2012-2015年广东省活禽市场外环境禽流感病毒污染状况研究

研究广东省活禽市场外环境禽流感病毒污染状况并及时发现人流感发病潜在的危险因素,为人流感防治提供科学参考依据。应用传染病技术监测平台信息管理系统数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析各种亚型病毒感染的流行病学特征,研究2012-2015年广东省活禽市场外环境禽流感病毒污染。共采集检测广东省21个地市级样本33079份,FluA 总阳性率为24．23％,H5、H7和 H9型高致病性禽流感病毒阳性率分别为3．70％、3．89％和13．53％;除2012年阳性率呈现季节性增加外,其他年份 FluA 核酸检测阳性率均在冬春季出现一个高峰。不同部位或地点采集的标本中,宰杀或摆放禽肉案板表面阳性率最高（FluA39．49％,H58．41％,H77．41％,H923．84％）,而采集的粪便标本阳性率最低（FluA14．99％,H51．73％、H72．38％、和 H97．23％）;所采集的标本所对应的相关动物种类中,鸡（64．08％）、鸭（55．84％）和鸟类（51．92％）的禽流感病毒阳性率都达到50％以上,H5、H7和 H9在各禽类中均可以检出。同时发现,在环境中检出 H7亚型多的地区分布与其相应地区 H7N9感染的病例数呈显著相关性,（r ＝0．689,P ＜0．05）;对2322份样本进行 H6亚型核酸检测,总阳性率为2．58％,并选取 H5、H6和 H9亚型标本153份进行 N 亚型检测,检测出 H5N1、H5N2、H5N6、H6N2和 H9N2等多种亚型。2012-2015年广东省21个地市活禽市场均存在 HA 亚型（H5、H7、H9和 H6）和 NA 亚型（N1、N2、N6）等多种亚型的污染,污染程度呈现季节性分布,不同样本类型和禽类其禽流感病毒分状况不同,H7亚型的污染严重程度与 H7N9的病例感染数呈正相关性。     

Quantitative Description of Glycan-Receptor Binding of Influenza A Virus H7 Hemagglutinin

In the context of recently emerged novel influenza strains through reassortment, avian influenza subtypes such as H5N1, H7N7, H7N2, H7N3 and H9N2 pose a constant threat in terms of their adaptation to the human host. Among these subtypes, it was recently demonstrated that mutations in H5 and H9 hemagglutinin (HA) in the context of lab-generated reassorted viruses conferred aerosol transmissibility in ferrets (a property shared by human adapted viruses). We previously demonstrated that the quantitative binding affinity of HA to α2→6 sialylated glycans (human receptors) is one of the important factors governing human adaptation of HA. Although the H7 subtype has infected humans causing varied clinical outcomes from mild conjunctivitis to severe respiratory illnesses, it is not clear where the HA of these subtypes stand in regard to human adaptation since its binding affinity to glycan receptors has not yet been quantified. In this study, we have quantitatively characterized the glycan receptor-binding specificity of HAs from representative strains of Eurasian (H7N7) and North American (H7N2) lineages that have caused human infection. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that two specific mutations; Gln226→Leu and Gly228→Ser in glycan receptor-binding site of H7 HA substantially increase its binding affinity to human receptor. Our findings contribute to a framework for monitoring the evolution of H7 HA to be able to adapt to human host.     

H7亚型禽流感病毒与禽类和人类的关系

2013年在中国首次发生了H7N9亚型流感病毒感染人事件,已经证实H7N9型禽流感是一种新型禽流感,是全球首次发现感染人类的新亚型流感病毒,以往这种病毒只在野生鸟类存在和传播。H7N9型禽流感病毒属于H7亚型中的一种,全球感染人的H7亚型病毒主要分为两大支系,即北美支系和欧亚支系,感染人的流感亚型也主要集中在H7N7,H7N3,H7N2等亚型上。为了清晰的了解H7亚型病毒的来龙去脉,本文重点讨论了A亚型流感病毒的宿主分布、H7亚型病毒感染禽类和人类的历史、H7亚型病毒的生物学特性以及未来研究展望。     

Genetically Diverse Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Virus Subtypes Co-Circulate among Poultry in Bangladesh

