一个新的OsBRI1弱等位突变体的鉴定及其调控种子大小的功能研究

水稻(Oryzasativa)籽粒大小是影响其产量的关键农艺性状,克隆并研究水稻籽粒大小相关基因对于提高水稻产量具有重要意义。为深入探究水稻籽粒大小的调控机制,通过EMS诱变品种宽叶粳(KYJ),分离了一系列水稻籽粒大小改变的突变体,其中smg12表现为籽粒变小,株高变矮,一级枝梗数和二级枝梗数减少。遗传分析表明,该小粒突变体受隐性单基因控制。细胞学分析显示,该突变体颖壳纵向细胞长度显著变短,表明SMG12主要影响细胞扩展。利用Mutmap方法对候选基因进行克隆,筛选出SMG12的候选基因OsBRI1,该基因编码油菜素内酯受体激酶。OsBRI1外显子上的第2 074个碱基发生了由C到T的置换,产生非同义突变,使得该位置编码的脯氨酸变为丝氨酸,从而影响OsBRI1的功能。综上,该研究鉴定了OsBRI1基因的1个新等位变异,揭示了油菜素内酯途径调控水稻籽粒大小的细胞和分子基础。     

一个新的OsBRI1弱等位突变体的鉴定及其调控种子大小的功能研究

水稻(Oryza sativa)籽粒大小是影响其产量的关键农艺性状, 克隆并研究水稻籽粒大小相关基因对于提高水稻产量具有重要意义。为深入探究水稻籽粒大小的调控机制, 通过EMS诱变品种宽叶粳(KYJ), 分离了一系列水稻籽粒大小改变的突变体, 其中smg12表现为籽粒变小, 株高变矮, 一级枝梗数和二级枝梗数减少。遗传分析表明, 该小粒突变体受隐性单基因控制。细胞学分析显示, 该突变体颖壳纵向细胞长度显著变短, 表明SMG12主要影响细胞扩展。利用Mutmap方法对候选基因进行克隆, 筛选出SMG12的候选基因OsBRI1, 该基因编码油菜素内酯受体激酶。OsBRI1外显子上的第2 074个碱基发生了由C到T的置换, 产生非同义突变, 使得该位置编码的脯氨酸变为丝氨酸, 从而影响OsBRI1的功能。综上, 该研究鉴定了OsBRI1基因的1个新等位变异, 揭示了油菜素内酯途径调控水稻籽粒大小的细胞和分子基础。     

拟南芥YUAN1基因调控器官形状和大小

器官形状和大小的控制是一个基本的发育生物学过程, 受细胞分裂和细胞扩展的影响。到目前为止, 人们对植物器官形状和大小的调控机制知之甚少。本实验室前期研究发现了一个种子和器官大小的调控基因DA1, 其编码一个泛素受体。在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中, DA1通过抑制细胞的分裂来限制种子和器官的大小。本研究通过激活标签的方法在da1-1突变体背景下筛选到一个叶子形状发生改变的半显性突变体(yuan1-1D)。yuan1-1D形成短而圆的叶片和短的叶柄, 细胞学分析显示, 叶片和叶柄变短的主要原因是细胞的长向扩展降低导致的。YUAN1编码一个含有PHD锌指结构域的蛋白。GFP-YUAN1融合蛋白定位在细胞核内。过量表达YUAN1基因导致叶片和叶柄变短。遗传学分析显示, YUAN1和DA1、ROT3以及ROT4在控制叶片形状和大小方面作用于不同的遗传途径中。因此, 本研究鉴定了一个新的控制器官形状和大小的基因YUAN1, 为阐明植物器官形状和大小调控的分子机制提供了重要线索。     

DUF640基因BEAK-SHAPED GRAIN1/TRIANGULAR HULL1影响水稻粒形和粒重

种粒的形状和大小都会影响其重量并最终影响产量,然而对于种粒形状和大小的分子调控机制仍然未被研究清楚.最近本研究组分离到一株粒形呈鸟嘴状的水稻突变体beak-shaped grain1(bsg1),其粒长、粒厚和粒重都有所减少,内外颖也发生弯曲而导致其无法完全闭合.与野生型相比,突变体种子的淀粉粒呈现不规则状.组织切片显示bsg1内外颖的外薄壁细胞层细胞变小且数目减少,与粒形的表型一致.图位克隆表明,BSG1基因编码一个DUF640蛋白TRIANGULAR HULL1(TH1).定量PCR和启动子活性分析表明,BSG1主要在幼穗和茎杆中表达.BSG1的突变影响细胞分裂相关基因以及粒宽基因GW2的表达.实验结果表明,BSG1可能通过调控细胞分裂和扩展来影响种粒形状及大小.     

