FLT4 调控羊驼黑色素细胞中黑色素生成

血管内皮素生长因子受体3（vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3,VEGFR-3/FLT4）与黑色素瘤细胞的生长有关,其可能对毛色及黑色素生成有一定的调控作用。为探讨FLT4基因对羊驼毛色及黑色素生成的影响,本文采用免疫组织化学、qRT-PCR、Western印迹对FLT4在不同毛色羊驼皮肤毛囊中的表达进行了研究。结果显示,FLT4在不同毛色毛囊中外根鞘及毛乳头阳性表达不同,且棕色皮肤比白色皮肤阳性信号强;FLT4 mRNA在棕色羊驼皮肤的表达量明显高于白色羊驼皮肤 (P<0.01);FLT4蛋白在棕色皮肤中的表达量明显高于白色皮肤(P<0.01);为进一步研究FLT4对黑色素生成的影响;通过对体外培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞中添加不同浓度的FLT4蛋白（0, 1, 10, 50, 100 ng/mL）,与对照组相比,添加FLT4蛋白后酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸相关蛋白-1(TYRP1)、受体酪氨酸激酶 c-KIT、小眼畸形相关转录因子(MITF)的 mRNA和蛋白质表达明显增加, 10 ng/mL组表达量最高(P<0.01);黑色素含量测定结果表明,不同浓度的FLT4蛋白处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素含量比对照组明显升高,添加FLT4蛋白10 ng/mL表达量最高(P<0.01)。由此可知,FLT4可以通过调节毛色相关基因的表达进而引起黑色素细胞中黑色素含量的变化。     

miRNA-338-3p通过靶向抑制MC1R基因表达抑制羊驼黑色素细胞黑色素的生成

黑色素皮质素1受体MC1R）是在黑色素细胞内表达的G蛋白耦合受体（G protein coupled receptor, GPCR）家族成员,参与黑色素细胞中黑色素的生成。微RNAs（miRNAs）是一类非编码RNA,通过与靶基因3′-UTR结合抑制基因表达。已有研究证明,miR-338-3p 在多种人类肿瘤细胞中（过）表达,可通过下调靶基因表达抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭迁移能力。然而,有关miR-338-3p对羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素合成影响却罕见报道。本研究证明,miRNA-338-3p通过靶向抑制MC1R基因表达,抑制羊驼黑色素细胞黑色素的生成。采用生物信息学预测MC1R基因是miRNA-338-3p的靶基因,其基因表达抑制羊驼黑色素细胞黑色素合成。随后构建miR-338-3p真核表达载体。其基因转染结合qPT-PCR和Western印迹结果揭示,与对照细胞比较,过表达miRNA-338-3p的羊驼黑色素细胞的MC1R基因,及其下游与黑色素生成相关的小眼相关性转录因子（MITF)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1（TYRP1）、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2（TYRP2）编码基因mRNA及蛋白质表达水平明显下调。酶联免疫吸附分析显示,过表达miRNA-338-3p的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素产量,较对照细胞显著下降（P＜0.01）。综上结果,miR-338-3p可通过抑制靶基因MC1R表达,下调其下游基因MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2基因的表达,从而抑制羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素的合成。miRNA-338-3p在羊驼生长发育过程中,是否参与调控体内皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素生成尚待进一步研究。     

