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1.
Frederick B. Churchill 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(4):767-800
This paper examines the contents and institutional context of August Weismann’s long essay on Amphimixis (1891). Therein he presented detailed discussions of his on-going studies of reduction division and parthenogenesis, but
more to the point, he included an elaborate examination of émile Maupas’s two major publications in protozoology. To understand
the relevance of this part to the other two, the author briefly reviews highpoints in earlier nineteenth century protozoology
and concludes that only in the mid-1870s and 1880s did protozoa add an important dimension to heredity theory. Otto Bütschli
and then Maupas provided Weismann with a deeper understanding of how conjugation and fertilization were related but not identical
processes. This allowed him to integrate the two into a fuller understanding of evolution by natural selection. 相似文献
2.
The levels of selection problem was central to Maynard Smith’s work throughout his career. This paper traces Maynard Smith’s
views on the levels of selection, from his objections to group selection in the 1960s to his concern with the major evolutionary
transitions in the 1990s. The relations between Maynard Smith’s position and those of Hamilton and G.C. Williams are explored,
as is Maynard Smith’s dislike of the Price equation approach to multi-level selection. Maynard Smith’s account of the ‘core
Darwinian principles’ is discussed, as is his debate with Sober and Wilson (1998) over the status of trait-group models, and
his attitude to the currently fashionable concept of pluralism about the levels of selection. 相似文献
3.
Giambattista Brocchi’s (1814) monograph (see Dominici, Evo Edu Outreach, this issue, 2010) on the Tertiary fossils of the Subappenines in Italy—and their relation to the living molluscan fauna—contains a theoretical,
transmutational perspective (“Brocchian transmutation”). Unlike Lamarck (1809), Brocchi saw species as discrete and fundamentally stable entities. Explicitly analogizing the births and deaths of species
with those of individual organisms (“Brocchi’s analogy”), Brocchi proposed that species have inherent longevities, eventually
dying of old age unless driven to extinction by external forces. As for individuals, births and deaths of species are understood
to have natural causes; sequences of births and deaths of species produce genealogical lineages of descent, and faunas become
increasingly modernized through time. Brocchi calculated that over 50% of his fossil species are still alive in the modern
fauna. Brocchi’s work was reviewed by Horner (1816) in Edinburgh. Brocchi’s influence as a transmutational thinker is clear in Jameson’s (1827) “geological illustrations” in his fifth edition of his translation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth (read by his student Charles Darwin) and in the anonymous essays of 1826 and 1827 published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal—which also carried a notice of Brocchi’s death in 1827. The notion that new species replace older, extinct ones—in what today
would be called an explicitly phylogenetic context—permeates these essays. Herschel’s (1830) discussion of temporal replacement of species and the modernization of faunas closely mirrors these prior discussions. His
book, dedicated to the search for natural causes of natural phenomena, was read by Charles Darwin while a student at Cambridge.
Darwin’s work on HMS Beagle was in large measure an exploration of replacement patterns of “allied forms” of endemic species
in time and in space. His earliest discussions of transmutation, in his essay February 1835, as well as the Red Notebook and the early pages of Notebook B (the latter two written in 1837 back in England), contain Brocchi’s analogy, including
the idea of inherent species longevities. Darwin’s first theory of the origin of species was explicitly saltational, invoking
geographic isolation as the main cause of the abrupt appearance of new species. We conclude that Darwin was testing the predicted
patterns of both Brocchian and Lamarckian transmutation as early as 1832 at the outset of his work on the Beagle. 相似文献
4.
The empirical study of speciation has brought us closer to unlocking the origins of life’s vast diversity. By examining recently
formed species, a number of general patterns, or rules, become apparent. Among fixed differences between species, sexual genes
and traits are one of the most rapidly evolving and novel functional classes, and premating isolation often develops earlier
than postmating isolation. Among interspecific hybrids, sterility evolves faster than inviability, the X-chromosome has a
greater effect on incompatibilities than autosomes, and hybrid dysfunction affects the heterogametic sex more frequently than
the homogametic sex (Haldane’s rule). Haldane’s rule, in particular, has played a major role in reviving interest in the genetics
of speciation. However, the large genetic and reproductive differences between taxa and the multi-factorial nature of each
rule have made it difficult to ascribe general mechanisms. Here, we review the extensive progress made since Darwin on understanding
the origin of species. We revisit the rules of speciation, regarding them as landmarks as species evolve through time. We
contrast these ‘rules’ of speciation to ‘mechanisms’ of speciation representing primary causal factors ranging across various
levels of organization—from genic to chromosomal to organismal. To explain the rules, we propose a new ‘hierarchical faster-sex’
theory: the rapid evolution of sex and reproduction-related (SRR) genes (faster-SRR evolution), in combination with the preferential
involvement of the X-chromosome (hemizygous X-effects) and sexually selected male traits (faster-male evolution). This unified
theory explains a comprehensive set of speciation rules at both the prezyotic and postzygotic levels and also serves as a
cohesive alternative to dominance, composite, and recent genomic conflict interpretations of Haldane’s rule. 相似文献
5.