水稻矮秆基因iga-1的序列变异和表达分析

该研究以水稻矮秆突变体cha-2为材料,对控制其表型性状的iga-1基因进行候选基因筛选,利用基因注释数据库对定位区间进行候选基因预测,通过ORF及其上下游调控区域的测序、序列比对及关键元件分析进行序列变异研究,半定量PCR检测目标基因的表达模式,明确其在基因序列、表达模式的变异,探讨其分子遗传调控机理。结果显示:(1)在隐性核基因iga-1精细定位基础上预测得到3个ORF,其中2个编码dnaJ分子伴侣(含有dnaJ结构域的蛋白),分别是LOC_Os05g26902和LOC_Os05g26926;另外1个为已克隆的水稻矮秆基因RGA1(LOC_Os05g26890)。(2)ORF序列分析表明矮秆突变体cha-2与野生型仅在RGA1基因座存在SNP变异,但未造成氨基酸编码的改变。(3)表达模式分析发现,矮秆突变体cha-2的RGA1基因在种子萌发期、二叶期、四叶期和分蘖期等4个发育时期均不表达,且在‘中花11’、‘石狩白茅’的遗传背景下稳定遗传,均显现出失活状态,初步确定RGA1为iga-1的候选基因。(4)对RGA1基因上游和下游调控转录关键区进行测序结果表明,突变体cha-2存在865bp的大片段缺失,包括第1外显子、部分第1内含子和转录起始上游区域。研究推断,突变体cha-2的矮秆基因iga-1正是没有活性的RGA1基因,其转录关键区域的大片段缺失,导致无法正常转录表达。     

水稻矮杆突变体D814基因图位克隆与功能分析

水稻株高对作物产量有着重要的影响,在水稻整个生长发育过程中,株高受到多因素的调控,而植物激素乙烯就是重要的影响因素之一。用10 mg/m3乙烯处理水稻幼苗,对水稻突变体库进行筛选,获得了3个根伸长生长对乙烯敏感性降低的突变体,其中1个突变体D814表现出植株矮化、分蘖数减少、千粒重下降等特征。图位克隆将其定位在1号染色体上1 c M的区间内,该区间有6个已报道的矮杆突变基因,通过对这6个基因测序,发现其中1个基因Os BRI1(LOC_Os01g52050)发生了点突变(编码区第1 837位G突变为T)。并在D814中分别对Os BRI1的2个同源基因(Os BRL1和Os BRL3)进行测序,发现这2个基因均无突变。利用已报道的Os BRI1等位突变体gsor300084进行乙烯处理,发现gsor300084与D814一样,表现出根对乙烯敏感性降低。Os BRI1是植物激素油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)的信号受体,经检测,BR信号途径响应基因在D814突变体中的表达也有变化,说明D814是Os BRI1的1个等位突变体。功能分析发现,D814参与乙烯信号转导调控途径和植物盐胁迫应答途径。研究结果为探究乙烯调控水稻生长发育及耐逆性的分子机理提供了研究材料,也为进一步探讨油菜素内酯与乙烯协同调控水稻生长发育机制奠定了理论基础。     

控制水稻叶形基因CLF1的图位克隆

分蘖、株高、植株形态是水稻理想株型的3个主要农艺性状。目前对水稻理想株型的分子调控机制认识还非常有限。而叶片形态建成是决定植株形态特征的主要因子,鉴定控制水稻叶片形态建成的关键基因至关重要。本研究通过筛选水稻突变体库,获得一份光合效率显著提高的突变体(curly leaf 1,clf1),其形态学特征表现为叶片适度卷曲,经石蜡细胞学切片发现,突变体clf1近轴面的泡状细胞明显增多是导致叶片卷曲和光合效率提高的主要原因。利用图位克隆,将CLF1基因缩小在2个分子标记In Del51与In Del57之间,该区间包含44个基因。通过生物信息学分析,确定了LOC_OS02G45250为CLF1的候选基因。对LOC_OS02G45250基因进行测序,在clf1突变体中,LOC_OS02G45250基因的第六外显子缺失20 bp,造成编码产物提前终止。该基因与已报道的水稻卷叶基因Roc5(Rice outermost cell-specific gene5)为等位基因,Roc5编码产物为一个具有GL2类同源异型结构域的转录因子,不同于已报道的突变体oul1(对应于Roc5基因),突变体clf1农艺性状表现优良,具有较大的生产应用潜力。     