人KRT2促进体外培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素生成

基因表达谱显示,绵羊角蛋白2（keratin2, Krt2）的mRNA在不同毛色皮肤的表达不同,暗示Krt2 基因可能对皮肤黑色素生成有一定的影响。为探索角蛋白2对体外培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素生成的影响,首先采用PCR扩增产物测序,结合DNAMAN 软件比对分析发现,羊驼Krt2 编码序列（cDNA）与NCBI公布的人KRT2高度同源（91%）;将人KRT2添加于培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞,观察人KRT2对羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素的生成作用。免疫组织化学显示,外源性的人KRT2处理羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞72 h后,黑色素细胞的细胞质中Krt2表达增强。实时定量PCR及Western 印迹实验揭示,与胎牛血清清蛋白处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞比较,1 ng/mL、10 ng/mL和100 ng/mL人KTR2处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞酪氨酸酶（Tyr）、酪氨酸相关蛋白-1（Tyrp1）、小眼畸形相关转录因子（Mitf）基因表达明显上调（P <0.05）;尤其在添加10 ng/mL KTR2的细胞中,3个基因的mRNA相对表达水平升高尤其显著,分别是对照细胞的4倍、10倍和12.9倍（P<0.01）,蛋白质相对表达水平分别是对照细胞的2倍、2.1倍和1.7倍（P<0.01）。分光光度法测量A490结果证明,1 ng/mL、10 ng/mL和100 ng/mL人KTR2处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞产生的黑色素含量分别是对照细胞的1.3倍（P <0.05）、1.8倍（P <0.01）和1.5倍（P <0.05）。上述结果说明,人KTR2处理可通过刺激羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素合成相关信号通路,促进黑色素的合成。     

人KRT2促进体外培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞的黑色素生成北大核心CSCD

基因表达谱显示,绵羊角蛋白2(keratin2,Krt2)的mRNA在不同毛色皮肤的表达不同,暗示Krt2基因可能对皮肤黑色素生成有一定的影响。为探索角蛋白2对体外培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素生成的影响,首先采用PCR扩增产物测序,结合DNAMAN软件比对分析发现,羊驼Krt2编码序列(c DNA)与NCBI公布的人KRT2高度同源(91%);将人KRT2添加于培养的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞,观察人KRT2对羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素的生成作用。免疫组织化学显示,外源性的人KRT2处理羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞72 h后,黑色素细胞的细胞质中Krt2表达增强。实时定量PCR及Western印迹实验揭示,与胎牛血清清蛋白处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞比较,1 ng/m L、10 ng/m L和100 ng/m L人KTR2处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞酪氨酸酶(Tyr)、酪氨酸相关蛋白-1(Tyrp1)、小眼畸形相关转录因子(Mitf)基因表达明显上调(P<0.05);尤其在添加10 ng/m L KTR2的细胞中,3个基因的mRNA相对表达水平升高尤其显著,分别是对照细胞的4倍、10倍和12.9倍(P<0.01),蛋白质相对表达水平分别是对照细胞的2倍、2.1倍和1.7倍(P<0.01)。分光光度法测量A490结果证明,1 ng/m L、10 ng/m L和100 ng/m L人KTR2处理的羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞产生的黑色素含量分别是对照细胞的1.3倍(P<0.05)、1.8倍(P<0.01)和1.5倍(P<0.05)。上述结果说明,人KTR2处理可通过刺激羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞黑色素合成相关信号通路,促进黑色素的合成。     

lpa-miR-nov-66通过调控cAMP路径抑制α-MSH介导的羊驼黑色素生成

α-黑素细胞刺激素(α-MSH)和lpa-miR-nov-66在羊驼黑色素细胞产生黑色素过程中均起重要的调控作用,但二者之间的关系尚未报道.本研究在体外培养的羊驼黑色素细胞中通过转染lpamiR-nov-66和添加α-MSH处理,用实时定量PCR和Western印迹检测黑色素细胞内基因表达水平,ELISA法检测c AMP和cGMP的产量,RTCA实时无标记细胞功能分析黑色素细胞增殖以及紫外分光光度法检测黑色素产量,证实二者在调控羊驼黑色素细胞产生黑色素颗粒过程中的关系.结果显示,与单纯α-MSH处理相比,lpa-miR-nov-66转染结合α-MSH处理组中,小眼转录因子(MITF)和酪氨酸酶(TYR)在转录水平和翻译水平的表达均降低,而酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2(TYRP2)在转录和翻译水平的表达均升高;cGMP的产量升高,cAMP的产量下降;黑色素细胞增殖没有显著变化;黑色素细胞内黑色素产量下降.与单纯转染lpa-miR-nov-66相比,lpa-miR-nov-66转染结合α-MSH处理组中,MITF、TYR和TYRP2在转录水平和翻译水平的表达均升高;cGMP的产量下降,cAMP的产量升高;黑色素细胞增殖没有显著变化;黑色素细胞内黑色素产量升高.上述结果证明,lpa-miR-nov-66通过调控羊驼黑色素细胞中毛色形成的c AMP路径,抑制α-MSH对黑色素细胞产生黑色素的促进作用.     