Asquith PJ 《Journal of biosciences》2007,32(4):635-641
Prior to the contribution of genetics or the modern evolutionary synthesis (MES) to natural selection theory, social ecologists
searched for factors in addition to natural selection that could influence species change. The idea that sociality, not just
biology, was important in determining evolutionary outcomes was prevalent in research in social ecology in the 1920s and 1930s.
The influence of ‘tradition’ (or the transmission of learned behaviours between generations) and the view that animals are
active in selecting their own environments, rather than passive organisms acted upon by chance, were given as much attention
as natural selection theory in European ecology, while animal aggregation and cooperation studies were pursued in America.
Imanishi Kinji’s personal library and his scientific notes and papers reveal that he was well aware of this literature and
had been profoundly influenced by these earlier viewpoints prior to writing his view of nature in his first book, Seibutsu no Sekai (The World of Living Things, 1941). Evidence is presented to show that he developed his theories based partly on early western
debates in social ecology while finding inspiration and a way to express his views in the writings of philosopher Nishida
Kitarō and, perhaps, General J C Smuts. One of Imanishi’s lasting contributions is in the demonstrated results of over 40
years of subsequent ecological and ethological research by Imanishi and those trained by him that maintained the broader viewpoints
on evolution that had been dropped from the western corpus of research by the 1950s. The current attempt to again get beyond
natural selection theory is reflected in debates surrounding genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, the biology of
‘traditions’ and the idea of ‘culture’ in animal societies.
Imanishi Kinji is the Japanese name order, with family name first. Other Japanese names in the text are also written with
family name first.
A modified version of this paper appeared in Japanese in Seibutsu Kagaku, Vol. 57 No. 3, April 2006, pp 142–149. 相似文献
6.
Alter SG 《History and philosophy of the life sciences》2007,29(1):57-81
This paper examines the way Charles Darwin applied his domestic breeding analogy to the practical workings of species evolution: that application, it is argued, centered on Darwin's distinction between methodical and unconscious selection. Methodical selection, which entailed pairing particular individuals for mating purposes, represented conditions of strict geographic isolation, obviously useful for species multiplication (speciation). By contrast, unconscious selection represented an open landmass with a large breeding population. Yet Darwin held that this latter scenario, which often would include multiple ecological subdistricts and thus partial isolation, was better suited for speciation than were isolated conditions. At the same time, many passages in Darwin's writings that apparently portrayedphyletic evolution exclusively (these including references to unconscious selection), actually applied to speciation as well, for phyletic change in a single district could constitute a local manifestation of a larger common-descent pattern. This generic use of "phyletic" change was reflected in Darwin's deployment of the unconscious selection analogy in his published writings as well as in his dispute with Moritz Wagner over the necessity of geographic isolation for speciation. We can thus understand Darwin's otherwise puzzling declaration in The Origin of Species that unconscious selection was 'more important' than the methodical approach. 相似文献
7.
Despite persistent debate on the nature of species, the widespread adoption of Mayr’s biological species concept has led to
a heavy emphasis on the importance of reproductive isolation to the speciation process. Equating the origin of species with
the evolution of reproductive isolation has become common practice in the study of speciation, coincident with an increasing
focus on elucidating the specific genetic changes (i.e.—speciation genes) underlying intrinsic reproductive barriers between
species. In contrast, some have recognized that reproductive isolation is usually a signature effect rather than a primary
cause of speciation. Here we describe a research paradigm that shifts emphasis from effects to causes in order to resolve
this apparent contradiction and galvanize the study of speciation. We identify major elements necessary for a balanced and
comprehensive investigation of the origin of species and place the study of so-called “speciation genes” into its appropriate
context. We emphasize the importance of characterizing diverging phenotypes, identifying relevant evolutionary forces acting
on those phenotypes and their role in the causal origins of reduced gene flow between incipient species, and the nature of
the genetic and phenotypic boundaries that results from such processes. This approach has the potential to unify the field
of speciation research, by allowing us to make better “historical” predictions about the fate of diverging populations regardless
of taxon. 相似文献
8.