水稻矮秆小粒突变体dsg7的图位克隆

水稻是世界上最重要的作物之一,株高是决定水稻产量的重要因素,不断发掘新的水稻株高调控基因,阐明水稻株高调控机理具有重要的意义。本研究在Kitaake的EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变后代中筛选到一个矮秆小粒突变体dsg7,与Kitaake相比,dsg7株高变矮,千粒重下降。通过叶鞘切片观察证实,由于细胞数目减少导致小粒表型的出现。利用图位克隆,将DSG7定位到第7染色体长臂237kb的区间内,经过生物信息学分析和测序证实Os07g0616000为突变基因,编码一个植物中广泛存在的蛋白。本研究证实DSG7参与水稻株高发育调控,为阐明水稻株高调控提供新的理论基础,有助于水稻株高发育分子机制的进一步阐释。     

水稻花器官突变体apl (abnormal palea and lodicules) 的表型分析与基因初定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)是重要的粮食作物, 其花器官的正常起始及形态建成直接影响水稻的产量。为了深入分析水稻小花发育的调控机理, 从已构建的水稻EMS诱变突变体库中筛选获得了一个花器官异常发育的突变体apl (abnormal palea and lodicules)。与野生型相比, apl突变体小花的内稃膨大, 浆片伸长或转换成稃状结构, 雄蕊数目减少, 表明APL基因可能参与调控水稻内稃、浆片和雄蕊等多轮花器官属性的建成。遗传学分析表明, 该突变体性状受1个隐性单基因控制。通过图位克隆, 将APL基因初步定位于1号染色体上。该工作为深入研究APL基因在水稻花器官形态建成中的作用机制奠定了基础。     

水稻花器官突变体apl（abnormal palea and Iodicules）的表型分析与基因初定位

水稻（Oryzasafiva）是重要的粮食作物,其花器官的正常起始及形态建成直接影响水稻的产量。为了深入分析水稻小花发育的调控机理,从已构建的水稻EMS诱变突变体库中筛选获得了一个花器官异常发育的突变体apl（abnormal palea and Iodicules）。与野生型相比,apl变体小花的内稃膨大,浆片伸长或转换成稃状结构,雄蕊数目减少,表明APL基因可能参与调控水稻内稃、浆片和雄蕊等多轮花器官属性的建成。遗传学分析表明,该突变体性状受1个隐性单基因控制。通过图位克隆,将APL基因初步定位于1号染色体上。该工作为深入研究APL基因在水稻花器官形态建成中的作用机制奠定了基础。     

Mutation of the rice Narrow leaf1 gene, which encodes a novel protein, affects vein patterning and polar auxin transport

The size and shape of the plant leaf is an important agronomic trait. To understand the molecular mechanism governing plant leaf shape, we characterized a classic rice (Oryza sativa) dwarf mutant named narrow leaf1 (nal1), which exhibits a characteristic phenotype of narrow leaves. In accordance with reduced leaf blade width, leaves of nal1 contain a decreased number of longitudinal veins. Anatomical investigations revealed that the culms of nal1 also show a defective vascular system, in which the number and distribution pattern of vascular bundles are altered. Map-based cloning and genetic complementation analyses demonstrated that Nal1 encodes a plant-specific protein with unknown biochemical function. We provide evidence showing that Nal1 is richly expressed in vascular tissues and that mutation of this gene leads to significantly reduced polar auxin transport capacity. These results indicate that Nal1 affects polar auxin transport as well as the vascular patterns of rice plants and plays an important role in the control of lateral leaf growth.     

Map-based cloning of the ERECT PANICLE 3 gene in rice

Panicle architecture in rice can have a strong influence on yield. Using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis, we isolated an erect panicle mutant, Hep, from Hwasunchalbyeo, a glutinous japonica rice cultivar. Genetic analysis revealed that the erect panicle phenotype was controlled by a single recessive mutation designated erect panicle 3 (ep3). Genetic mapping revealed that the ep3 mutation was located on the short arm of chromosome 2 in a 0.1 cM region delimited by the STS markers STS5803-5 and STS5803-7. The ep3 locus corresponded to 46.8 kb region and contained six candidate genes. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the candidate genes from wild-type and erect panicle plants revealed a single base-pair change in the second exon of LOC_Os02g15950, which is predicted to result in a nonsense mutation. LOC_Os02g15950 encodes a putative F-box protein containing 515 amino acids and is expressed throughout the plant during all growth stages. A line carrying a T-DNA insertion in LOC_ Os02g15950 was obtained and shown to have the same phenotype as the ep3 mutant, thus confirming the identification of LOC_Os02g15950 as the ERECT PANICLE 3 (EP3) gene. The ep3 mutation causes a significant increase in the number of small vascular bundles as well as the thickness of parenchyma in the peduncle, which results in the erect panicle phenotype.     