Influenza virus surveillance, poultry outbreak investigations and genomic sequencing were assessed to understand the ecology and evolution of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses in Bangladesh from 2007 to 2013. We analyzed 506 avian specimens collected from poultry in live bird markets and backyard flocks to identify influenza A viruses. Virus isolation-positive specimens (n = 50) were subtyped and their coding-complete genomes were sequenced. The most frequently identified subtypes among LPAI isolates were H9N2, H11N3, H4N6, and H1N1. Less frequently detected subtypes included H1N3, H2N4, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N2, H5N2, H6N1, H6N7, and H7N9. Gene sequences were compared to publicly available sequences using phylogenetic inference approaches. Among the 14 subtypes identified, the majority of viral gene segments were most closely related to poultry or wild bird viruses commonly found in Southeast Asia, Europe, and/or northern Africa. LPAI subtypes were distributed over several geographic locations in Bangladesh, and surface and internal protein gene segments clustered phylogenetically with a diverse number of viral subtypes suggesting extensive reassortment among these LPAI viruses. H9N2 subtype viruses differed from other LPAI subtypes because genes from these viruses consistently clustered together, indicating this subtype is enzootic in Bangladesh. The H9N2 strains identified in Bangladesh were phylogenetically and antigenically related to previous human-derived H9N2 viruses detected in Bangladesh representing a potential source for human infection. In contrast, the circulating LPAI H5N2 and H7N9 viruses were both phylogenetically and antigenically unrelated to H5 viruses identified previously in humans in Bangladesh and H7N9 strains isolated from humans in China. In Bangladesh, domestic poultry sold in live bird markets carried a wide range of LPAI virus subtypes and a high diversity of genotypes. These findings, combined with the seven year timeframe of sampling, indicate a continuous circulation of these viruses in the country.     

苏州活禽市场禽流感病毒(H7N9)季节变化及HA、NA、PB2基因系统进化分析

自2013年3月中国首次发现新型禽流感病毒H7N9以来,其于2013-2014年期间发生流行,2015年也有散发性感染。该病毒的流行不仅危及家禽养殖业,还对公共卫生安全造成严重威胁。为调查活禽市场中H7N9的进化史和季节性变化,本研究于2013年7-12月在H7N9主要流行地区之一江苏省苏州市活禽市场采集2 655份鸡、鸭咽拭子样本,对样本中流感病毒核酸进行检测。结果显示,冬季样本中H7N9阳性率显著高于夏季样本,同时发现样本中存在H5、H7和H9亚型毒株之间的混合感染。进一步对H7N9阳性样本的HA、NA和PB2基因序列进行分析,结果表明阳性样本中HA、NA和PB2基因序列与新型H7N9病毒的相应基因序列同源,其在家禽体内传代时也在继续进化。特别是一些样品中PB2基因序列与H5N1病毒PB2基因序列的同源性较高。结果提示,苏州存在一种新型H7N9病毒基因重排的可能性,建议在活禽市场对所有禽流感病毒亚型进行持续监控,从而有助于流感病毒的及时防控。     

Conservation of T cell epitopes between seasonal influenza viruses and the novel influenza A H7N9 virus

A novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus recently emerged in the Yangtze River delta and caused diseases, often severe, in over 130 people. This H7N9 virus appeared to infect humans with greater ease than previous avian influenza virus subtypes such as H5N1 and H9N2. While there are other potential explanations for this large number of human infections with an avian influenza virus, we investigated whether a lack of conserved T-cell epitopes between endemic H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and the novel H7N9 virus contributes to this observation. Here we demonstrate that a number of T cell epitopes are conserved between endemic H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and H7N9 virus. Most of these conserved epitopes are from viral internal proteins. The extent of conservation between endemic human seasonal influenza and avian influenza H7N9 was comparable to that with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Thus, the ease of inter-species transmission of H7N9 viruses (compared with avian H5N1 viruses) cannot be attributed to the lack of conservation of such T cell epitopes. On the contrary, our findings predict significant T-cell based cross-reactions in the human population to the novel H7N9 virus. Our findings also have implications for H7N9 virus vaccine design.     

Influenza-A viruses in ducks in northwestern Minnesota: fine scale spatial and temporal variation in prevalence and subtype diversity

