascorbic acid content and highest H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation. HD 2285 which is tolerant to high temperature during grain filling period showed intermediate behaviour. Superoxide dismutase activity, however, did not show significant differences among the genotypes under irrigated as well as water stress condition. It seems that H2O2 scavenging systems as represented by ascorbate peroxidase and catalase are more important in imparting tolerance against drought induced oxidative stress than superoxide dismutase alone. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗幼苗的生长和抗性生理的影响

研究不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)幼苗生长和生理的影响, 对于揭示宽叶雀稗对不同钙浓度环境的适应机理至关重要。该研究采用盆栽砂培试验, 研究不同钙浓度(0、5、25、50、100和200 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂)和不同处理时间(7、14、21和28天)对宽叶雀稗幼苗生长、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数的影响。结果表明, 随着CaCl₂浓度的增加和处理时间的延长, 宽叶雀稗幼苗株高等形态指标、生物量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数呈先增后减的趋势, 低钙浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 株高、叶长、叶宽、根长和生物量与对照(0 mmol·L^-1)相比均升高, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性提高, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度降低、叶绿素含量增加以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度增强; 高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性降低, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度增加, 叶绿素含量减少以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度减弱。结合隶属函数分析, 低钙盐浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)处理对宽叶雀稗幼苗无抑制作用, 说明宽叶雀稗对低钙浓度具有一定的耐受性; 而在高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)下, 宽叶雀稗幼苗通过提高自身有机渗透调节物质含量、增强酶活性、增加叶绿素含量以及增强光合作用等方式来快速调节植物生理代谢功能, 进而适应高钙浓度环境条件。     

中亚热带森林转换对凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

为了解中亚热带森林转换对森林生态系统碳及养分循环的影响,以中亚热带米槠天然林、森林转换后的米槠次生林和杉木人工林为对象,对3种林分的凋落物量、养分归还量和养分利用效率进行4年研究.结果 表明:米槠天然林转换为米槠次生林和杉木人工林后,年凋落物量分别下降29.0％和45.7％,凋落物氮归还量分别下降34.0％和72.7％...     

Involvement of Lipid Peroxidation in Water Stress-Promoted Senescence of Detached Rice Leaves

Role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) in water stress-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. The senescence was followed by measuring the decrease in protein content. Increased lipid peroxidation was closely correlated with senescence in water stressed leaves. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was evident 8 h after beginning of water stress. However, decreased catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity was observed only when senescence was observed. Glutathione reductase was not affected by water stress. Free radical scavengers retarded water stress-enhanced senescence.     

模拟增温对青藏高原多年冻土区小嵩草和藏嵩草生长与抗氧化特征的影响

采用开顶式增温小室(OTCs)方法模拟气候变暖,分别选取青藏高原腹地风火山地区高寒小嵩草草甸和高寒藏嵩草沼泽草甸优势物种小嵩草和藏嵩草为研究对象,对比分析增温处理下两种优势物种叶片的形态与生理特征变化,从而探索高寒植物对气候变暖的内在响应机理.结果表明: 增温显著增加了小嵩草叶片长度(40.0%)和叶片数量(72.7%),也显著增加了藏嵩草株高(11.9%)和叶片长度(19.3%),促进了两种优势植物的形态生长和地上生物量增加.增温处理下小嵩草和藏嵩草叶片的膜透性(电导率),活性氧(过氧化氢和超氧阴离子自由基),超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,丙二醛含量均没有显著变化.但抗坏血酸和游离脯氨酸含量在藏嵩草叶片内分别显著增加了29.8%和53.8%,而在小嵩草叶片内没有明显变化.可见,增温下小嵩草和藏嵩草均能够维持正常的抗氧化水平,以维持该区域优势植物生长;但藏嵩草生理过程对增温更加敏感.     