Lpa-miR-nov-66拮抗IGF1促羊驼黑色素细胞黑色素生成及细胞迁移作用

胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF1）能够促进细胞迁移。我们最近的研究发现,一种新发现的miRNA（lpa-miR-nov-66）可通过靶向抑制可溶性腺苷酸环化酶（soluble guanylate cyclase,sGC）抑制黑色素细胞产生黑色素。然而,当二者联合作用于黑色素细胞时,究竟如何影响黑色素细胞的黑色素产生及细胞迁移尚未见报道。本研究证明,lpa-miR-nov-66可拮抗IGF1的促黑色素细胞的黑色素生成及促细胞迁移作用。ELISA法检测结果揭示,与单纯IGF1处理比较,过表达lpa-miR-nov-66或过表达lpa-miR-nov-66联合IGF1处理可明显降低IGF1诱导羊驼黑色素细胞的cAMP生成水平。实时定量PCR和Western印迹证明,与单纯IGF1处理比较,过表达lpa-miR-nov-66或联合处理可明显降低毛色生成相关基因--MITF、TYR、和TYRP1在黑色素细胞的表达。此外,细胞增殖和细胞划痕实验显示,与单纯IGF1处理比较,过表达lpa-miR-nov-66或联合处理可显著抑制黑色素细胞的迁移。上述结果表明,lpa-miR-nov-66可以减少cAMP产生,抑制IGF1的促黑色素细胞产生黑色素的作用,并抑制IGF1对黑色素细胞增殖和迁移的促进作用。     

17β—雌二醇抑制内皮素诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用

目的和方法：利用组织块贴壁法进行大鼠VSMC培养,胰蛋白酶分散细胞法传代。实验采用第4-6代细胞。采用氚-胸腺嘧啶核苷（[^3H]-TdR)掺入和细胞计数来作为VSMC增殖的指标,以RT-PCR的方法检测ETAR的表达,观察17β-雌二醇（E2）对内皮素-I（endothelin-l,ET-1)介导的血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖反应以及对内皮素A型受体（ETAR）表达的影响。结果：ETAR特异性拮抗剂BQ123能完全阻断ET-1介导的VSMC增殖反应;E2可明显抑制ET-1促进VSMC增殖的作用,RT-PCR结果显示E2能抑制ETAR的表达,12h时抑制作用最为明显;E2受体阻断剂Tamoxifen亦能部分抑制ET-1对VSMC的增殖及ETAR的mRNA的表达。结论：ET-1促进VSMC增殖作用主要通过ETAR介导的,雌激素可通过抑制ETARmRNA表达来发挥对ET-1促进VSMC增殖的抑制作用。     

Effect of keratinocytes on regulation of melanogenesis in culture of melanocytes

Melanocytes are the melanin-producing cells by melanogenesis, and the pigment melanin is primarily responsible for the color of skin. These cells contain dendrites that are in close contact with neighboring keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce and secrete factors that regulate the proliferation and melanogenesis of melanocytes in vitro. Therefore, adopting only melanocyte pure culture may not clearly reflect the skin physiology in vivo. In this study, we applied a two-culture model using melanocytes and keratinocytes from human skin, such as melanocyte pure culture and melanocyte co-culture with keratinocyte. And then, there was compared the responses of melanocytes under different culture conditions (treatment with arbutin, MSH-α and UV-B irradiation). The results show that there was no significant difference in melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis between arbutin and MSH-α treatment. However, the co-culture model was more stable than the pure culture model in terms of melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis upon UV-B irradiation. Therefore, the co-culture model was superior to the pure culture as a useful method for the study of melanocytes and epidermal melanin unit.     