Waterfowl from northwestern Minnesota were sampled by cloacal swabbing for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from July-October in 2007 and 2008. AIV was detected in 222 (9.1%) of 2,441 ducks in 2007 and in 438 (17.9%) of 2,452 ducks in 2008. Prevalence of AIV peaked in late summer. We detected 27 AIV subtypes during 2007 and 31 during 2008. Ten hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes were detected each year (i.e., H1, 3-8, and 10-12 during 2007; H1-8, 10 and 11 during 2008). All neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were detected during each year of the study. Subtype diversity varied between years and increased with prevalence into September. Predominant subtypes during 2007 (comprising ≥5% of subtype diversity) included H1N1, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H7N3, H10N7, and H11N9. Predominant subtypes during 2008 included H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, H6N1, and H10N7. Additionally, within each HA subtype, the same predominant HA/NA subtype combinations were detected each year and included H1N1, H3N8, H4N6, H5N2, H6N1, H7N3, H8N4, H10N7, and H11N9. The H2N3 and H12N5 viruses also predominated within the H2 and H12 subtypes, respectively, but only were detected during a single year (H2 and H12 viruses were not detected during 2007 and 2008, respectively). Mallards were the predominant species sampled (63.7% of the total), and 531 AIV were isolated from this species (80.5% of the total isolates). Mallard data collected during both years adequately described the observed temporal and spatial prevalence from the total sample and also adequately represented subtype diversity. Juvenile mallards also were adequate in describing the temporal and spatial prevalence of AIV as well as subtype diversity.     

Apoptosis,cytokine and chemokine induction by non-structural 1 (NS1) proteins encoded by different influenza subtypes

Background

Influenza pandemic remains a serious threat to human health. Viruses of avian origin, H5N1, H7N7 and H9N2, have repeatedly crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Recently, a novel strain originated from swine has evolved to a pandemic. This study aims at improving our understanding on the pathogenic mechanism of influenza viruses, in particular the role of non-structural (NS1) protein in inducing pro-inflammatory and apoptotic responses.

Methods

Human lung epithelial cells (NCI-H292) was used as an in-vitro model to study cytokine/chemokine production and apoptosis induced by transfection of NS1 mRNA encoded by seven infleunza subtypes (seasonal and pandemic H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and H9), respectively.

Results

The results showed that CXCL-10/IP10 was most prominently induced (> 1000 folds) and IL-6 was slightly induced (< 10 folds) by all subtypes. A subtype-dependent pattern was observed for CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL-5/RANTES and CXCL-9/MIG; where induction by H5N1 was much higher than all other subtypes examined. All subtypes induced a similar temporal profile of apoptosis following transfection. The level of apoptosis induced by H5N1 was remarkably higher than all others. The cytokine/chemokine and apoptosis inducing ability of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 was similar to previous seasonal strains.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the NS1 protein encoded by H5N1 carries a remarkably different property as compared to other avian and human subtypes, and is one of the keys to its high pathogenicity. NCI-H292 cells system proves to be a good in-vitro model to delineate the property of NS1 proteins.

     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of avian influenza virus subtypes H5 and H7 antibodies

Background

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7 attracts particular attention because of the risk of their potential pathogenicity in poultry. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is widely used as subtype specific test for serological diagnostics despite the laborious nature of this method. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are being explored as an alternative test method.H5 and H7 specific monoclonal antibodies were experimentally raised and used in the development of inhibition ELISAs for detection of serological response specifically directed against AIV subtypes H5 and H7. The ELISAs were evaluated with polyclonal chicken anti-AIV antibodies against AIV subtypes: H1N2, H5N2, H5N7, H7N1, H7N7, H9N9, H10N4 and H16N3.

Results

Both the H5 and H7 ELISA proved to have a high sensitivity and specificity and the ELISAs detected H5 and H7 antibodies earlier during experimental infection than the HI test did. The reproducibility of the ELISA’s performed at different times was high with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.96-0.98.

Conclusions

The ELISAs are a potential alternative to the HI test for screening of large amounts of avian sera, although only experimental sera were tested in this study.

     

人感染H7亚型禽流感事件

本研究综述了自1959年以来国内外发生的人感染H7亚型禽流感事件。大多数是在家禽爆发禽流感期间,农场工人在处置感染鸡群过程中被暴露而感染;也有曾接触活禽或曾到过活禽市场而感染;有经禽流感病毒致病的哺乳动物（海豹）感染于人或实验室感染（事故）所致。引起人感染的H7亚型中已知有H7N2、H7N3、H7N7以及2013年在中国发现的新的致病亚型H7N9。H7N2、H7N3、H7N7感染以结膜炎为主,大多为轻症;而H7N9感染以严重的呼吸道感染为特征,表现为重症肺炎,呼吸窘迫综合症,病死率高达33.6%。     

Microarray for diagnostics of human pathogenic influenza-a virus subtypes

An oligonucleotide microarray was developed for diagnostics of human pathogenic influenza-A virus subtypes. It contained discriminating probes for H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of hemagglutinin and for N1, N2, and N7 subtypes of neuraminidase. An additional set of probes was used for revealing the M-gene of the influenza-A virus. The proposed microarray was tested on samples of pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, pandemic H1N1 swine influenza virus, and seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. The microarray can be used for the analysis both of cultivated strains and clinical specimens.     

