转CiCHS基因拟南芥的黄酮代谢及抗氧化能力分析

该研究克隆了中间锦鸡儿的查尔酮合成酶基因(CiCHS)并转入野生型拟南芥和tt4突变体,用qRT-PCR检测了转基因拟南芥中内源AtCHS基因的表达量,用分光光度法分析了转基因拟南芥的总黄酮、丙二醛含量及DPPH自由基清除能力,用HPLC法检测了转基因拟南芥的柚皮苷含量。结果显示:(1)转基因拟南芥中,内源AtCHS基因的表达量约为野生型的十分之一,总黄酮含量明显高于野生型;HPLC测得转基因株系中柚皮苷含量高于野生型;紫外照射处理前后转基因拟南芥中丙二醛积累量明显少于野生型。(2)转基因株系提取物对DPPH自由基清除能力显著高于野生型。(3)CiCHS基因互补拟南芥tt4突变体,转基因株系的种皮呈现浅棕色。研究表明,中间锦鸡儿CiCHS基因异源表达后生成了柚皮苷,使转基因植物的抗氧化性增强,部分恢复了tt4突变体的种皮颜色。     

拟南芥AtNHX2启动子的克隆及表达模式分析(英)

AtNHX2基因是拟南芥NHX基因家族的一员,编码了一种液泡膜中的Na⁺/H⁺反向运输体并对拟南芥的耐盐能力起着重要的作用.采用PCR扩增的方法克隆了拟南芥AtNHX2基因启始密码子上游约2.8 kb的DNA片段,并将其克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-1中,通过基因枪轰击洋葱表皮瞬时表达的方法,初步检测启动子的活性.将重组质粒pCAMBIA1301-1/AtNHX2 promoter转化拟南芥并筛选纯合子.AtNHX2 promoter-GUS分析显示AtNHX2在所有的组织中均有表达,包括根尖.在保卫细胞中检测到了强烈的GUS表达,这一结果表明,AtNHX2对特殊细胞的pH调控和K⁺自身稳定方面起着重要的作用.AtNHX2启动子的活性可被NaCl抑制,并且抑制的强度和NaCl的浓度成正相关. 300 mmol/L KCl处理可增强启动子的活性,说明NaCl和KCl是在转录水平上调控AtNHX2的表达.在老叶中GUS活性比在新叶中GUS活性强,这说明了AtNHX2优先将有毒的离子积累在老叶中,从而有利于植物的正常发育.在根毛细胞中也观测到了强烈的GUS活性,这就暗示了AtNHX2在扩大的液泡中储存Na⁺.     

ASK1 physically interacts with COI1 and is required for male fertility inArabidopsis

Jasmonates are a new class of plant hormones that play important roles in plant development and plant defense. TheCOI1 gene was previously shown to be required for jasmonate-regulated plant fertility and defense. We demonstrated for the first time that COI1 interacts with theArabidopsis SKP1-LIKE1 (ASK1) to form a complex that is required for jasmonate action inplanta. Functional analysis by antisense strategy showed thatASK1 is involved in male fertility.     

拟南芥株型突变体zpr1的性状特征与基因鉴定分析

对本研究室经T-DNA插入法获得的拟南芥株型突变株系——隐性突变体zpr1植株进行植物学性状调查和遗传分析,并对该突变基因进行鉴定、表达定位和调控元件分析。结果显示:(1)性状分析表明,与野生型拟南芥Ws-2相比,突变体zpr1的茎生叶分枝数量增加,茎生叶分枝发生于拟南芥顶端花序部位;野生型拟南芥茎生叶为披针形,而突变体zpr1没有出现分枝的茎生叶呈倒卵形,出现分枝的茎生叶呈披针型;突变体zpr1的主花序高度、株高、分枝高度和分枝长度都高于野生型,且分枝数多于野生型。(2)利用质粒挽救和反向PCR法(IPCR)确定了ZPR1基因突变发生位置是该基因起始密码子上游426bp处,证明T-DNA插入破坏了ZPR1基因的启动子区域,导致该基因在拟南芥内不能正常表达。(3)基因转录调控区域的顺式作用元件分析发现在ZPR1基因的转录调控区有多个与植物激素相关的调控元件,还有与光周期调节相关的调控元件。(4)亚细胞定位发现,ZPR1基因在所有细胞中的细胞膜中表达,而在部分细胞的细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核中均有表达。研究表明,ZPR1基因的表达对植物株型发育有重要的调控作用,该基因的表达水平受植物激素和光照的调节,最终导致了植物株型的变化。     