亚热带典型林分对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

林分类型是影响土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库大小的重要因素,但目前对其研究主要集中在表层土壤(0～10 cm).本研究以亚热带地区天然林、毛竹林、格式栲人工林和杉木人工林为对象,用3种不同的浸提方式(冷水、热水和KCl溶液)提取表层(0～10 cm)和深层(40～60 cm)土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和有机氮(DON),研究林分类型对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库的影响.结果表明: 林分类型对表层土壤DOC及其占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的比重有显著影响,深层土壤受林分类型的影响不显著;不同林分土壤DON含量仅在表层土壤存在显著差异,在深层土壤差异不显著.林分间土壤微生物生物量碳的差异仅在表层土壤达到显著水平.DON占土壤总氮(TN)的比重在各林分表层和深层土壤间差异均不显著.3种浸提方法得到的DOC和DON库大小顺序为热水>KCl>冷水,不同浸提方法得到的DOC库及DON库的相关性均达到显著水平,表明冷水、热水和KCl溶液浸提得到的有机碳、氮库含有相似组分.冷水和热水浸提方法得到的表层土壤DOC和DON含量及DOC占TOC比重在天然林和毛竹林均显著大于格式栲和杉木人工林,表明天然林和毛竹林土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量高于格式栲和杉木人工林,更有利于土壤肥力的恢复.     

Short-term nitrogen fertilization decreased root and microbial respiration in a young Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Aims As the primary pathway for CO₂ emission from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, soil respiration is estimated to be 80 Pg C·a^-1 to 100 Pg C·a^-1, equivalent to 10 fold of fossil fuel emissions. As an important management practice in plantation forests, fertilization does not only increase primary production but also affects soil respiration. To investigate how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects total soil, root and microbial respiration, a N fertilization experiment was conducted in a five-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Huitong, Hunan Province, located in the subtropical region. MethodsOne year after fertilization, soil respiration was monitored monthly by LI-8100 from July 2013 to June 2014. Soil temperature and water content (0-5 cm soil depth) were also measured simultaneously. Available soil nutrients, fine root biomass and microbial communities were analyzed in June 2013. Important findings Total soil, root and microbial respiration rates were 22.7%, 19.6%, and 23.5% lower in the fertilized plots than in the unfertilized plots, respectively. The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil respiration ranged from 1.81 to 2.04, and the Q₁₀ value of microbial respiration decreased from 2.04 in the unfertilized plots to 1.84 in the fertilized plots. However, neither the Q₁₀ value nor the patterns of total soil respiration were affected by N fertilization. In the two-factor model, soil temperature and moisture accounted for 69.9%-79.7% of the seasonal variations in soil respiration. These results suggest that N fertilization reduces the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature change and may contribute to the increase of soil carbon storage under global warming in subtropical plantations.     

不同养分环境下邻株竞争对木荷和杉木生长、细根形态及分布的影响

以木荷和杉木为试验材料,模拟异质和同质两种森林土壤养分环境,设计单植、两株纯植和两株混植3种栽植方式,开展盆栽试验研究木荷与杉木混交造林增产及木荷生长竞争优势形成的原因.结果表明: 与同质养分环境相比,异质养分环境中木荷与杉木混植时两树种均具有较高的苗高和干物质积累量,且木荷竞争优势明显,这与其根系可塑性强有关.混植的木荷各径级细根大量增生,其根系总长度、表面积和体积比杉木高80%～180%.木荷细根在垂直方向上采用了补偿性的生长策略,即除占据富养表层外,还在低养分斑块中大量增殖以获得更大的竞争优势.木荷与杉木的细根在土壤中的拓殖深度不同,生态位分化,缓解了两树种根系对养分的强烈竞争,提高了混植产量.纯植的木荷由于根系自我识别作用,抑制了根系的生长,使得纯植产量较低.细根在空间上错开和均匀分布可能是木荷纯林结构稳定的原因之一.建议在生产中采用块状整地和表层施肥等措施,改善土壤养分分布状况,营建混交林促进木荷和杉木生长,而对已营造的木荷人工纯林,可以及时调控林分密度促进林木生长.