Epidemiological Surveillance of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (LPAIV) from Poultry in Guangxi Province,Southern China

Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) usually causes mild disease or asymptomatic infection in poultry. However, some LPAIV strains can be transmitted to humans and cause severe infection. Genetic rearrangement and recombination of even low pathogenic influenza may generate a novel virus with increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to public health. Southern China is regarded as the world “influenza epicenter”, due to a rash of outbreaks of influenza in recent years. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of LPAIV at different live bird markets (LBMs) in Guangxi province, Southern China. From January 2009 to December 2011, we collected 3,121 cotton swab samples of larynx, trachea and cloaca from the poultry at LBMs in Guangxi. Virus isolation, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and RT-PCR were used to detect and subtype LPAIV in the collected samples. Of the 3,121 samples, 336 samples (10.8%) were LPAIV positive, including 54 (1.7%) in chicken and 282 (9.1%) in duck. The identified LPAIV were H3N1, H3N2, H6N1, H6N2, H6N5, H6N6, H6N8, and H9N2, which are combinations of seven HA subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H6, H9, H10 and H11) and five NA subtypes (N1, N2, N5, N6 and N8). The H3 and H9 subtypes are predominant in the identified LPAIVs. Among the 336 cases, 29 types of mixed infection of different HA subtypes were identified in 87 of the cases (25.9%). The mixed infections may provide opportunities for genetic recombination. Our results suggest that the LPAIV epidemiology in poultry in the Guangxi province in southern China is complicated and highlights the need for further epidemiological and genetic studies of LPAIV in this area.     

禽流感病毒分离株NS基因同源性及等位基因类型分析

目的　克隆测定国内具有代表性的禽流感病毒 (AIV)的非结构 (NS)蛋白基因核苷酸序列 ,分析其同源性和等位基因类型 ,为进一步探索禽流感NS蛋白抗体监测方法奠定基础。方法　经RT PCR扩增了国内 3株H9N2、2株H5N1、2株H7N2亚型AIV分离株的NS蛋白基因 ,并把扩增的基因片段克隆到pGEM T载体中测序 ,将测序结果与GenBank中的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较 ,绘制基因进化树。结果　经测序获得了各AIV分离株NS基因的完整编码序列。同源性分析表明 ,3株H9亚型AIV的NS基因之间的同源性为 96 %～ 98% ;两株H5亚型AIVNS基因同源性为 91 6 % ;两株H7亚型AIV的NS基因同源性为 98 9%。H5和H9亚型分离株的NS基因之间的同源性均高于 90 % ;而H7N2亚型分离株与其它两种亚型分离株的NS基因同源性约为 6 0 %～ 70 %。在AIVNS基因系统发育进化树中 ,H5、H9亚型分离株都处于等位基因A群内 ;3株H9亚型分离株的进化关系较近 ,与香港、广东的部分H5N1病毒株起源相同 ,而 2株H5病毒的NS基因则处于不同分枝内 ;2株H7亚型分离株的NS基因都处于等位基因B群内 ,进化关系较近。结论　这 7株国内AIV分离株的NS基因之间的同源性差异较大 ,约为 6 0 %～ 99% ,且包括A、B两种类型的等位基因     

Comparative study of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza A virus H3N2, H9N2, and H5N1 subtypes using bioinformatics techniques

To investigate the genomic patterns of influenza A virus subtypes, such as H3N2, H9N2, and H5N1, we collected 1842 sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the NCBI database and parsed them into 7 categories: accession number, host species, sampling year, country, subtype, gene name, and sequence. The sequences that were isolated from the human, avian, and swine populations were extracted and stored in a MySQL database for intensive analysis. The GC content and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values were calculated using JAVA codes. As a result, correspondence analysis of the RSCU values yielded the unique codon usage pattern (CUP) of each subtype and revealed no extreme differences among the human, avian, and swine isolates. H5N1 subtype viruses exhibited little variation in CUPs compared with other subtypes, suggesting that the H5N1 CUP has not yet undergone significant changes within each host species. Moreover, some observations may be relevant to CUP variation that has occurred over time among the H3N2 subtype viruses isolated from humans. All the sequences were divided into 3 groups over time, and each group seemed to have preferred synonymous codon patterns for each amino acid, especially for arginine, glycine, leucine, and valine. The bioinformatics technique we introduce in this study may be useful in predicting the evolutionary patterns of pandemic viruses.     