siRNA介导的ERA1表达下调对拟南芥抗旱性的影响

ERA1是控制植物气孔开闭的一个重要基因,根据其保守域构建RNA干扰(RNAi)载体并转化拟南芥,考察转基因植株的生长、气孔导度、离体叶片失水率以及ERA1和相关基因表达,探讨siRNA介导的ERA1表达下调对拟南芥抗旱性的影响。结果表明:转基因拟南芥株系中ERA1的表达受到明显抑制,其离体叶片失水率低于野生型,但并未出现ERA1缺失突变体的负面生长表型;转基因株系对ABA处理比野生型更敏感,其ABA处理株的根长显著变短,气孔孔径更小;转基因株ABI1、ABI2、ATHB6的表达量降低,而RAB18、RD29B、ADH1的表达量升高,siRNA介导的ERA1表达下调可能会激活RAB18、RD29B等逆境响应元件。研究发现,采用RNAi技术可以有效下调ERA1表达,在没有过多负面生长表型的前提下提高拟南芥的抗旱性,且ERA1表达下调可能通过ABA途径正面影响拟南芥的抗旱性。     

Tissue-specific and constitutive expression of a hypothetical gene At2g37610 in transgenic Arabidopsis

Hypothetical genes should play important roles in plant growth and development, although their biological functions await elucidation. One of these genes, namely At2g37610, caught our attention during the gene cloning of several salt-tolerant mutants. Promoter-GUS fusion analysis indicated a unique tissue-specific expression pattern of At2g37610 in Arabidopsis. Constitutive expression of the gene under 35S promoter caused obvious morphological changes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, such as curled rosette leaves and bushy phenotype at maturity. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the cause of the bushy phenotype was the enhanced lateral bud outgrowth at the bottom region of the primary inflorescence, which is different from that of reported mutant plants (bushy or branched) such as max, axr1, and bus mutants. Together, these data suggest that At2g37610 is a possible novel gene related to the regulation of leaf development and shoot patterning.     

拟南芥抵抗丁香假单胞杆菌过程中AZI1基因功能研究

AZI1属于脂转移蛋白家族,它在拟南芥抵抗病原菌侵染过程中可能起着传递信号物质的作用。该实验以过表达和T-DNA插入突变体及野生型拟南芥植株为材料,通过RNA印迹、蛋白质免疫印迹和原位免疫组织化学方法,研究了拟南芥壬二酸诱导基因AZI1对丁香假单胞杆菌的抗性功能。结果表明:(1)AZI1基因可以被丁香假单胞杆菌、H2O2和乙烯利诱导,它可能参与水杨酸和乙烯介导的抗菌途径。(2)蛋白质免疫印迹实验结果显示,丁香假单胞杆菌侵染叶片的叶柄渗出液中存在AZI1蛋白及其同源物EARLI1,并能够与其他蛋白质形成复合体,说明AZI1有可能通过维管组织移动到个体的其他部位,与信号分子的转移有关。(3)AZI1及其同源物EARLI1主要在花序茎的木质化部位表达,过表达AZI1基因能够促进木质素的合成,提高拟南芥对丁香假单胞杆菌的抗性。     

SMB基因与拟南芥细胞脱分化

应用Affymetrix基因芯片技术研究脱分化过程的全基因组表达情况,分析拟南芥叶柄细胞在脱分化过程中的差异表达基因。结果显示:(1)脱分化叶柄有4 222个基因表现出2倍或以上的表达差异,其中1 684个基因表达上调,2 538个基因表达下调。(2)半定量RT-PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证,进一步筛选出参与拟南芥脱分化候选基因SMB(SOMBRERO)。(3)实时PCR结果表明,野生型叶柄诱导脱分化时,SMB基因表达量随着诱导时间延长而逐渐增加。(4)SMB基因功能缺失突变体smb-3经CIM诱导很难形成愈伤组织;在激素诱导不同时间段,smb-3叶柄没有明显脱分化现象,SMB基因缺失造成拟南芥叶柄脱分化障碍。研究表明,SMB基因参与拟南芥叶柄细胞脱分化过程。     

Identification and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with mutations in both nitrate reductase structural genes NIA1 and NIA2