Piers J. Hale 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(1):17-66
During the British socialist revival of the 1880s competing theories of evolution were central to disagreements about strategy
for social change. In News from Nowhere (1891), William Morris had portrayed socialism as the result of Lamarckian processes, and imagined a non-Malthusian future.
H.G. Wells, an enthusiastic admirer of Morris in the early days of the movement, became disillusioned as a result of the Malthusianism
he learnt from Huxley and his subsequent rejection of Lamarckism in light of Weismann’s experiments on mice. This brought
him into conflict with his fellow Fabian, George Bernard Shaw, who rejected neo-Darwinism in favour of a Lamarckian conception
of change he called “creative evolution.” 相似文献
9.
Eulàlia Gassó Miracle M 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(3):445-481
By following the arguments between Coenraad J. Temminck and fellow ornithologists Louis J.-P. Vieillot and Nicholas Vigors,
this paper sketches, to a degree, the state of zoological classification and nomenclature between 1825 and 1840 in Europe.
The discussions revolved around the problems caused by an unstable nomenclature, the different definitions of genera and species
and the best method to achieve a natural system of classification. As more and more naturalists concerned with classifying
and arranging the groups of birds joined these discussions, a broad platform for debate emerged around the 1840s that gave
a major impulse to the disciplines of taxonomy and systematics. Natural history ceased to be dominated by a few influential
scientific authorities and became the scientific field where debate preceded agreement and, with it, progress. With this ‘democratization’
of natural history, Temminck’s status significantly changed between 1815 and 1840. After that year, his own views on classification
along with certain economical and political developments in The Netherlands led Temminck to abandon the arena of ornithology
and therefore, to lose his scientific authority. 相似文献
10.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):1-39
Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker
remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead
of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin
to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special
creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics
and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had
carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications. 相似文献
11.
Josef C. Uyeda Stevan J. Arnold Paul A. Hohenlohe Louise S. Mead 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2009,63(3):583-594
Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have generally failed to provide a direct connection to speciation and to explore the consequences of finite population size. The connection to speciation has been indirect because the models have treated only the evolution of male and female traits and have stopped short of modeling the evolution of sexual isolation. In this article we extend Lande's (1981) model of sexual selection to quantify predictions about the evolution of sexual isolation and speciation. Our results, based on computer simulations, support and extend Lande's claim that drift along a line of equilibria can rapidly lead to sexual isolation and speciation. Furthermore, we show that rapid speciation can occur by drift in populations of appreciable size ( Ne ≥ 1000). These results are in sharp contrast to the opinion of many researchers and textbook writers who have argued that drift does not play an important role in speciation. We argue that drift may be a powerful amplifier of speciation under a wide variety of modeling assumptions, even when selection acts directly on female mating preferences. 相似文献
12.
Georgina M. Cooke Erin L. Landguth Luciano B. Beheregaray 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2014,68(7):1947-1960
Ecological speciation involves the evolution of reproductive isolation and niche divergence in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow. The process is one of the most controversial topics of the speciation debate, particularly in tropical regions. Here, we investigate ecologically based divergence across an Amazonian ecotone in the electric fish, Steatogenys elegans. We combine phylogenetics, genome scans, and population genetics with a recently developed individual‐based evolutionary landscape genetics approach that incorporates selection. This framework is used to assess the relative contributions of geography and divergent natural selection between environments as biodiversity drivers. We report on two closely related and sympatric lineages that exemplify how divergent selection across a major Amazonian aquatic ecotone (i.e., between rivers with markedly different hydrochemical properties) may result in replicated ecologically mediated speciation. The results link selection across an ecological gradient with reproductive isolation and we propose that assortative mating based on water color may be driving the divergence. Divergence resulting from ecologically driven selection highlights the importance of considering environmental heterogeneity in studies of speciation in tropical regions. Furthermore, we show that framing ecological speciation in a spatially explicit evolutionary landscape genetics framework provides an important first step in exploring a wide range of the potential effects of spatial dependence in natural selection. 相似文献
13.