The Arabidopsis SMO2, a homologue of yeast TRM112, modulates progression of cell division during organ growth

Cell proliferation is integrated into developmental progression in multicellular organisms, including plants, and the regulation of cell division is of pivotal importance for plant growth and development. Here, we report the identification of an Arabidopsis SMALL ORGAN 2 (SMO2) gene that functions in regulation of the progression of cell division during organ growth. The smo2 knockout mutant displays reduced size of aerial organs and shortened roots, due to the decreased number of cells in these organs. Further analyses reveal that disruption of SMO2 does not alter the developmental timing but reduces the rate of cell production during leaf and root growth. Moreover, smo2 plants exhibit a constitutive activation of cell cycle‐related genes and over‐accumulation of cells expressing CYCB1;1:β‐glucuronidase (CYCB1;1:GUS) during organogenesis, suggesting that smo2 has a defect in G₂–M phase progression in the cell cycle. SMO2 encodes a functional homologue of yeast TRM112, a plurifunctional component involved in a few cellular events, including tRNA and protein methylation. In addition, the mutation of SMO2 does not appear to affect endoreduplication in Arabidopsis leaf cells. Taken together we postulate that Arabidopsis SMO2 is a conserved yeast TRM112 homologue and SMO2‐mediated cellular events are required for proper progression of cell division in plant growth and development.     

水稻脆秆突变体bc-s1的表型分析和基因定位

茎秆机械强度影响植株抗倒伏能力, 是备受关注的重要农艺性状之一。与野生型相比, 水稻(Oryza sativa)脆秆隐性突变体bc-s1茎秆抗折力和抗张力分别降低31.1%和67.2%, 茎秆纤维素和木质素含量分别降低24.97%和增高38.82%。细胞学分析显示, bc-s1茎秆厚壁细胞发生不规则变化, 次生壁增厚受阻。通过图位克隆和测序分析, 初步确定bc-s1突变体中纤维素合成酶催化亚基Os09g25490/OsCesA9基因第1外显子的第28个碱基G突变为A。该等位突变体的获得为进一步揭示OsCesA9调控细胞壁建成的生物学功能提供了新的研究材料。     

The rice tapetum degeneration retardation gene is required for tapetum degradation and anther development

In flowering plants, tapetum degeneration is proposed to be triggered by a programmed cell death (PCD) process during late stages of pollen development; the PCD is thought to provide cellular contents supporting pollen wall formation and to allow the subsequent pollen release. However, the molecular basis regulating tapetum PCD in plants remains poorly understood. We report the isolation and characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) male sterile mutant tapetum degeneration retardation (tdr), which exhibits degeneration retardation of the tapetum and middle layer as well as collapse of microspores. The TDR gene is preferentially expressed in the tapetum and encodes a putative basic helix-loop-helix protein, which is likely localized to the nucleus. More importantly, two genes, Os CP1 and Os c6, encoding a Cys protease and a protease inhibitor, respectively, were shown to be the likely direct targets of TDR through chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These results indicate that TDR is a key component of the molecular network regulating rice tapetum development and degeneration.     

一份水稻叶片反卷突变体的遗传分析及电镜显微观察

叶片是植物进行光合作用的重要器官。叶片适度卷曲能够提高水稻(Oryza sativa)生长中后期群体基部的光能利用率, 因而有利于水稻产量的提高。该研究首先在水稻T-DNA插入突变体库中发现一份叶片反卷的突变体。遗传分析表明, 该性状受到1对隐性核基因控制。扫描电镜观察结果显示, 突变体成熟叶片上下表皮的气孔发生了畸变; 且叶片上表皮气孔数目增多, 而下表皮气孔数目与野生型基本相同。叶片横切面电镜观察结果表明, 与野生型相比, 突变体叶片的泡状细胞数目和面积在早期(二叶期)就开始增加, 在成熟期更加明显, 这可能是导致叶片反卷的主要原因。     

Shar-pei mediates cell proliferation arrest during imaginal disc growth in Drosophila

During animal development, organ size is determined primarily by the amount of cell proliferation, which must be tightly regulated to ensure the generation of properly proportioned organs. However, little is known about the molecular pathways that direct cells to stop proliferating when an organ has attained its proper size. We have identified mutations in a novel gene, shar-pei, that is required for proper termination of cell proliferation during Drosophila imaginal disc development. Clones of shar-pei mutant cells in imaginal discs produce enlarged tissues containing more cells of normal size. We show that this phenotype is the result of both increased cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Hence, shar-pei restricts cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. By contrast, shar-pei is not required for cell differentiation and pattern formation of adult tissue. Shar-pei is also not required for cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation, indicating that the mechanisms directing cell proliferation arrest during organ growth are distinct from those directing cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation. shar-pei encodes a WW-domain-containing protein that has homologs in worms, mice and humans, suggesting that mechanisms of organ growth control are evolutionarily conserved.