Effects of hydroxybenzyl alcohols on melanogenesis in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture and monolayer culture of melanocytes

In mammalian skin, melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis can be stimulated by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and other regulatory factors. To determine whether hydroxybenzyl alcohols (HBAs) show more inhibitory in melanocytes cultured alone or in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes, we developed a murine melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture model to investigate the pigmentation regulators in company with other melanogenic inhibitors and stimulators. It was found that the effects of HBAs and melanogenic factors were more evident in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes. Keratinocytes may play a synergistic role in melanocyte melanogenesis and influence the pigment production. The tests in the co-culture model also imply that the inhibitory effects of HBAs on melanogenesis are due to the direct inhibition of melanosomal tyrosinase activity. HBAs showed a low cytotoxicity. The eventual results proved that HBAs are promising and safe agents for skin whitening in melanocyte alone and in co-culture systems. The co-culture model provides a more physiologically realistic condition to study the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes, which enables a reliable screening system for depigmenting compounds.     

Effects of hydroxybenzyl alcohols on melanogenesis in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture and monolayer culture of melanocytes

In mammalian skin, melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis can be stimulated by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and other regulatory factors. To determine whether hydroxybenzyl alcohols (HBAs) show more inhibitory in melanocytes cultured alone or in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes, we developed a murine melanocyte–keratinocyte co-culture model to investigate the pigmentation regulators in company with other melanogenic inhibitors and stimulators. It was found that the effects of HBAs and melanogenic factors were more evident in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes. Keratinocytes may play a synergistic role in melanocyte melanogenesis and influence the pigment production. The tests in the co-culture model also imply that the inhibitory effects of HBAs on melanogenesis are due to the direct inhibition of melanosomal tyrosinase activity. HBAs showed a low cytotoxicity. The eventual results proved that HBAs are promising and safe agents for skin whitening in melanocyte alone and in co-culture systems. The co-culture model provides a more physiologically realistic condition to study the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes, which enables a reliable screening system for depigmenting compounds.     

Pleiotrophin inhibits melanogenesis via Erk1/2‐MITF signaling in normal human melanocytes

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted heparin‐binding protein that is involved in various biological functions of cell growth and differentiation. Little is known about the effects of PTN on the melanocyte function and skin pigmentation. In this study, we investigated whether PTN would affect melanogenesis. PTN was expressed in melanocytes and fibroblasts of human skin. Transfection studies revealed that PTN decreased melanogenesis, probably through MITF degradation via Erk1/2 activation in melanocytes. The inhibitory action of PTN in pigmentation was further confirmed in ex vivo cultured skin and in the melanocytes cocultured with fibroblasts. These findings suggest that PTN is a crucial factor for the regulation of melanogenesis in the skin.     

Modulation of Normal Human Melanocyte Dendricity by Growth-Promoting Agents

Dendrite formation and extension, which comprise a characteristic morphology of human normal melanocytes in the skin, represent one of the functional activities of melanocytes, the ability to transfer melanosomes into neighboring keratinocytes. However, the morphology of the melanocyte in vitro is usually quite different from that observed in vivo. it is probably due to the hyperproliferative condition of the melanocytes in culture. No studies have ever compared the effects of a single factor on both dendricity and proliferation at the same time. Therefore, we have compared the effects of six growth-promoting agents commonly used for melanocyte cultures on dendrite formation and proliferation. The addition of agents that increase the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)—dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db cAMP; 1 mM) or isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX; 0.1 mM)—had a strong effect on dendrite formation and a negative effect on proliferation. This was especially true with db cAMP. In the presence of 2% or 5% of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), dendrite formation was significantly increased as was proliferation. The number of dendrites was decreased in the culture with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), but cell growth was slightly increased. With human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (0.5, 1.0 ng/ml) in the presence of bovine pituitary extract (BPE) (60 μg/ml), cell growth was increased. With 2 ng/ml of bFGF, however, a strong inhibitory effect on proliferation was observed. However, dendrite formation was constant at all concentrations of bFGF tested (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ng/ml) with BPE (30 or 60 μg/ml). In this study, we have demonstrated that dendrite formation was suppressed by the reagents that stimulate melanocyte proliferation, and vice versa, with the only exception being heat-inactivated FBS. Both dendrite formation and proliferation were induced by the heat-inactivated FBS. This approach is crucial to the development of an adequate culture system for proliferation and/or dendrite formation of normal human melanocytes. It is necessary to keep these aspects in mind as we further investigate the biology of melanocytes, especially the cell-to-cell interactions between melanocytes and keratinocytes, involved in melanogenesis and melanin pigmentation in vivo. This study also provides practical and important information for a future reconstitutive skin system composed of melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts in a single culture medium.     