Mutant plants defective in the assimilation of nitrate can be selected by their resistance to the herbicide chlorate. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations at any one of nine distinct loci confer chlorate resistance. Only one of the CHL genes, CHL3, has been shown genetically to be a nitrate reductase (NR) structural gene (NIA2) even though two NR genes (NIA1 and NIA2) have been cloned from the Arabidopsis genome. Plants in which the NIA2 gene has been deleted retain only 10% of the wildtype shoot NR activity and grow normally with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Using mutagenized seeds from the NIA2 deletion mutant and a modified chlorate selection protocol, we have identified the first mutation in the NIA1 NR structural gene. nia1, nia2 double mutants have only 0.5% of wild-type shoot NR activity and display very poor growth on media with nitrate as the only form of nitrogen. The nial-1 mutation is a single nucleotide substitution that converts an alanine to a threonine in a highly conserved region of the molybdenum cofactor-binding domain of the NR protein. These results show that the NIA1 gene encodes a functional NR protein that contributes to the assimilation of nitrate in Arabidopsis.     

毛竹C4H基因的鉴定及其表达模式分析

为了解毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）中肉桂酸-4-羟化酶基因（C4H）的分子特征及其表达模式,采用生物信息学方法在毛竹基因组数据库中鉴定出6个C4H成员（PeC4H1~PeC4H6）,基因编码区长度为1 506~1 695 bp,推测编码501~564 aa,均具有保守的血红素结合域、苏氨酸结合槽基序和5个特征性底物识别位点,属于细胞色素P450超家族。系统进化分析表明,6个PeC4Hs可分为2类,分别含有2和4个成员。转录组数据分析表明,PeC4Hs在毛竹26个组织中的表达量存在明显差异,不同高度笋中PeC4Hs的表达差异显著。PeC4Hs启动子序列中含有多种响应逆境胁迫和激素信号的顺式调控元件,PeC4Hs表达受干旱和GA₃的影响,干旱时,仅PeC4H3/4在根中显著上调表达,其余成员均呈下调表达;GA₃处理下叶中PeC4H3/6迅速响应,呈先显著上调后逐渐降低的趋势,根中PeC4H2/5在处理前1 h短暂下调后又显著上调,至8 h时恢复到处理前的表达水平。因此,PeC4Hs可能在毛竹笋的木质化过程和应对非生物胁迫中发挥着重要作用。     

Cloning and expression analyses of AtMRP4 , a novel MRP -like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana

In all organisms glutathione-conjugate transporters (GS-X pumps) mediate the detoxification of a number of xenobiotics by removing them from the cytosol. In addition, GS-X pumps appear to play a role in the processing of endogenous compounds. We have isolated a novel genomic clone from Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a putative GS-X pump, AtMRP4, which is part of a recently defined gene family. The derived amino acid sequence shares high levels of similarity (55–63%) with human, yeast, and other Arabidopsis homologues. The expression of the different members of the AtMRP gene family in Arabidopsis cell suspensions after treatment with chemicals that modify glutathione metabolism (compounds that induce different types of stress and that act as herbicide antidotes – safeners – in monocotyledonous species) revealed that the members of this gene family are differentially regulated. Received: 20 February 1998 / Accepted: 9 March 1998     

拟南芥At1g10300基因调节叶形和开花时间

核仁G蛋白1(Nucleolar G protein 1,NOG1)是一种高度保守的核仁GTP酶,在真核生物中广泛存在,参与60 S核糖体亚基前体的组装。在线虫中敲减NOG1的表达造成生长缓慢、虫体变小和寿命延长的表型,而过量表达NOG1则使线虫的寿命缩短。拟南芥的At1g10300基因注释为NOG1-2,但是其生物学功能还有待研究。该研究对其功能进行了初步研究,首先检测了该基因在拟南芥各个器官的表达情况。结果表明:该基因在7 d龄幼苗、茎生叶和花中均有表达,其中在花中表达量最高。获得了At1g10300基因的T-DNA插入突变体,发现在长日照条件下,At1g10300突变体植株的莲座紧凑,莲座叶片长宽比降低,但叶面积和植株高度与野生型相比无显著差异,表明其叶形发生改变;突变体植株的抽薹时间晚于野生型。荧光定量RT-PCR结果表明,突变体植株中开花促进因子FT、CO和GI的表达水平下调,而开花抑制因子FLC的表达水平上调。以上结果揭示At1g10300基因的突变影响了FT、CO、GI及FLC基因的表达,使植株出现晚花表型。     

