长期水淹对‘中山杉118’幼苗呼吸代谢的影响

中山杉(Taxodium‘Zhongshansha’)具有极强的耐淹性,但其耐淹机理仍没有明确。该研究以‘中山杉118’(Taxodium‘Zhongshansha 118’)幼苗为对象,在经过93天不同水淹处理(对照、水浸、浅淹、深淹)后测定中山杉叶片和根系的无氧呼吸酶活性、淀粉及可溶性糖含量、生物量以及根系活力,从能量消耗的角度初步探索了中山杉的耐淹性。结果表明:长期水淹使中山杉叶片与根系中3种无氧呼吸酶(乙醇脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱羧酶、乳酸脱氢酶)活性显著增加,且叶片与根系的乙醇脱氢酶活性均高于乳酸脱氢酶活性,中山杉的根系和叶片是通过加强以酒精发酵为主的无氧呼吸适应长期缺氧环境;不同水淹处理的叶片中3种无氧呼吸酶活性均高于根系,叶片对缺氧环境更加敏感;中山杉叶片和根系淀粉、可溶性糖含量均随水淹深度的增加显著增加,根系淀粉含量显著高于叶片,可溶性糖含量低于叶片;中山杉根系淀粉含量高是其能够长期忍受水淹的重要原因,且中山杉适应长期水淹的策略为忍耐型;经受长期水淹后中山杉根茎结合部长出气生根及茎基部膨大,同时根系外壁的木质化能将根系与外部水淹环境隔离,具有很强的耐淹性,可作为湿地生态修复、消落带生物治理的优良植物材料。     

中山杉及其父母本幼苗对干旱胁迫和复水的响应

本文研究了落羽杉和墨杉及其杂交后代中山杉302(落羽杉♀×墨杉♂)、中山杉407(墨杉♀×落羽杉♂)、回交代中山杉118(中山杉302♀×墨杉♂)在自然干旱胁迫和复水过程中,光合特征、抗氧化酶系统和形态特性等的响应.结果表明:随干旱时间的延长,所有植株的净光合速率逐渐降低、脯氨酸开始积累且抗氧化酶系统逐渐清除丙二醛的毒性.胁迫至第8天,落羽杉净光合速率的下降幅度最大,而中山杉118的水分利用效率最高、丙二醛含量最少;墨杉的超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量增长最大.复水2 d后,所有植物的参数均有不同程度的恢复,其中,中山杉118恢复速率最快,其净光合速率和脯氨酸含量分别恢复了74.4%和60.2%.复水9 d后,所有植株的测定指标基本恢复至或接近正常水平,其中,中山杉118的生物量未受影响且根冠比显著增加.植物的耐旱能力依次为墨杉>中山杉118>中山杉407>中山杉302>落羽杉.回交品种中山杉118的杂种优势明显,较大程度地遗传了墨杉的耐旱性,该结论可为耐旱中山杉品种的杂交选育和推广应用提供科学依据.     

根际低氧逆境对网纹甜瓜幼苗生长及根系呼吸代谢途径的影响

以耐低氧性具有明显差异的两个网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. raticulalus)品种为试材,研究了根际低氧胁迫下幼苗生长、根系活力及根系呼吸关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,根际低氧胁迫下,两品种幼苗生长均受到明显抑制,而根系活力升高;根系PDC活性两品种均显著提高,品种间无显著差异; MDH活性两品种均显著降低,且耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’下降幅度较大;根系ADH和LDH活性两品种均显著提高,耐低氧性强的‘东方星光’ADH活性增加的幅度显著高于耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’,而‘西域一号’LDH活性增加幅度显著高于‘东方星光’。说明‘东方星光’在低氧胁迫下能保持较高的有氧呼吸水平,无氧呼吸的主要途径为乙醇发酵,而‘西域一号’在低氧胁迫下无氧呼吸的主要途径为乳酸发酵。     