MicroRNA-411a-3p过表达抑制Ca2+信号转导与羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移

黑色素细胞中产生的黑色素转移及黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移均与色素沉积有关。黑色素细胞的增殖需要有丝分裂原协同进行。黑色素细胞的增殖和分化受组织环境以及多种毛色基因的调控。miRNA-411a-3p在不同毛色羊驼皮肤中呈差异表达,且通过靶向IGF1R调控黑色素生成。但miRNA-411a-3p是否与黑色素颗粒迁移、黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移相关未见报道。本研究通过miRNA-411a-3p转染羊驼黑色素细胞后发现,与对照组相比,钙离子信号转导水平下降了（91.73±1.53）% (P<0.01),与黑色素转移有关的Rab27a和肌球蛋白Va在蛋白质水平的表达均被下调,同时与细胞增殖有关的整联蛋白β1和β5相关基因在转录水平分别下降了（44.67 ± 13.67）%（P<0.01）和（30.72 ± 6.23）% (P<0.01),在蛋白质水平表达下降了（45.18 ± 1.96）% (P<0.001)和（11.52 ± 1.09）% (P<0.001)。综上所述,miRNA-411a-3p过表达后会抑制钙离子信号转导,以及羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移。     

MicroRNA-411a-3p过表达抑制Ca2+信号转导与羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移

黑色素细胞中产生的黑色素转移及黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移均与色素沉积有关。黑色素细胞的增殖需要有丝分裂原协同进行。黑色素细胞的增殖和分化受组织环境以及多种毛色基因的调控。miRNA-411a-3p在不同毛色羊驼皮肤中呈差异表达,且通过靶向IGF1R调控黑色素生成。但miRNA-411a-3p是否与黑色素颗粒迁移、黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移相关未见报道。本研究通过miRNA-411a-3p转染羊驼黑色素细胞后发现,与对照组相比,钙离子信号转导水平下降了（91.73±1.53）% (P<0.01),与黑色素转移有关的Rab27a和肌球蛋白Va在蛋白质水平的表达均被下调,同时与细胞增殖有关的整联蛋白β1和β5相关基因在转录水平分别下降了（44.67 ± 13.67）%（P<0.01）和（30.72 ± 6.23）% (P<0.01),在蛋白质水平表达下降了（45.18 ± 1.96）% (P<0.001)和（11.52 ± 1.09）% (P<0.001)。综上所述,miRNA-411a-3p过表达后会抑制钙离子信号转导,以及羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移。     

Effect of cyclosporin A on melanogenesis in cultured human melanocytes

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressant. Reports on the effect of CsA on hyperpigmentation in patients appear inconsistent, and the effect of CsA on skin pigment cells (melanocytes) in vitro is unknown. We examined the effect of CsA on human melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis in vitro. Melanocyte proliferation was dose-dependently inhibited by 0.1-10 microM CsA, with no effect on cell viability. Melanocytes incubated with 10 microM CsA for 6 days showed decreased pigmentation and tyrosinase activity. Western blot analysis using an anti-tyrosinase antibody revealed that CsA (0.1-10 microM) decreased tyrosinase protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Northern blot analysis showed similar effects on tyrosinase mRNA levels. These effects of CsA on melanogenesis in vitro are not consistent with suggestions that systemic CsA therapy causes patient skin hyperpigmentation.