二氧化硫增强拟南芥植株对干旱的适应性

以模式植物拟南芥为材料,研究SO_2对植物干旱适应性的影响。采用分光光度法检测植物干旱生理指标的变化,并用半定量RT-PCR技术分析了拟南芥热激基因和干旱响应基因的转录水平。研究发现:4周龄拟南芥植株暴露于30mg/m3的SO_2后,6—72h间叶面气孔开度显著低于对照并逐渐减小,在暴露48h和72h时,热激转录因子HsfA2和热激基因Hsp17.7、Hsp17.6B、Hsp17.6C转录上调,干旱响应基因DREB2A、DREB2B和RD29A表达增强;在SO_2熏气72h后进行干旱胁迫,干旱期间SO_2预暴露植株的叶片相对含水量高于非熏气干旱处理组,植株萎蔫程度比后者明显减轻,且SO_2预暴露植株的地上组织中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶活性提高,丙二醛含量降低。结果表明:SO_2能降低气孔开度、提高抗氧化能力、上调热激基因和干旱响应基因转录,并能促进干旱期间植物细胞内渗透调节物质的合成和积累,促使抗氧化酶活性提高,从而降低干旱胁迫对植株造成的氧化损伤,增强拟南芥对干旱的适应性。植物通过基因转录应答、酶活性改变、渗透调节物质积累等,在适应环境高浓度SO_2的同时,提高了对干旱的适应性。     

厚藤脱水素基因IpDHN启动子IpDHN-Pro的克隆和调控转录活性分析

为了解厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)脱水素基因IpDHN (GenBank登录号:KX426069)启动子的转录活性和对非生物胁迫和植物激素ABA的响应,通过染色体步移法克隆了IpDHN的上游启动子序列IpDHN-Pro,长度为974 bp。构建IpDHN-Pro调控下GUS转基因载体,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株获得IpDHN-Pro::GUS转基因植株并进行GUS染色,验证IpDHN-Pro启动转录活性以及在氯化钠、甘露醇、ABA处理后拟南芥GUS基因表达变化。结果表明,扩增获得的IpDHN-Pro序列包含多个顺式作用元件,包括1个ABRE、3个Myb转录因子结合位点、富含TC的重复序列以及Skn-1基序等。转基因拟南芥GUS染色及qRT-PCR表明该序列可驱动GUS基因在拟南芥稳定表达,且表达受高盐、渗透压及ABA的诱导。这表明IpDHN-Pro是一个盐旱、ABA诱导的启动子序列,可应用于相关的植物抗逆遗传工程研究。     

A two-element Enhancer-Inhibitor transposon system in Arabidopsis thaliana

The Enhancer-Inhibitor (En-I), also known as Suppressor-mutator (Spm-dSpm), transposable element system of maize was modified and introduced into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. A stable En/Spm transposase source under control of the CaMV 35S promoter mediated frequent transposition of I/dSpm elements. Transposition occurred continuously throughout plant development over at least seven consecutive plant generations after transformation. New insertions were found at both linked and unlinked positions relative to a transposon donor site. The independent transposition frequency was defined as a transposition parameter, which quantified the rate of unique insertion events and ranged from 7.8% to 29.2% in different populations. An increase as well as a decrease in I/dSpm element copy number was seen at the individual plant level, but not at the population level after several plant generations. The continuous, frequent transposition observed for this transposon system makes it an attractive tool for use in gene tagging in Arabidopsis.     

鸭梨PAL基因的反义遗传转化及表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanin ammonia-lyase,PAL,EC4.3.1.5)是植物通过苯丙烷代谢途径合成木质素的关键酶和限速酶,其通过影响木质素的合成而与果实中石细胞的分化、发育及果实品质密切相关。为了降低鸭梨中苯丙氨酸解氨酶的含量,该研究利用反义PAL基因遗传转化鸭梨、降低鸭梨内源PAL基因的表达。结果表明:(1)采用RT-PCR技术,利用根据Gen Bank中西洋梨PAL基因序列设计特异性引物,扩增得到496 bp的鸭梨PAL基因片段。(2)将扩增片段反向插入载体p BI121的MCS区域,构建植物PAL基因反义表达载体p BI121-As PAL。接着采用电转化法将反义表达载体转入农杆菌EHA105中,并制备出农杆菌工程菌液。(3)利用农杆菌介导法对鸭梨组培苗叶片外植体进行遗传转化,得到23株转基因鸭梨苗。PCR检测证实PAL反义基因片段转入鸭梨中,实时定量PCR检测表明转基因鸭梨苗体内PAL基因表达量均有所降低,为非转基因苗的65%~75%。该研究结果表明利用反义RNA技术获得了抑制内源性PAL基因表达的转基因鸭梨植株,为改善鸭梨果实品质、改良品种奠定了基础。