不同基质和扦插时间对‘中山杉118’插条生根的影响

选择抗逆性强、性状优良的‘中山杉118’当年生枝条为插穗,开展中山杉扦插繁殖育苗试验。以重庆万州区就地取材的1/2腐土、2/3腐土、全腐土、全沙土为扦插基质,6月和9月分别进行扦插,测量插条生根率、最长根、根粗、根木质化程度等指标。结果表明,1/2腐土的‘中山杉118’插条生根率最高,适合作为‘中山杉118’扦插基质;在扦插时间上,6月扦插比9月生根率高,木质化程度大,说明6月更适合‘中山杉118’扦插繁殖。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.20和1.55 g·cm^-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明: 土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系中丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性显著提高;无氧呼吸主要产物(乙醇、乙醛和乳酸)含量显著升高;参与有氧呼吸的苹果酸脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性显著下降,丙酮酸和琥珀酸含量显著提高,苹果酸含量显著下降.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系的有氧呼吸受到显著抑制,无氧呼吸过程加强.     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.20和1.55 g· cm-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号'黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明:土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系中丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性显著提高;无氧呼吸主要产物(乙醇、乙醛和乳酸)含量显著升高;参与有氧呼吸的苹果酸脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性显著下降,丙酮酸和琥珀酸含量显著提高,苹果酸含量显著下降.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系的有氧呼吸受到显著抑制,无氧呼吸过程加强.     

低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

对两个抗低氧胁迫能力不同的黄瓜品种进行营养液水培,研究了低氧胁迫下植株根系中无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,低氧胁迫下,黄瓜植株生长受到抑制,鲜重和干重显著降低,根系中蛋白质含量降低,而根系中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙酮酸脱羧酶（PDC）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在低氧胁迫下显著提高,且提高的幅度与品种抗低氧胁迫能力的强弱有关,与“中农8号”相比,抗低氧性胁迫能力较强的“绿霸春四号”根系内LDH活性增幅较小,而ADH、PDC、SOD、POD和CAT活性增幅较大。说明较高的ADH、PDC、SOD、POD、CAT活性和较低的LDH活性有利于增强幼苗植株抗低氧胁迫的能力。     

Ca2+对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和根系无氧呼吸酶的影响

采用营养液水培,以抗低氧能力不同的2个黄瓜品种为试材,研究了Ca2+对黄瓜幼苗植株生长和根系无氧呼吸酶活性的影响.结果表明,在低氧胁迫下,LDH、PDC和ADH活性提高程度与幼苗的抗低氧性和Ca2+浓度密切相关.与抗低氧性较弱的\"中农8号\"相比,抗低氧性强的\"绿霸春4号\"幼苗根系LDH活性增加缓慢,而PDC和ADH活性增加幅度较大,因此增强了植株对低氧胁迫的抗性.低氧胁迫下,营养液中8 mmol·L-1 Ca2+处理能显著提高根系ADH活性,降低LDH和PDC活性,0 mmol·L-1 Ca2+处理表现出相反的规律.由此可以说明,低氧胁迫下,Ca2+能够提高ADH活性,降低LDH和PDC活性,可增强黄瓜植株对低氧胁迫的抗性.     

根际低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培方法,研究了低氧胁迫对两个耐低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫下,两个黄瓜品种根系三羧酸循环显著受阻,无氧呼吸代谢被促进.与耐低氧能力较弱的中农8号相比,耐低氧能力较强的绿霸春4号根系琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性的降低幅度较小,乳酸脱氢酶活性、乳酸和丙酮酸含量的增加幅度较小,而丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶活性及乙醇、丙氨酸含量的增加幅度较大;低氧胁迫8d时,与相应对照相比,绿霸春4号根系乙醇脱氢酶活性及乙醇和丙氨酸含量分别增加了409.30%、112.13%和30.64%,中农8号根系分别增加了110.42%、31.84%和4.78%,这是两个黄瓜品种耐低氧能力差异的主要生理原因.两品种幼苗根系丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性和乙醛含量没有显著差异.表明低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系乙醇发酵代谢途径的增强和丙氨酸的积累有利于防御低氧伤害.     

水淹对水麦幼苗ABA和膜特性的影响

水淹导致小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,膜透性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量上升;在水淹胁迫下２４ｈ,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性未见明显变化;脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）于２１ｈ出现一个高峰。     

粉美人萱草的快繁技术和大田种植

以粉美人萱草(Hemerocallis fulva cv. ‘Fenmeiren’)的花茎为外植体进行离体培养, 该研究成功建立了粉美人萱草组培快繁技术。结果表明, 6月获得的外植体用浓度为15% (v/v)的次氯酸钠溶液消毒8分钟, 外植体存活率达95%; 最佳增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.004 mg·L^-1 TDZ+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA, 培养30天后, 月增殖系数达2.9; 壮苗培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L^-1 IBA, 在该培养基中, 组培苗不再分化, 长势健壮; 最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.4 mg·L^-1 IBA+20 g·L^-1蔗糖, 生根率达95%; 移栽基质采用珍珠岩:草炭=1:2 (v/v), 通过精细化管理, 成活率可达85%, 出圃合格率为75%。目前已实现规模化繁殖, 并生产组培苗2.0×10⁵株, 大田种植表现良好。     