Parallel evolution of sexual isolation in sticklebacks 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Boughman JW Rundle HD Schluter D 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2005,59(2):361-373
Mechanisms of speciation are not well understood, despite decades of study. Recent work has focused on how natural and sexual selection cause sexual isolation. Here, we investigate the roles of divergent natural and sexual selection in the evolution of sexual isolation between sympatric species of threespine sticklebacks. We test the importance of morphological and behavioral traits in conferring sexual isolation and examine to what extent these traits have diverged in parallel between multiple, independently evolved species pairs. We use the patterns of evolution in ecological and mating traits to infer the likely nature of selection on sexual isolation. Strong parallel evolution implicates ecologically based divergent natural and/or sexual selection, whereas arbitrary directionality implicates nonecological sexual selection or drift. In multiple pairs we find that sexual isolation arises in the same way: assortative mating on body size and asymmetric isolation due to male nuptial color. Body size and color have diverged in a strongly parallel manner, similar to ecological traits. The data implicate ecologically based divergent natural and sexual selection as engines of speciation in this group. 相似文献
14.
In responding to three reviews of Evolution in Four Dimensions (Jablonka and Lamb, 2005, MIT Press), we briefly consider the historical background to the present genecentred view of evolution,
especially the way in which Weismann’s theories have influenced it, and discuss the origins of the notion of epigenetic inheritance.
We reaffirm our belief that all types of hereditary information—genetic, epigenetic, behavioural and cultural—have contributed
to evolutionary change, and outline recent evidence, mainly from epigenetic studies, that suggests that non-DNA heritable
variations are not rare and can be quite stable. We describe ways in which such variations may have influenced evolution.
The approach we take leads to broader definitions of terms such as ‘units of heredity’, ‘units of evolution’, and ‘units of
selection’, and we maintain that ‘information’ can be a useful concept if it is defined in terms of its effects on the receiver.
Although we agree that evolutionary theory is not undergoing a Kuhnian revolution, the incorporation of new data and ideas
about hereditary variation, and about the role of development in generating it, is leading to a version of Darwinism that
is very different from the gene-centred one that dominated evolutionary thinking in the second half of the twentieth century. 相似文献
15.
Mayr's best recognized scientific contributions include the biological species concept and the theory of geographic speciation. In the latter, reproductive isolation evolves as an incidental by‐product of genetic divergence between allopatric populations. Mayr noted that divergent natural selection could accelerate speciation, but also argued that gene flow so strongly retards divergence that, even with selection, non‐allopatric speciation is unlikely. However, current theory and data demonstrate that substantial divergence, and even speciation, in the face of gene flow is possible. Here, I attempt to connect some opposing views about speciation by integrating Mayr's ideas about the roles of ecology and geography in speciation with current data and theory. My central premise is that the speciation process (i.e. divergence) is often continuous, and that the opposing processes of selection and gene flow interact to determine the degree of divergence (i.e. the degree of progress towards the completion of speciation). I first establish that, in the absence of gene flow, divergent selection often promotes speciation. I then discuss how population differentiation in the face of gene flow is common when divergent selection occurs. However, such population differentiation does not always lead to the evolution of discontinuities, strong reproductive isolation, and thus speciation per se. I therefore explore the genetic and ecological circumstances that facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow. For example, particular genetic architectures or ecological niches may tip the balance between selection and gene flow strongly in favour of selection. The circumstances allowing selection to overcome gene flow to the extent that a discontinuity develops, and how often these circumstances occur, are major remaining questions in speciation research. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 26–46. 相似文献
16.
Extending Darwin’s analogy: Bridging differences in concepts of selection between farmers, biologists, and plant breeders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Darwin developed his theory of evolution based on an analogy between artificial selection by breeders of his day and “natural
selection.” For Darwin, selection included what biologists came to see as being composed of (1) phenotypic selection of individuals
based on phenotypic differences, and, when these are based on heritable genotypic differences, (2) genetic response between
generations, which can result in (3) evolution (cumulative directional genetic response over generations). The use of the
term “selection” in biology and plant breeding today reflects Darwin’s assumption—phenotypic selection is only biologically
significant when it results in evolution. In contrast, research shows that small-scale, traditionally-based farmers select
seed as part of an integrated production and consumption system in which selection is often not part of an evolutionary process,
but is still useful to farmers. Extending Darwin’s analogy to farmers can facilitate communication between farmers, biologists,
and plant breeders to improve selection and crop genetic resource conservation. 相似文献
17.