Differential suppressive effect of promyelocytic leukemia protein on the replication of different subtypes/strains of influenza A virus

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) plays an important role in the defense against a number of viruses, including influenza A virus. However, the sensitivity of influenza A virus subtypes/strains to PML is unknown. We investigated the role of PML in the replication of different influenza A virus subtypes/strains using pan-PML knock-down A549 cells and PML-VI-overexpressed MDCK cells. We found that (i) depletion of pan-PML by siRNA rendered A549 cells more susceptible to influenza A virus strains PR8(H1N1) and ST364(H3N2), but not to strains ST1233(H1N1), Qa199(H9N2) and Ph2246(H9N2); (ii) overexpression of PML-VI in MDCK cells conferred potent resistance to PR8(H1N1) infection, while lacked inhibitory activity to ST1233(H1N1), ST364(H3N2), Qa199(H9N2) and Ph2246(H9N2). Our results suggest that the antiviral effect of PML on influenza A viruses is viral subtype/strain specific.     

近年来华东地区家鸭中禽流感病毒的亚型分布

[目的]为了研究近年来华东地区家鸭中禽流感病毒的亚型分布情况.[方法]对2002-2006年分离自华东地区家鸭的180株禽流感病毒的HA亚型和其中88株禽流感病毒的NA亚型分别进行了测定.[结果]近年来华东地区家鸭中至少存在9种HA亚型和6种NA亚型组成的H1N1,H3N1,H3N2,H3N8,H4N6,H5N1,H5N2,H6N2,H6N8,H8N4,H9N2,H10N3,H11N2共13种亚型的禽流感病毒.[结论]华东地区家鸭中有多种亚型的禽流感病毒分布,应加强家鸭禽流感的监测和防制工作.     

Detection and Genetic Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Hunan Province,China

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly prevalent and of low pathogenicity in domestic poultry. These viruses show a high genetic compatibility with other subtypes of AIVs and have been involved in the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses causing severe infection in humans. The first case of human infection with H9N2 viruses in Hunan province of China have been confirmed in November 2013 and identified that H9N2 viruses from live poultry markets (LPMs) near the patient’s house could be the source of infection. However, the prevalence, distribution and genetic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in LPMs all over the province are not clear. We collected and tested 3943 environmental samples from 380 LPMs covering all 122 counties/districts of Hunan province from February to April, 2014. A total of 618 (15.7%) samples were H9 subtype positive and 200 (52.6%) markets in 98 (80.3%) counties/districts were contaminated with H9 subtype AIVs. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of eleven H9N2 isolates from environmental samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene sequences of the H9N2 AIVs exhibited high homology (94.3%-100%). All eleven viruses were in a same branch in the phylogenetic trees and belonged to a same genotype. No gene reassortment had been found. Molecular analysis demonstrated that all the viruses had typical molecular characteristics of contemporary avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Continued surveillance of AIVs in LPMs is warranted for identification of further viral evolution and novel reassortants with pandemic potential.     

Subtyping animal influenza virus with general multiplex RT-PCR and Liquichip high throughput (GMPLex)

This study developed a multiplex RT-PCR integrated with luminex technology to rapidly subtype simultaneously multiple influenza viruses. Primers and probes were designed to amplify NS and M genes of influenza A viruses HA gene of H1, H3, H5, H7, H9 subtypes, and NA gene of the N1 and N2 subtypes. Universal super primers were introduced to establish a multiplex RT-PCR (GM RT-PCR). It included three stages of RT-PCR amplification, and then the RT-PCR products were further tested by LiquiChip probe, combined to give an influenza virus (IV) rapid high throughput subtyping test, designated as GMPLex. The IV GMPLex rapid high throughput subtyping test presents the following features: high throughput, able to determine the subtypes of 9 target genes in H1, H3, H5, H7, H9, N1, and N2 subtypes of the influenza A virus at one time; rapid, completing the influenza subtyping within 6 hours; high specificity, ensured the specificity of the different subtypes by using two nested degenerate primers and one probe, no cross reaction occurring between the subtypes, no non-specific reactions with other pathogens and high sensitivity. When used separately to detect the product of single GM RT-PCR for single H5 or N1 gene, the GMPLex test showed a sensitivity of 10⁻⁵(= 280ELD₅₀) forboth tests and the Luminex qualitative ratio results were 3.08 and 3.12, respectively. When used to detect the product of GM RT-PCR for H5N1 strain at the same time, both showed a sensitivity of 10⁻⁴(=2800 ELD₅₀). The GMPLex rapid high throughput subtyping test can satisfy the needs of influenza rapid testing.Key words: Influenza Virus, General multiplex RT-PCR, Iuminex assay, Subtyping, HA and NA genes