Complete genome sequence of Sebaldella termitidis type strain (NCTC 11300)

Sebaldella termitidis (Sebald 1962) Collins and Shah 1986, is the only species in the genus Sebaldella within the fusobacterial family 'Leptotrichiaceae'. The sole and type strain of the species was first isolated about 50 years ago from intestinal content of Mediterranean termites. The species is of interest for its very isolated phylogenetic position within the phylum Fusobacteria in the tree of life, with no other species sharing more than 90% 16S rRNA sequence similarity. The 4,486,650 bp long genome with its 4,210 protein-coding and 54 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.     

Physiological and proteomic characterization of manganese sensitivity and tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) in comparison with barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Background and Aims

Research on manganese (Mn) toxicity and tolerance indicates that Mn toxicity develops apoplastically through increased peroxidase activities mediated by phenolics and Mn, and Mn tolerance could be conferred by sequestration of Mn in inert cell compartments. This comparative study focuses on Mn-sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Mn-tolerant rice (Oryza sativa) as model organisms to unravel the mechanisms of Mn toxicity and/or tolerance in monocots.

Methods

Bulk leaf Mn concentrations as well as peroxidase activities and protein concentrations were analysed in apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) in both species. In rice, Mn distribution between leaf compartments and the leaf proteome using 2D isoelectic focusing IEF/SDS–PAGE and 2D Blue native BN/SDS–PAGE was studied.

Key Results

The Mn sensitivity of barley was confirmed since the formation of brown spots on older leaves was induced by low bulk leaf and AWF Mn concentrations and exhibited strongly enhanced H₂O₂-producing and consuming peroxidase activities. In contrast, by a factor of 50, higher Mn concentrations did not produce Mn toxicity symptoms on older leaves in rice. Peroxidase activities, lower by a factor of about 100 in the rice leaf AWF compared with barley, support the view of a central role for these peroxidases in the apoplastic expression of Mn toxicity. The high Mn tolerance of old rice leaves could be related to a high Mn binding capacity of the cell walls. Proteomic studies suggest that the lower Mn tolerance of young rice leaves could be related to Mn excess-induced displacement of Mg and Fe from essential metabolic functions.

Conclusions

The results provide evidence that Mn toxicity in barley involves apoplastic lesions mediated by peroxidases. The high Mn tolerance of old leaves of rice involves a high Mn binding capacity of the cell walls, whereas Mn toxicity in less Mn-tolerant young leaves is related to Mn-induced Mg and Fe deficiencies.     

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence of Aminomonas paucivorans type strain (GLU-3)

Aminomonas paucivorans Baena et al. 1999 is the type species of the genus Aminomonas, which belongs to the family Synergistaceae. The species is of interest because it is an asaccharolytic chemoorganotrophic bacterium which ferments quite a number of amino acids. This is the first finished genome sequence (with one gap in a rDNA region) of a member of the genus Aminomonas and the third sequence from the family Synergistaceae. The 2,630,120 bp long genome with its 2,433 protein-coding and 61 RNA genes is a part of the GenomicEncyclopedia ofBacteria andArchaea project.     

氧化损伤是热胁迫下小金蝠蛾幼虫不能存活的重要原因

【目的】小金蝠蛾Thitarodes xiaojinensis是冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis的寄主昆虫,生活于高海拔、高寒地区,低温适应性强,但在室温下（25~27℃）不能正常存活。本研究检测了热胁迫（27℃）对小金蝠蛾幼虫消化酶及抗氧化系统的影响,以期揭示小金蝠蛾室温不耐受的生理机制。【方法】小金蝠蛾8龄幼虫分两组进行处理：高温组于27℃下饲养,对照组于16℃下饲养。处理24 h后观察虫体状态,并解剖,取中肠及血淋巴。透射电镜观察中肠细胞线粒体结构,分别测定中肠总蛋白酶和糖基水解酶活性,血淋巴丙二醛（MDA）含量,以及血淋巴保护酶系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性。【结果】两组幼虫中肠总蛋白酶及糖基水解酶活性均随反应温度（16~37℃）升高而增强。协方差分析显示,高温组幼虫酶活性极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。然而,高温组幼虫在27℃下的酶活性与对照组幼虫在16℃下的酶活性无显著差异（P<0.05）。热胁迫下虫体血淋巴中丙二醛含量显著升高（P<0.05）,提示出现了氧化损伤。透射电镜结果显示,高温组中肠细胞线粒体肿胀,膜受损,嵴排列混乱,结构破坏。对活性氧起清除作用的3种保护酶中,仅POD活性显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD和CAT活性均无显著变化（P>0.05）。【结论】消化酶活性的变化可能不是小金蝠蛾室温不耐受的重要因素;氧化损伤是其热胁迫下不能正常存活的一个重要原因。     