Alter SG 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(2):231-258
This essay traces the interlinked origins of two concepts found in Charles Darwin’s writings: “unconscious selection,” and
sexual selection as applied to humanity’s anatomical race distinctions. Unconscious selection constituted a significant elaboration
of Darwin’s artificial selection analogy. As originally conceived in his theoretical notebooks, that analogy had focused exclusively
on what Darwin later would call “methodical selection,” the calculated production of desired changes in domestic breeds. By
contrast, unconscious selection produced its results unintentionally and at a much slower pace. Inspiration for this concept
likely came from Darwin’s early reading of works on both animal breeding and physical ethnology. Texts in these fields described
the slow and unplanned divergence of anatomical types, whether animal or human, under the guidance of contrasting ideals of
physical perfection. These readings, it is argued, also led Darwin to his theory of sexual selection as applied to race, a
theme he discussed mainly in his book The Descent of Man (1871). There Darwin described how the racial version of sexual selection operated on the same principle as unconscious selection.
He thereby effectively reunited these kindred concepts. 相似文献
18.
According to Darwin, sympatric speciation is driven by disruptive, frequency-dependent natural selection caused by competition for diverse resources. Recently, several authors have argued that disruptive sexual selection can also cause sympatric speciation. Here, we use hypergeometric phenotypic and individual-based genotypic models to explore sympatric speciation by sexual selection under a broad range of conditions. If variabilities of preference and display traits are each caused by more than one or two polymorphic loci, sympatric speciation requires rather strong sexual selection when females exert preferences for extreme male phenotypes. Under this kind of mate choice, speciation can occur only if initial distributions of preference and display are close to symmetric. Otherwise, the population rapidly loses variability. Thus, unless allele replacements at very few loci are enough for reproductive isolation, female preferences for extreme male displays are unlikely to drive sympatric speciation. By contrast, similarity-based female preferences that do not cause sexual selection are less destabilizing to the maintenance of genetic variability and may result in sympatric speciation across a broader range of initial conditions. Certain groups of African cichlids have served as the exclusive motivation for the hypothesis of sympatric speciation by sexual selection. Mate choice in these fishes appears to be driven by female preferences for extreme male phenotypes rather than similarity-based preferences, and the evolution of premating reproductive isolation commonly involves at least several genes. Therefore, differences in female preferences and male display in cichlids and other species of sympatric origin are more likely to have evolved as isolating mechanisms under disruptive natural selection. 相似文献
19.
物种形成是基本的进化过程, 也是生物多样性形成的基础。自然选择可以导致新物种的产生。生态物种形成是指以生态为基础的歧化选择使不同群体分化产生生殖隔离的物种形成过程。本文首先回顾了生态物种形成的研究历史, 并详细介绍了生态物种形成的3个要素, 即歧化选择的来源、生殖隔离的形式以及关联歧化选择与生殖隔离的遗传机制。歧化选择的来源主要包括不同的环境或生态位、不同形式的性选择, 以及群体间的相互作用。生殖隔离的形式多种多样, 我们总结了合子前和合子后隔离的遗传学机制以及在生态物种形成中起到的作用。控制适应性性状的基因与导致生殖隔离的基因可以通过基因多效性或连锁不平衡相互关联起来。借助于第二代测序技术, 研究者可以对生态物种形成的遗传学与基因组学基础进行研究。此外, 本文还总结了生态物种形成领域最新的研究进展, 包括平行进化的全基因组基础, 以及基因流影响群体分化的理论基础。通过归纳比较由下至上和由上至下这两种不同的研究思路, 作者认为这两种思路的结合可以为生态物种形成基因的筛选提供更有力也更精确的方法。同时, 作者还提出生态物种形成的研究应该基于更好的表型描述以及更完整的基因组信息, 研究的物种也应该具有更广泛的代表性。 相似文献
20.
Rachel A. Ankeny 《Journal of the history of biology》2000,33(2):315-347
The so-called “biometric-Mendelian controversy” has received much attention from science studies scholars. This paper focuses
on one scientist involved in this debate, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire, who performed a series of hybridization experiments
with mice beginning in 1901. Previous historical work on Darbishire’s experiments and his later attempt to reconcile Mendelian
and biometric views describe Darbishire as eventually being “converted”' to Mendelism. I provide a new analysis of this episode
in the context of Darbishire’s experimental results, his underlying epistemology, and his influence on the broader debate
surrounding the rediscovery and acceptance of Mendelism. Iinvestigate various historiographical issues raised by this episode
in order to reflect on the idea of “conversion” to a scientific theory. Darbishire was an influential figure who resisted
strong forces compelling him to convert prematurely due to his requirements that the new theory account for particularly important
anomalous facts and answer the most pressing questions in the field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献