Factors responsible for deep-sowing tolerance in wheat seedlings: varietal differences in cell proliferation and the co-ordinated synchronization of epidermal cell expansion and cortical cell division for the gibberellin-mediated elongation of first internodes

MethodsThe lengths and numbers of epidermal and cortical cells of the first internodes in three wheat cultivars were measured. These parameters were compared in wheat seedlings treated with gibberellin A₃ (GA₃) or an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, uniconazole.ConclusionsThe deep-sowing-tolerant cultivar ‘Hong Mang Mai’ is able to elongate the first internode to a greater degree due to enhanced cell division and a heightened response to GA. In addition, cell expansion in the epidermis and cell division in the cortex are synchronized for the elongation of the first internodes. In response to GA, this well-co-ordinated synchronization yields the rapid elongation of the first internodes in wheat seedlings.     

Understanding the development of roots exposed to contaminants and the potential of plant-associated bacteria for optimization of growth

Background and Scope

Plant responses to the toxic effects of soil contaminants, such as excess metals or organic substances, have been studied mainly at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, but the influence on root system architecture has received little attention. Nevertheless, the precise position, morphology and extent of roots can influence contaminant uptake. Here, data are discussed that aim to increase the molecular and ecological understanding of the influence of contaminants on root system architecture. Furthermore, the potential of plant-associated bacteria to influence root growth by their growth-promoting and stress-relieving capacities is explored.

Methods

Root growth parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in vertical agar plates are quantified. Mutants are used in a reverse genetics approach to identify molecular components underlying quantitative changes in root architecture after exposure to excess cadmium, copper or zinc. Plant-associated bacteria are isolated from contaminated environments, genotypically and phenotypically characterized, and used to test plant root growth improvement in the presence of contaminants.

Key Results

The molecular determinants of primary root growth inhibition and effects on lateral root density by cadmium were identified. A vertical split-root system revealed local effects of cadmium and copper on root development. However, systemic effects of zinc exposure on root growth reduced both the avoidance of contaminated areas and colonization of non-contaminated areas. The potential for growth promotion and contaminant degradation of plant-associated bacteria was demonstrated by improved root growth of inoculated plants exposed to 2,4-di-nitro-toluene (DNT) or cadmium.

Conclusions

Knowledge concerning the specific influence of different contaminants on root system architecture and the molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved can be combined with the exploitation of plant-associated bacteria to influence root development and increase plant stress tolerance, which should lead to more optimal root systems for application in phytoremediation or safer biomass production.     

涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎含水量的电阻抗图谱估测

通过人工模拟涝胁迫, 在不同时期测定涝胁迫下白桦(Betula platyphylla)叶和茎的电阻抗图谱(electrical impedance spectroscopy, EIS)和相应叶和茎的含水量及细胞膜透性。对叶和茎EIS参数与其含水量以及细胞膜透性数据分别进行相关分析, 采用单变量线性和非线性回归技术, 选取部分样本数据建立涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量估测模型, 并利用其余的样本对模型进行检验。用EIS法和电导法估测其耐涝时间。取得如下结果。(1) 随着涝胁迫时间的延长, 涝处理中白桦叶和茎的含水量均呈下降趋势。(2) 涝胁迫下叶的EIS中弧顶电抗值呈降低的趋势, 而茎的EIS中弧顶电抗值呈先升高, 后降低的趋势。(3) 涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量及细胞膜透性与部分EIS参数显著相关, 并通过选取相关性最佳的EIS参数, 构建了涝胁迫下叶和茎含水量的估算模型。其中, 高频电阻率(r)对叶和茎含水量的估算效果最好, 最佳估算模型分别为y_叶=1.066 8e^−0.11x和y_茎=0.000 7x²+0.003 7x+0.525 4。对以上模型进行测试和检验, 均取得了较为理想的预测精度, 分别为84.30%和94.34%。表明可以用EIS信息估测涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量, 其估算模型有较高的可靠性与普适性。(4) 白桦实生苗可忍受30天以上涝害胁迫。该研究结果对利用EIS技术监测逆境下林木生理状况及生长趋势具有实用价值。